心理学专业外语翻译第16页

Psychology and science2

To fully investigate whether psychology, despite its problem, is justified in calling itself a science, we must first outline what a science consists of, and then see how well psychology matches these 心理学与科学 II

为了全面的研究心理学是否是一门真正的科学，我们必须首先概述什么是科学的组成，然后分析心理学是否满足科学的组成标准。 criteria. A

science

consists

of

various

components;  A subject matter

 Good theories and hypotheses  Scientific methodology The scientific method Within a paradigm ↓

Hypotheses are derived ↓ From theories ↓

To be tested in scientific ways ↓

Against the world/reality ↓

To support or refute those theories A subject matter

 The subject matter of a science is

what the science is about. There should be agreement amongst researchers about what should be

科学的构成因素：

 研究对象

 良好的理论和研究假设  科学方 科学方法 范式 ↓ 假设推导 ↓ 理论 ↓

用科学的方法检测 ↓ 与事实相比较 ↓

支持或反驳这些理论 研究对象

 科学的研究对象即科学是关于什

么方面的研究。在关于研究什么，如何研究的问题上，研究者之间应该有一个统一的标准。库恩使用术

studied and how. Kuhn used the term ‘paradigm’ to describe this shared set of assumption, methods and terminology.

 According to Kuhn’s theory of the

progression of science, paradigms

语 “范式”来描述假设、方法和术语。

 根据库恩的科学发展理论，范式

随着时间的变化，经历了三个历go through changes over time, through three historical stages: a) Pre-science, where there is no

universally accepted

paradigm. b) Normal

science,

where researches work sharing the same paradigm.

c) Revolution, where conflicting

evidence

becomes

so overwhelming

that

a

paradigm-shift occurs to a new perspective

 Thus, the majority view at one

time was that the earth was flat and was the center of the universe, but this view became more and more criticized until it was superseded. Similarly, the Newtonian paradigm of physics was replaced by Einstein’s which better fitted the facts of, for example, planetary motion.

史性阶段：

a) 前科学时期，没有被普遍接受的范

式。

b) 常规标准科学，研究者有着相同的

实验范式。

c) 科学时期，以前的范式不能满

足新的需要，范式发生了根本性的改变。

 因此，这一时期的主要观点是

地球是平的而且地球是宇宙的中心，但这种观点越来越受到批判，直到它被取代。同样的，牛顿的物理学范式也被更符合事实的爱因斯坦范式所取代例如，行星运动

Psychology’s subject matter

Does psychology have a unified subject matter and paradigm?

Kuhn argues that psychology is in a state of pre-science, because there are so many conflicting approaches to the subject that there is no overall paradigm. However, it could be argued that psychology has already gone through several

paradigm

shift

from structuralism, to

behaviourism,

to

cognitive

psychology. Perhaps

psychology is in the process of selecting the best set of approaches to from an integrated paradigm. Certainly most psychologists accept the definition of Psychology as the study of mind and behaviour.

Valentine proposes that behaviorism is the closest psychology has come to having a unified paradigm, since it had a clear subject matter （observable behavior）, assumption（environmental determinism, learning, etc.）methods (strict laboratory experimentation), and terminology

（

conditioning,

reinforcement, etc.）. This paradigm dominated psychology for many years.

心理学研究对象

心理是否有一个统一的研究对象和范式呢？

库恩认为，心理学是正处于前科学阶段，因为对于同一个主题有很多不同的方法和理论存在，而没有形成统一的范式。但是，可以说，心理学从构造主义，到行为主义，到认知心理已经经历了几次范式转换。也许是心理学正处于从一个综合的范式中选择最好的理论的进程中。当然大多数的心理学家接受心理学是关于研究心理与行为的科学。

瓦伦丁提出行为主义心理学是最接近于具有统一范式的心理学，因为它有明确主题（观察行为），假设（环境决定论，学习等），方法（严谨的实验室试验），和术语（条件作用，强化物等）。这一模式占心理学主导地位多年。

Other philosophers of science, such as Feyerabend (1975), argue that science dose not progress in an orderly way through paradigms, but does and should progress

anarchistically

as

each

其他科学哲学家，如费耶阿本德（1975），他们认为，科学没有必要按照统一的标准和模式发展，但有必要对其进行一定的规范，因为很多调查者可能会因为极力捍卫自己的理论而与其他人发生冲突。费耶阿本德认为，researcher stick tenaciously to their own theories, often in the face of opposition from other. Feyerabend argues that conforming to paradigms may limit creativity and progress, ‘The only principle that does not inhibit progress is anything goes ‘. This view seems much realistic of

how psychology

has

developed, with many psychologists working as individuals or in small team to defend their own particular area of research in the subject.

统一的范式可能会创造力和科学进步，'不发展的唯一原则是让所有观点都发展。这种观点似乎更加符合心理学发展的现实，作为个人或小团队工作的许多心理学家，都在不停的坚持在自己的研究领域内，并捍卫着自己的研究成果。