1.定语从句的定义:用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词:被定语从句所修饰的名词或代词。
3.定语从句的位置:
4.引导词
1that/who/whom/which/as
2when/where/why
5.引导词的位置as除外】
6.引导词的功能
1
2关系代词充当主语
7.定语从句的类型
1
①直接由引导词引导定语从句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
②由介词+whom/which
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
介词的选用可根据从句中的相关词组确定该介词通常可以放在关系代词之前也可放在从句之尾。例如
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
2
①直接由引导词引导定语从句。
②由介词+whom/which。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples. This is the man to whom I gave the book.
③由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指
人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或
of which连用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(He has five children, and two of them are abroad.) We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.) 除why和that不能引导非限定性定语从句外
定性定语从句一样。但要注意以下区别。
1.在形式上非限定性定语从句与主句有逗号隔开。
2.非限定性定语从句的作用它只是补充说明先行词的情况翻译时可译成两
个句子。
The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
3.在非限定性定语从句中任何引导词都不能省略包括引导词在此定语从句
中充当宾语在内。指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom; 指物做主
语宾语都用which; 关系副词用when或where也不能省略。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.
The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
He went to America, ______ his parents live.
He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
4.whose
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二.定语从句中关系代词和关系副词的基本用法。
1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中代替先行词
不能省略。
Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格在定语从句中代替先行词又作定语从句的宾
语动宾或介宾。
①当作动宾动词后接宾语时关系代词可省略。
Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
②当作介宾介词后接宾语
介词不提前时
介词提前时关系代词不可省即介词whom(指人时介词后的关系代词只能用whom)。
The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
※注固定的动词短语动词+look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开既介词不能提至引导词前。
She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: ?的”形式。Whose+n.一起在定语从句中充当主语、宾语
whose不能省略。。Whose+n. = the +n. + of
which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.
I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken.
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday.
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. 4.which/that
①
②
which(指物时介词后的关系代词
只能用which)。
The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak. The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult. The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
※注:介词+关系代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom
which)。
※5.as
略。主要用于“the
same ?as?such ?as?so ?as?as ? as?as follows”固定结构中
时的引导限定性定语从句。要用as代替who(m), which, 或that引导定语
Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.
Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.
My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.
which和as
which和as
as/which
Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the newspaper. She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.
He married her, as/which was natural.
①as引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中间或放在主
which
引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后面。
He married her, as/which was natural.
Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.
②as which则无此意。常用句
as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如As we all know, paper was first made in China.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
which.
Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy. Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.
④从句含否定意义时常用which. She didn’t pass the exam, which we couldn’t expect.
She didn’t pass the exam, as we expected.
6.when
when还可用介词
I still remember the time when I joined the League.
I still remember the time on which I joined the League.
I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.
7.where关系副词指地点。在定语从句中作地点状语不能省略。此时的when 还可用介词+which替换此时先行词一定是表地点的名词。
I still remember the school where I joined the League.
I still remember the school in which I joined the League.
I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.
when, where的认识。
①. when引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing.
②. where引导定语从句。
This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday.
③. 当句型为It/This/That is(was) the first(second?last) time 引起的句子时用that 连接其后的
句子。此时的time
It/This is the first time that we travel.
It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson. 8. why
reason,不能省
略。且why 引导的
定语从句只能是限定性定语从句。Why= for which
I don ’t know the reason why he was late yesterday. The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus. reason why 。 This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.
【判断用关系代词还是关系副词】
从句缺少的是主语、宾语还是状语是确定用关系代词还是关系副词的关键。
I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong. ( spent )
I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.
The reason that/which he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn ’t believable.
( gave是及物 )
The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday isn’t believable. 三. 值得注意的几个问题
第一. (that/which)只用that的情况。
1.当先行词被序数词或形容词的最高级修饰时。
This is the best film that has been shown this year.
This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library.
※He is the first student that/who came to school today.
2.当先行词为两个或两个以上分别指人和物的名词时。 He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.
3.当先行词本身是all that。(all that=what)
All that (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.
Go over all that (what) we learned.
4.先行词为something, anything, nothing, everything, thing
that.
I’ll tell you anything (that) I know.
5.当先行词前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等修饰语时。
This is one of the books (that) I’m very interesting in.
※ This is one of the books in which I’m very interesting.
This is the only book (that) I read.
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.
6.who或which
that
Who is the man that is talking with the lady?
Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?
7.that
He likes the girl that she used to be.
第二. (that/which)只用which的情况。
1.
The room in which he lives is very large.
2.which,
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.
3.which
He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.
第三. 其他特殊情况
1.先行词是these, those who.
Those who are playing over there are my students.
2.先行词是人称代词(he, she?)who.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
3.不定代词someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, everybody
系代词用who.
Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.
anybody,
4.①先行词是the only one of +
the only one,而不是of 后的可数名词复
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano. This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.
②先行词是one of +
的谓语用复数形式
为此时的先行词是of 后的可数名词复数,而不是one
This is one of the students who are late.
5.the one the one只能代替可
Is this school the one I visited yesterday?
Is pop music the music he likes best?
6. 当先行词是the way, 在定语从句中充当方式状语the way?
引导词通常用that in which
I don’t like the way (that) you speak.
=I don’t like the way (which/that) you speak in.
【“介词+关系代词”十种情况】
+关系代词结构是一种较为复杂的问题。现就几种常见的介词+关系代
1+which
关系副词when, where
和why I still remember the day on which (when) I first came to school.我仍然记得初来学校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我工作的工厂是一个大工厂。
This is the reason for which (=why) he was late.这就是他为什么迟到的原因。
2+which/ whom
句主谓一般要倒置。
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他
男孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.
头上站着一只鸟。
3+ which/ whom
地点状语。这种结构
Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat?你能告诉我这
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位
这消息的。
4+which/whom
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.伤害羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。
5+of+which/whom
both, all, any, some, each, none, most
There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.这儿有
Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨天玛丽买了一些衣服他们都很贵。
6+of+which/whom
系。数词可以是基数
In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are
girls.我们班有54名学生25人是女生。
Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine.
中一只是我的。
7+of+which代替whose+
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease.们的叶子因害病而发黑
I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里其窗都破了。
8+ which/ whose It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜就在这期间轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是那个人她从他的房间偷走地图。
9+of+which/whom
关系
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.中国有成千上万个岛屿其中最大的是台湾岛.
In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.我们班有20名女生最聪明的是李华。
10+which+
At last he had something about which to write home.他终于有了给家
里写信的内容了。
He had no key with which to open the door.他没有开门的钥匙。
He has a small room in which to live.
【运用定语从句时应注意的几个问题】
1
人称和数保持一致。
This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。先行词是books were。
2
句中句子成分的重复出现。
This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.
This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 这是我参观过的最美的地方。去掉it that
代替先行词the most beautiful place在定语从句中作visit
加it
The school where I worked there is a big one.
The school where I worked is a big one.我所工作过的学校是一所大学校。去掉there因where既引导定语从句又在从句中代替in the school 作状语.
3关系代词在定语从句中作主语时不可省略。
The books were on the table were given to you.
The books that were on the table were given to you.桌上的那些书是
that作
4“one of the +复数名词”后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。“one of the +
数形式。如果“one of the +复数名词”前面有the very /only等修饰语
He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班唯一说日语的学the only one是先行词
He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是我们班里说日语的学生之一。students是先行词
5定语从句中who和whom的选用。
关系代词who/whom who
whom。在其引导who Mary is a girl who I think is clever.
在定语从句who I think is clever中, I think Mary is a girl who is clever是一who
用whom
Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever.在定语从句whom I think to be clever I think Mary is a girl whom to be clever很明显不是一个完整的句I think 不能被看作是插入语whom作think
to be clever是whom的宾补。
6定语从句中关系代词或关系副词的选择取决于它们在从句中所充当的
句子成分。如作主
I’ll never forget the day when I went abroad myself.when在从句中代替时间状
语on the day
此句可分解为I’ll never forget the day. I went abroad myself on the day.
I’ll never forget the days that we spent together.that代替the days spent
该句可分解为I’ll never forget the days. We spent the days together.
因篇幅问题不能全部显示，请点此查看更多更全内容