TRB Committee A3A18
Adaptive Traffic Control Workshop
July 1998
Note : Additional comments available on “Notes” page.
For further information contact:Neil.R.Gross@cpmx.saic.comCompany: www.tcore.com
SCATS - Objectives and Installations
•Minimize Stops( light traffic), delay (heavytraffic) and travel time.
•SCATS is installed in many cities worldwide,•There are approximately 5000 intersection underSCATS control around the world,
•Largest systems are: Sydney (2000 intersections),Melbourne (2000), Hong Kong (600) and, in theUS, Oakland County MI (350).
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SCATS System ArchitectureMinimal System - Single RegionDial-inWorkstation(s)Regional ComputerSCATS TrafficControllersUp to 128 perRegionalComputerPoint-to-Point or Multidropconnected Traffic Controllers3SCATS System ArchitectureExpansion from Single RegionData SwitchDial-inWorkstation(s)Local RegionalComputersSCATS TrafficControllersUp to 128 perRegionalComputerPoint-to-Pointconnected TrafficControllersMultidrop connected Traffic Controllers4SCATS System ArchitectureManagement SystemOperatorWorkstationsDEC VAXSCATS Management ComputerDial-inWorkstation(s)SCATS LANLocal RegionalComputersSCATS TrafficControllersUp to 128 perRegionalComputerPoint-to-Pointconnected TrafficControllersMultidrop connected Traffic Controllers5SCATS System ArchitectureRemote Regional ComputersOperatorWorkstationsDEC VAXSCATS Management ComputerDial-inWorkstation(s)Up to 32 Regional ComputersLocal RegionalComputersSCATS TrafficControllersUp to 128 perRegionalComputerPoint-to-Pointconnected TrafficControllersMultidrop connected Traffic ControllersMixed ConnectionDatalinkSCATS LANRemote RegionalComputer(s)Ramp MeteringControllers6SCATS System ArchitectureFull System - with Integration ServerSCATS Interface ServerRegionalATMS,ATISServices,ITMSOperatorWorkstationsDEC VAXSCATS Management ComputerDial-inWorkstation(s)Up to 32 Regional ComputersDatalinkExternalLANSCATS LANLocal RegionalComputersSCATS TrafficControllersUp to 128 perRegionalComputerPoint-to-Pointconnected TrafficControllersMultidrop connected Traffic ControllersRemote RegionalComputer(s)Ramp MeteringControllersMixed Connection7SCATS System Architecture
•Local Traffic Controllers - tactical control (calling,extension) and data collection,•Regional Computers - Strategic control,
•Management Computer - Communications and Databasefunctions.
•Simplest configuration - single Regional Computer.•Operator Interface - Windows 95 or -NT Graphical userinterface with point and click access to all parameters.
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SCATS GUI Example
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SCATS Data Requirements
•Loop Detectors or equivalent (video detection inOakland County MI) in each lane at the stop line.•Detectors used for calling and extension.•Controller collects number of spaces and totalspace time during green of each phase, each cyclefor use by SCATS adaptive algorithm.
•Actual movement data collected by stop line
detectors allows accurate split determination.10
SCATS Data Requirements
•Degree of Saturation (DS)and Car Equivalent Flow(VK) for each Approachlane .
•DS used to vote for CycleLength and Split Plan.•VK used to vote for OffsetPlan
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SCATS Data Requirements
•An upstream approach can vote at downstream
intersection (Engineer selectable). “Early” influence.•Tactical operation of controller can be enhanced byspecial detector logic in the controller personality.•Special functions include:
–queue length detectors–detector combinations
–turn/through discrimination for shared lanes, etc.
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SCATS Data Requirements
•No modeling required.•User defines:
–subsystems
–target cycle lengths and relationship to DS,–split plan strategy–linkages and offsets
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SCATS Communication Requirements•Point-to-Point orMultidrop.•Once per secondcommunication with eachintersection.•Messages are normally 1to 5 bytes, average 3bytes.Point-to-PointRegionalComputer300 Baud, Bell 103 FSKFull Duplex two-wire.Standard \"telephone\" pair.(~4KHzbandwidth).Multidrop1200/2400 Bps, V22/V22bis DPSK/QAM Full Duplex two-wire.Standard \"telephone\" pair (~4KHzbandwidth).4 or 8 drops.14SCATS Communication Requirements•Optional digitalcommunications port(RS232) for directnetwork connection,•Requires 300 Baud Fullduplex channel withaddressing/routing bynetwork.BSCATS Regional SystemABNetworkADigital (RS232)15SCATS Hardware Requirements
•Management Computer - DEC VAX/ALPHA,OpenVMS
•Regional Computer - Personal Computer (200Mhz) with Windows NT and Digi serialcommunications interface modules,
•Local Processor - Traffic Controller with SCATSfunctionality, available for NEMA and 170.
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SCATS Traffic Controllers
170
•AWA Delta 170 upgradesexisting 170 controller tosupport SCATS.
•Relay Module added forsense/control of cabinetstatus.
NEMA
•AWA Delta 3N controllerreplaces existing NEMAcontroller.
•Connections are viaexisting A, B and Cconnectors.
•One back-panel linkrequired.17
SCATS Control Variables
•Tactical Control
–presence (locked or non-locked) for phase call
–non-occupancy for gapping and wasting (accumulatedwaste green) for phase termination.
•Strategic Control
–Number of spaces and total space time
–Used to develop “Degree of Saturation” DS and Car“Equivalent Flow” VK
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SCATS Degree of Saturation
DS = [green-(unused green)]/available green
•Green is phase time during data collection•Unused green is space time greater than or lessthan the saturation space time. i.e.
–Total space time from controller, LESS
–Number of spaces times the standard space time atmaximum flow
•Unused green is a measure of efficiency (zero atsaturation flow, +ve undersat, -ve oversat).19
DS = [green-(unused green)]/available green
•Standard space time at maximum flow is selfcalibrated daily
•DS is the ratio of efficiently used phase time toavailable phase time,
•DS can be >100% i.e. during oversaturation theused green can be negative - vehicles are closerthan standard space time at maximum flow.
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SCATS Degree of Saturation
SCATS Car Equivalent Flow - VK
•Derived from DS and the lane saturation flow foreach lane,
•Independent of vehicle types in traffic stream,•Allows valid comparisons of competing flows foroffset selection.
•VK= DS x green time x vehicles per second atmaximum flow
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SCATS Data Smoothing and Damping
•DS and VK are used as weighted averages usuallyover three cycles,
•SCATS uses smoothing, damping (i.e.reducingthe gain of feedback control loops) and hysteresisextensively,
•It is the calibration of these techniques over yearsof experience that is the key to effectiveperformance.
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SCATS DS Usage - Cycle LengthDelayCoCycle Length•Delay increases rapidlyfor CL below Co(optimum CL)•Exact CL not critical aslong as not less than Co•SCATS Subsystem CLdetermined from highestvalue of DS in thesubsystem.23SCATS DS Usage - Cycle Length
•User defined equilibrium DS values used to
determine relationship between measured DS andCL.
•Objective to keep CL below user defined targets.•RL (target CL) determined for measured DS.•Compared with last CL
•Difference and direction of change ⇒ RL’
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SCATS DS Usage - Cycle Length
•Weighted average of RL’ (last three cycles) determinesfinal RL
•CL can move toward final RL by +/- 6 seconds.
•CL can change by up to 9 seconds where RL for the lasttwo cycles was > 6 seconds. (allows response to steepchange in demand)
•Subsystems at LCL(low CL) move to SCL (“Stopper”CL) based on flow per cycle parameters, not DS. (i.e.step change).
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SCATS DS Usage - Split Plan
•Possible split plans examined each cycle todetermine the most “equisat” plan for the nextcycle, i.e.minimal delay
•Equisat: DS on critical approaches equal,.
• Maximum projected DS for each possible plancalculated (using last cycle DS values). Plan withthe lowest maximum selected.
•Projected DS = DS (old split/new split)
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SCATS DS Usage - Split Plan
•For Incremental Split Selection: selection is from 7possible “plans” for 2 phase (stage) intersection or 37possible “plans” for 3 and 4 phase (stage) intersections(sample shown below)
Plan 2122232425Phase 1-422-40Phase 22022-4Phase 30-4022Phase 422-402
(figures are percent change, i.e. plan 21 = 4 % off phase 1,
2 % added to plans 2 and 4.)
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SCATS Offset Selection
•Offset plans are selected by comparing trafficflows on the links,
•Directional Bias values (DB’s) are entered foreach of four plans for each link
•Weighted three-cycle average volumes (VK) aremultiplied by the DB’s and the results summedfor each plan,
•The plan with the highest sum receives the vote.
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SCATS Offset Selection
•A new offset plan is adopted when 4 of the last 5votes are for the same plan.
•Two offset values, a and b, are entered for eachoffset plan, and a CL range, CL1 and CL2, isentered for each plan,
•The offset adopted is a at CL1, b at CL2 and alinear interpolation for CL between CL1 and CL2(can be disabled if “jump” desired)..
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SCATS Coordination
•Intersections are grouped in Sub-systems,
•A sub-system comprises one or more intersectionsonly one of which is “critical” i.e. requiresdynamic split selection,
•All cycle length and split plan voting is carriedout at the critical intersection,
•CL and Splits at “minor” intersections in the sub-system are controlled by the critical intersection.
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SCATS Coordination
•All intersections in a sub-system operate at thesame CL and are coordinated via offsets.
•Sub-systems can “marry” to achieve coordinationusing a separate set of offsets,
•“Married” sub-systems have the same CL,
•“Marriage” and “Divorce” is controlled throughvoting based on CL and volume and occursautomatically.
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SCATS Phasing Flexibility
•Compatible phases (signal groups or displays)grouped into STAGES (e.g. main street throughmay be 2 and 6. These are grouped into Stage A).•Signal Group control within stages for conditionaloverlaps, green arrow vs ped. control etc. allowed.•SCATS has seven Stages, A to G,•Stages can be introduced in any order,•Any undemanded stage can be skipped,
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SCATS Phasing Flexibility
•In Isolated and Flexilink (fallback) modes thesequence is defined in controller “personality”.Several options are provided.
•In Masterlink mode the sequence is determined bydata in the Regional Computer.
–Split plan features used to control gapping, stage
selection and assignment of unused stage time (e.g. nogap, no gap for % of stage, time gain etc.).
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SCATS Arterial/Network Capability
•Normally arterial, i.e one coordination route,•Offset plans automatically arranged for low CL,Direction 1, “Business Peak” and Direction 2 use,•For a network the offset plans can be independentfor use on multiple coordination routes. (SelectN1 subsystem key option).
•Split plan features can be used to ensure stagesrun full length to ensure coordination.
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SCATS Arterial/Network Capability
•Offsets between subsystems are defined in theform LPn=ttppnn i.e. reference offset in thissubsystem is offset by tt seconds from the end ofStage pp at intersection nn,
•nn can be different on each of the four offsetplans,
•thus coordination decisions are not constrained bysimple inbound vs outbound arguments.
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SCATS Arterial/Network Capability
•When SCATS is employed on a grid network,offsets are selected as dictated for the heavilytrafficked routes through the network,
•At all times, as many links as possible will beoperating with defined offsets and these will bethe links with the greatest flow,
•The remaining links, for which offsets cannot bedefined because it would close loops, are thosewith the lowest traffic flow.
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SCATS Measures of Effectiveness
•MOEs available from system include (per lane):
–SCATS Degree of Saturation DS
–VO/VK (actual/calculated vehicles during green)
•MOEs should be measured independently:
–SCATS in Sydney is equipped with ANTTS (Automatic
Network Travel Time Subsystem-link travel times from 4000taxicabs collected and analyzed continuously).
–Unusual Congestion Monitor
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SCATS Priority Systems - Controller
•Five priority inputs provided, one railroad andfour vehicle,
•Vehicle priority inputs accept steady or pulsedsignal for different preemption display,•Preemption display (signal groups), endingoverlaps and return stage can be selected,
•Preemption is a function of the controller, SCATSknows preemption is active.
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SCATS Priority Systems - System
•SCATS Route Preemption Control (RPC) Systemprovides automatic emergency route control froma single input (e.g. fire station pushbutton),•Route is defined as list of intersections with
stage(s) to be held (dwelled), delay from previousI/S and dwell time.
•Monitor is provided for up to 10 intersections.
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SCATS and Oversaturation
•SCATS DS can be >100% i.e. oversaturated,
•“Stretch effect” i.e. all stages share extra CL up toXCL after which only the stretch (usually
coordination) stage gets the benefit (i.e. a moveaway from equisat),
•SCATS allows the traffic engineer to decide
which route should be favored, by how much andwhere the queue can be tolerated.
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SCATS and OversaturationIllustration of the Stretch effectSplitABCLCLXCLStretchCLHCL41SCATS Controls
•SCATS provides many facilities for the trafficengineer to achieve “custom” control in specialcircumstances while still maintaining adaptiveoperation,
•Variation routines at intersections allow specialoperation based on detection of a parameter value(CL, volumes, stage or phase active, next stage torun etc.) including calling of an operatorkeystroke “macro”.
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SCATS Management System
•Inventory System
•Extended Alarm Monitor and log•Extended System Event log
•Extended System Monitor/Volume Monitor•Unusual Congestion (Incident) Monitor•Flow Database System (Count Station Data)
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SCATS Management System
•Flexigen System (auto generation of time basedfallback plans from SCATS data)•Maintenance Management System•Vehicle Location System
•Bus Passenger Information System
•“Tidal Flow” Intersection Control System•VMS Control
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End
Thank You
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