英语句子结构分析

英语句子结构分析

长难句是英语阅读当中的拦路虎之一，厘清句子结构对于句意的理解至关重要。事实上，英语中的句子结构非常严谨，而且种类并不繁多。在英语中，无论句子有多长，所表达的意思有多繁复，那么从结构上来说，只有三类句子，即简单句、并列句、复合句。简而言之，这三种句子都是由一个或多个SV结构构成（一个SV结构单独成句称之为简单句；两个或多个SV结构通过连接手段并列起来称之为并列句；两个或多个SV结构形成主句和从句称之为复合句。）

一、SV结构的类型

1 主语+谓语

这个结构中的谓语通常是不及物性的动词或短语动词。

Every penny counts. 每一分钱都很重要。

Dinosaurs still exist. 恐龙仍然存在。

Chances appear and disappear. 机会出现，之后又消失。

Everything makes sense. 一切事情都有意义。

Children will grow up. 孩子会长大的。

The computer system broke down. 电脑系统崩溃了。

2 主语+谓语+宾语

这个结构的谓语通常是及物性的动词或短语动词。

Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达。

Constant dropping wears the stone. 滴水穿石。

Truth and roses have thorns about them. 真理和玫瑰一样，旁边都有刺。

He never laughs at other people. 他从不嘲笑别人。

The government has set up a public complaints hotline. 设立了群众举报热线。

I look forward to your reply. 我期待你的回复。

此外，这个结构中的谓语动词还可以跟反身代词（oneself）作宾语或同源宾语。

跟反身代词构成的短语：（动词+反身代词+介词）

abandon oneself to… 沉溺于…，陷入…

accustom oneself to… 习惯于…

adapt oneself to… 适应于…

devote oneself to… 奉献于…

throw oneself into… 投身于…，积极从事…

addict oneself to… 对…上瘾

lose oneself in… 沉迷于…，专心致志于…

apply oneself to… 努力投身于…

absorb oneself in… 全神贯注于…

bury oneself in… 专心致志于…

adjust oneself to… 调整以适应于…

absent oneself from… 缺席…

busy oneself with… 忙于…

pride oneself on… 为…而骄傲

She always prides herself on her appearance. 她总是自负美貌。

常见的同源宾语结构：

smile a …smile, die a …death, dream a ...dream, sigh a ...sigh, live a ...life,

sleep a …sleep, sing a …song, fight a …fight, laugh a …laugh, breathe a …breath

She smiled an elegant smile. 她优雅地笑了。

2 主语+系动词+表语

这个结构和结构2.2的区别在于表语和主语是有一定关系的，表语通常是描述主语的特征和状态的，而宾语和主语通常是不存在直接关系的。而且这个结构中的谓语必须是连系动词，英语中的连系动词是有一定数量的。下面就是英语中常见的连系动词：

1） 动词be （作为连系动词，动词be在多数情况下是可以译作“是”的；切记作为连系动词的be和进行时态或被动语态中的be是不一样的，后者属于助动词，本身是没有意义的）

2） 表感官的连系动词 （look 看起来， sound 听起来， smell 闻起来， taste 尝起来， feel 摸起来，感觉）

3） 表示“变得，变为，变成”的连系动词 （become, get, turn, grow, go, fall, come）

4） 表示“保持”的连系动词 （keep, stay, remain, lie）

5） 表示“似乎、碰巧、结果”的连系动词 （seem, appear; happen; turn out, prove）

An old man in a house is a good sign. 家有一老，如有一宝。

Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。

4 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

这个结构中大部分情况下，如果直接宾语如果不是代词，也可以转换为“主语+谓语+直接宾语+to/for+间接宾语”，而且这个结构中的谓语通常是表示“给予、发送、取得”等意义的动词，语法书上称之为“授予动词”或“双宾动词”。

常见的跟to的双宾动词：

lend, send, pass, hand, pay, bring, take, give, teach, offer, owe, sell, tell, leave, show, award, read, return, throw等。

常见的跟for的双宾动词：

buy, make, find, order, book, cook, choose, fetch, get, prepare等。

The Internet brings us many new challenges. 因特网给我们带来很多新的挑战。

As volunteers, we can buy meals for healthcare workers.

作为志愿者，我们可以为医疗工作人员买饭。（情态动词和后面的动词共同作谓语）

此外，有的双宾动词须用于“主语+谓语+间接宾语+介词+直接宾语”这一结构中，如：remind sb of sth, inform sb of sth, rob sb of sth, warn sb of sth, convince sb of sth, provide sb with sth, supply sb with sth等。

极少数的双宾动词只能用于“主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语”这一种结构，如：allow sb sth, ask sb sth, cause sb sth, charge sb sth, cost sb sth, envy sb sth等。

5 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语

这个结构和结构2.4的区别在于双宾语之间不存在任何联系，而宾语补足语是对宾补进行补充说明，通常情况下，宾语和宾语补足语之间有着逻辑上的主谓关系。宾语和宾语补足语合在一起可以称作复合宾语，通常可以跟复合宾语的动词有：

1） 跟名词作宾补的动词：call, elect, find, make, name, appoint等

2） 跟形容词做宾补的动词：drive, find, get, leave, make, paint, color, pull, push, set等。

3） 跟“（to be）+名词或形容词”作宾补的动词：believe, consider, know, prove, think, show等。

4） 跟不定式作宾补的动词：advise, ask, allow, encourage, get, persuade,

require, tell, want, wish, force, urge, forbid, push等。

5） 跟不带to的不定式作宾补的动词：let, make, have, see, look at, notice, watch, observe, hear, listen to, feel 等。

6） 跟-ing分词作宾补的动词：keep, leave, send, set, catch, get, have, see, hear, notice, watch, observe, feel等。

7） 跟-ed分词做宾补的动词：make, have, get, want, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, feel, keep等。

8） 跟介词短语做宾补的动词：consider, regard, make, find等。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只学习不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

All play and no work makes Jack a mere boy. 只玩耍不学习，聪明孩子没出息。

The government encourages families to have a second child. 鼓励家庭生养二胎。

二、句子的三种类型

简单句：有且只有一个可成句的SV结构构成。当然，简单句并不一定就是短的句子，只是从结构上来看，简单句只有一个SV结构，并且在句型上只能是SV结构的五大句型之一，但是在句子中可以有各种各样的修饰成分或次修饰成分，只要修饰成分局限于SV结构以下的语言单位（单词、短语、with的复合结构或主格结构）就行，因此，简单句

亦有可能很长。

Money talks.

财大气就粗。

A timely snow promises a good harvest.

瑞雪兆丰年。

The high-minded man does not bear grudges.

品格高尚的人不怀恨。

Virtue is its own reward.

施恩无他图，有德便是报。美德本身就是报偿。

Man’s dearest possession is life.

人生最宝贵的是生命。

Custom makes all things easy.

习惯成自然。

I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.

我能奉献的唯有热血、辛劳、泪水和汗水。

Creativity and intelligence can make the world a better place.

创造力和聪明才智可以让世界日益美妙。

The snow in North China may last a whole day, breaking tree branches and blocking the road.

在中国北方，降雪可能持续一整日，积雪压断树枝，堵塞道路。

Dubbed “the city in the sky”, Litang is located over 4000 meters above sea level and 6 kilometers from Chengdu, the provincial capital.

理塘被称为“天空之城”，海拔4000多米，距省会成都6公里。

Beijing and Shanghai have the largest metro networks in China, each handling more than 10 million passenger trips on a daily basis, with frequent travels between the two cities.

北京和上海拥有全国最庞大的地铁系统，每天的客流量超过1000万人次，两地之间的出行也很频繁。

Sometimes it is better to lose and do the right thing than to win and do the

wrong thing.

有时候正确的失败好过错误的胜利。

简单句热身训练：

1 Over the years, tools and technology as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.

译文：过去这些年，工具和技术作为基础创新的源泉，已经在很大程度上被科学历史学家和科学哲学家所忽略。

2 Beethoven’s importance in music has been principally defined by the revolutionary nature of his compositions.

译文：贝多芬在音乐领域的重要地位主要是由他作品的属性所决定的。

3 Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth and maintenance of life of animals, including man.

译文：维生素是有机混合物，这种有机混合物是对于包括人类在内的动物的正常生长和生命维持是必要的，且数量比较少。

4 Restrictions on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packages and bans on public smoking in certain places such as theaters, cinemas and restaurants, are the most popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers

or in curbing smoking.

译文：对香烟广告的，加上在包装盒上的健康警告和对在一些特定公共场合例如剧院、电影院和饭店张贴吸烟的禁令，是国家在支持非吸烟者或在禁烟方面最常使用的工具。

5 During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.

译文：在这种转变中，传统的历史研究方法被附加的方法扩大了，这一方法是在历史研究中用来解释证据的新形式。

6 The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government.

译文：如今社会成本远远超过了在福利和失业方面的开支。

7 The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.

译文：强调收集一手数据结合一个用来分析过去和现在文化的跨文化视角使这项研究成为一门独一无二且非常重要的社会科学。

8 But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of

the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.

但是，美国特有的地理条件的力量，不同民族之间的相互影响，以及在一个原始的新维持旧世界方式的巨大困难，都造成了重大变化。

9 The casual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial, but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.

译文：很多美国人不经意间表现的善意既不应该理解为肤浅或是虚假，而是被看作文化传统历史发展的结果。

10 Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science.

译文：许多用于描述货币的语言，诸如“引导经济软着陆”或“轻踏刹车”，都使它听上去像一门精确的科学。

并列句：有两个或两个以上的可成句的SV结构构成，每一个SV结构被称作一个并列分句。英语是一种注重显性连接的语言，因此并列分句之间必须使用相应的连词来连接（and, but, for, nor, or, so, yet等）。有时候，可以用分号代替and，或用成对的并列连词和连接性副词来连接分句。

Talents come from diligence and knowledge is gained by accumulation.

天才在于勤奋，知识在于积累。

I am a slow walker, but I never walk backwards.

我走得很慢，但我从来不后退。

We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately.

我们大家必须团结一致，否则，我们必定一个一个地被绞死。

There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so.

世上之事物本无善恶之分，思想使然。

They are with you, yet they belong not to you.

他们虽和你们同在，却不属于你们。

One generation plants a tree; the next sits in its shade.

前人栽树，后人乘凉。

A single flower does not make spring, while one hundred flowers in full blossom bring spring to the garden.

一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。

并列句热身训练：

1 One of the difficulties in the past has been the high cost, but now the space shuttle is being developed, and can be used a large number of times instead of only once.

译文：过去的困难之一在于成本太高，但是现在航天飞机正在发展，能够被使用多次而不是仅仅一次。

2 Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell-television, and digital age will have arrived.

译文：孩子们将与装有个性芯片的玩偶玩耍，内置个性功能的电脑将被视为工作伙伴而非工具，人们将在气味电视前放松，数字时代就将带来。

3 By all accounts he was a freethinking person, and a courageous one, and I find courage an essential quality for the understanding, let alone the performance, of his works.

译文：人们都说他是一个思想自由的人，是一个勇敢的人，我发现勇气是理解他的作品的一种基本品质，更不用说演奏其作品了。

4 Adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the color, yet it is

pervasive in our young girls’ lives.

译文：成年女性不记得曾经如此迷恋这种颜色，但它在我们年轻女孩的生活中无处不在。

复合句：有至少一个可成句的SV结构和至少一个不可成句的SV结构构成，可成句的SV结构在句子中起主干作用，被称为主句；不可成句的SV结构在主句内部或另一个不可成句的SV结构当中承担某个句子成分，被称为从句（从句根据所承担的句子成分分别被称作主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句和状语从句）。从句属于不可成句的SV结构，必须由引导词引出，引导词如果是实词（代词或副词），则须在从句中承担某个句子成分；或引导词是虚词（从属连词），则在从句中不承担任何句子成分，仅起连接的作用。

What Britain needs is an iron lady.

大不列颠需要铁娘子。

It is what it is.

情况就是这样。

I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed.

我有一个梦：有一天，这个国家将站起来并实现他的信条的真正含义。

I believe that my own good fortune brings with it a responsibility to give back to the world.

我认为，我所拥有的大量财富也使我负有回馈社会的责任。

The fool does think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.

愚者自以为聪明，智者则有自知之明。

You can tell more about a person by what he says about others than you can by what others say about him.

从一个人对他人的评价，相比他人对这个人的评价，你可以把这个人看得更透彻。

Love is something you choose to make work every day with a person who has chosen the same thing.

爱是选择和一个人日复一日坚持维系的一件事，而那个人也同样选择这么做。

A successful person is one who can lay a firm foundation with the bricks that others throw at him.

成功者用飞来的板砖为自己打下坚实的根基。

If I get married, I want to be very married.

如果我结婚，我想深处婚姻之中。

If two people are of the same mind, their sharpness can cut through metal.

二人同心，其利断金。

复合句热身训练：

1 Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil Trust was broken up.

译文：不过，我们很难想象，当今几家石油公司的合并是否会再次给竞争带来威胁，正如美国一个世纪前曾经面临的威胁，当时由于人们的这种担心，美国的标准石油托拉斯被迫解体。

2 After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia’s Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.

译文：在六个月的争论和最后16个小时的激烈议会讨论后，澳大利亚北境成为世界上第一个允许医生帮助那些绝症病人提前解脱的当局。

3 For example, when an American uses the word “friend”, the cultural implications of the word may be quite different from those that it has in the visitor’s language and culture.

译文：例如，当一个美国人使用“朋友”这个词时，他想表达的意思可能和游客根据自己的语言文化所理解出的意思大相径庭。

4 The phrase “substance abuse” is often used instead of “drug abuse” to make clear that substance such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused as heroin and cocaine.

译文：我们常使用“物质滥用”这个说法来代替“药物滥用”，以说明诸如烟草和酒精这样的物质如果被滥用，也会像海洛因和可卡因一样有害。

5 We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves.

译文：在我们的社会里，药物在医疗和社交生活中的使用非常普遍：头疼了就吃一片阿司匹林，应酬时得喝点酒，早上提神要来一杯咖啡，焦虑了就抽根烟。

6 The test of any democratic society lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be.

译文：考验一个社会是否民主，重点并不在于它对于的控制有多到位，而在于它是否能给予思想和言论以最大限度的自由，无论这可能产生多么有争议或令人闹心的结果。

7 Though some of us have known for many, many years that the freedoms

under the First Amendment are not totally unlimited, I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with the company have only recently come to realize this.

译文：虽然我们大部分人很早就已经知道第一修正案赋予的自由不是完全无的，但我认为公司的一些相关人事最近才刚刚意识到这一点。

8 Perhaps it is human kind’s long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing the waters to do our bidding so fascinating.

译文：或许正是洪水与干旱长久以来的蹂躏，使得人类异常渴望支配水流。

（do one’s bidding 服从某人）

9 The trouble is that part of the recent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and so is not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend.

译文：问题在于，近期生产力的提高部分程度上是与经济周期有关的常规性反弹造成的，因此也不能算是经济出现复苏趋势的决定性证据。

10 New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education and training.

译文：一个经济整体生产力的提高受到许多因素的影响，如对机械设备的联合投资，新技术（的出现），以及教育和培训方面的投入。而各种新的企业组织方式--所有的那些组织重构与精简--只是其中之一。

结语

综上所述，英语中的句子无论有多长，最终都可以划分为一个或若干个SV结构，因此我们在阅读的时候，找出每一个SV结构并弄明白其结构类型（也就是弄清楚SV结构中主要的句子成分：主语、谓语、宾语、表语、补语；此时重要的是去除从句以下的修饰成分，找准主干），掌握每个SV结构的意思，然后厘清各SV结构之间的关系，将它们串起来进行理解即可。