语言学考试试卷B

北京林业大学2006--2007学年第二学期考试试卷（A卷） 试卷名称: 普通语言学课程所在院系:外语学院考试班级: 英04级 I. For each question, there are four choices of answers. In some cases, only one choice is correct while in others there may be two or three correct ones. Choose ALL the correct ones. (25 points)

1. Which of the following theories takes as the origin of language the instinctive sounds of pain, anger and joy?

A. the bow-wow theory B. the pooh-pooh theory C. the “yo-he-ho” theory D. the Winnie-the-Pooh theory

2. Which of the following are among Halliday’s theory of metafunctions of language?

A. ideational B. relational C. interpersonal D. textual

3. The distinction between langue and parole was put forward by _____.

A. Bloomfield B. de Saussure C. Chomsky D. Halliday

4. Which of the following is a vowel? A. [p] B. [f] C. [?]

D. [m]

5. Which of the following is the correct description of [f]? A. voiceless labiodental fricative B. voiced labiodental fricative C. voiceless labiodental stop D. voiced labiodental stop

6. Which of the following vowels is CV8? A. [a] B. [e] C. [u] D. [i]

7. Which of the following words are likely to have stress in sentences?

A. on B. wonderful C. fire D. right

8. _____ advocated treating the word as “the minimum free form”.

A. Leonard Bloomfield B. Noam Chomsky C. John Lyons D. M A K Halliday

9. Which of the following word classes are open classes? A. conjunction B. determiner C. adverb D. verb

10. Which of the following are suffixes? A. un

B. tion C. ness D. er

11. Number and gender are mostly categories of the _____. A. interjection B. noun C. preposition D. pronoun

12. “Concord” has the same meaning as _____. A. perfective B. progressive C. agreement D. government

13. Which of the following meanings are the terms of Geoffrey Leech?

A. conceptual meaning B. social meaning C. lexical meaning D. thematic meaning

14. Synonymy is the technical term for the _____ relation. A. oppositeness B. complementary C. gradable D. sameness

15. Which of the following are converse antonyms? A. clever : stupid B. husband : wife C. give : receive D. teacher : employee

16. Which of the following are correct readings of “CAUSE

(x, (BECOME (y, (~ALIVE (y)))))”?

A. x causes y to become not alive. B. x causes y to become alive. C. x causes y to become not dead. D. x causes y to become dead.

17. Which of the following meanings are the foci of pragmatics?

A. Lexical meaning B. Propositional meaning C. Utterance meaning D. Contextual meaning

18. Which of the following lines rhyme?

A. Be your wounds like eyes / To weep for the dead, the dead. B. It was winter such as when birds die / In the deep forests; and the fishes lie

C. Stiffened in the translucent ice, which makes / Even the mud and slime of the warm lakes

D. Gather about great fires, and yet feel cold: / Alas, then, for the homeless beggar old!

19. Which of the following lines are in the form of iambic pentametres?

A. Her eye are wild, her head is are, / The sun has burnt her coal-black hair,

B. When lovely woman stoops to folly, / And finds too late that men betray,

C. For saints have hands that pilgrim’s hands do touch, / And palm to palm is holy palmer’s kiss.

D. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, / And summer's lease hath all too short a date.

20. Which of these writers wrote in the form of ‘stream of

consciousness’?

A. William Faulkner B. James Joyce C. Charles Dickens D. Virginia Woolf

21. The ‘variationist perspective’ is a way to investigate language by studying how language is used

in _____.

A. social interaction B. religious beliefs C. ethnic identity D. different situations

22. Which of the following are more likely to be used by women?

A. ‘fancy’ color terms B. strong curse words C. tag questions

D. less direct expressions

23. Which of the following are related to the recent developments of CALL?

A. Multimedia B. Hypermedia C. The internet D. The language lab

24. Which of the following statements are true of machine translation today?

A. All current commercial and operational systems produce output which must be edited or

revised if it is to be of published quality.

B. They provide dictionary-based, word-for-word translation,

with low-quality results.

C. MT works best in domain-specific and controlled environments.

D. Currently the state of machine translation is such that it involves some human intervention, as

it requires a pre-editing and a post-editing phase. 25. What does ‘mouse potato’ mean? A. a mouse pad

B. a mouse shaped like a potato C. a potato as food for the mouse D. a computer addict

II. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (15 points)

1. Latin has fewer morphological changes than English. 2. For sounds to be allophones of the same phoneme they must be complementarily distributed and

must have phonetic similarity.

3. A closed syllable is one without a coda. 4. “Tofu” is a direct borrowing from Chinese. 5. The consonant [x] existed in Old English.

6. Today we normally say that English has three tenses: present, past and future.

7. In logical symbols, ? means “all” and ? means “some”. 8. Every word has a sense just as every word has a reference. 9. Conversational implicature is a kind of implied meaning, deduced on the basis of the

conventional meaning of words together with the context, under the guidance of the CP and its maxims.

10. The first meaning for a word that a dictionary definition gives is usually its figurative meaning.

11. Similes and metaphors are different in that a metaphor makes a comparison between two unlike

elements.

12. ‘Shit, you’ve put the peanut butter in the refrigerator again.’ This is mostly likely to be said by a

woman.

13. When Mr. Goodell said ‘I’ve had enough dumbbells in my office’, he meant he had some stupid

guys in his office.

14. The difference between CAL and CALL is that the former deals with the teaching and learning of

language in particular.

15. All of the following emoticons have to do with smiling or laughter:

A. :-) B. :-O C. |-D D. {}

III. Define the following terms. (20 points) 1. approximant 2. lexical words

3. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis 4. synecdoche

IV. Answer TWO of the following questions. (40 points) 1. What is ‘assimilation’?

2. What is the ‘Cooperative Principle’? 3. What is ‘interlanguage’?

4. Write an analysis of the following extracts from Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet.

ROMEO: If I profane with my unworthiest hand

This holy shrine, the gentle fine is this: My lips, two blushing pilgrims, ready stand To smooth that rough touch with a tender kiss.

JULIET: Good pilgrim, you do wrong your hand too much, Which mannerly devotion shows in this;

For saints have hands that pilgrim’s hands do touch, And palm to palm is holy palmer’s kiss.

ROMEO: Have not saints lips, and holy palmers too? JULIET: Ay, pilgrim, lips that they must use in prayer. ROMEO: O, then, dear saint, let lips do what hands do; They pray, grant thou, lest faith turn to despair.

JULIET: Saints do not move, though grant for prayer’s sake. ROMEO: Then move not, while my prayer’s effect I take. 5. Discuss the following remarks made by Richard Hudson in his ‘Preface to the Second Edition’ of Sociolinguistics (1996):

In 1979 even sociolinguists wrote sentences like the following (from page 5 of the first edition): ‘The difference between sociolinguistics and the sociology of language is very

much one of emphasis, according to whether the investigator is more interested in language or society, and also according to whether he [!] has more skill in analysing linguistic or social structure.’ How times have changed. I now believe firmly that every

such sentence reinforces the assumption that the prototypical person is a man, so I have

tried to ensure that my text is now completely bias-free. (Note: the first edition of Sociolinguistics was published by Cambridge University Press in 1980)

北京林业大学2006-2007学年第二学期 普通语言学（A）及评分标准

I. 多项选择题。（25分） 评分标准： 1) 每题1分。

2) 如果答案为一个选项，则答对给1分，答错不给分；

3) 如果答案为两个选项，则答对一个给0.5分，答对两个给1分； 4) 如果答案为3个选项，则答对两个给0.5分，答对三个给1分，只答对一个或没有答对不给分。

5) 凡有一个错误答案则不给分。 答案： 1. B 2. ACD 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. BCD 8. A

9. CD 10. BCD

11. BD 12. C 13. ABD 14. D 15. BC 16. AD 17. CD 18. BCD 19. CD 20. ABD 21. AD 22. ACD 23. ABC 24. ACD 25. D II. 正误辨析题。（15分） 评分标准： 1) 每题1分。

2) 判断正确给1分，判断错误不给分。 答案： 1. F 2. T 3. F 4. F

5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. T 10. F

11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. F 评分标准： 1) 每题5分。

2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。

3) 内容比答案少按比例扣分，内容多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容多于答案但有概念性错误（如举例不当）酌情扣1－2分。

参和分值：

1. approximant: This is an articulation in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced. The gap between the articulators is therefore larger than for a fricative and no turbulence (friction) is generated. In English, this class of sounds include [w, r, j]. As [j] and [w] can also be analyzed as vowels, it is an important point to note that this category overlaps with that of vowel.

2. lexical words: Lexical words are those which have mainly work for referring to substance, action and quality, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. They carry the main content of a language so they are also known as ‘content words’.

3. the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis:a hypothesis developed by Benjamin Lee Whorf on his and Edward Sapir’s anthropological research and experience with Hopi, an American Indian language. It suggests that ‘our language helps mould our way of thinking and, consequently, different languages may probably express

speakers’ unique ways of understanding the world’. Following this argument, two important points could be captured in this theory. On the one hand, language may determine our thinking patterns; on the other, similarity between languages is relative. The greater their structural differentiation is, the more diverse their conceptualization of the world will be. For this reason, this hypothesis has alternatively been referred to as linguistic determinism and linguistic relativity—a view which “was first expounded by the German ethnologist, Wilhelm von Humboldt”.

4. synecdoche: A kind of figurative language which refers to using the name of part of an object to talk about the whole thing, and vice versa. For example, hands in They were short of hands at harvest time means workers, labourers or helpers.

评分标准： 1) 每题20分。

2) 拼写错误、语法错误、用词错误、语法错误每处扣1分。因拼写错误、语法错误或用词错误造成与原文意思不符，每处扣2分。

3) 内容比答案少按采分点扣分，内容点多于答案但没有概念性的错误不扣分。内容点多于答案但有概念性错误酌情扣分，举例不当每处扣2分，概念或阐述性错误每处扣5分。

参：

1. 见《语言学教程》第三版 2.4.1。

2. 见《语言学教程》第三版8.2.1。 3. 见《语言学教程》第三版11.2.3。

4. 分析方法见《语言学教程》第三版9.3，罗米欧和朱莉叶的这段对话采用的是十四行诗的形式写成，说明莎士比亚娴熟地掌握了商籁体诗的写作技巧。本题要求学生掌握诗歌分析的方法，能够运用诗歌分析的术语对诗歌中的特殊语言现象进行细致的分析。

答案要点和分值：

1) Information about the poem: Shakespeare and his four tragedies, esp. Romeo and Juliet, sonnet in his drama (4)

2) Form: layout (3 quatrains and a couplet = sonnet), number of lines (14), length of lines (10 syllables) (6)

3) Sound patterning: metre (iambic pentametre), rhymes (ababcacadedeff), other forms of sound patterning (eg alliteration) (6)

4) Language: figurative use of language, syntax, punctuation, register, intertextual allusion etc. (4)

5. 本题要求学生理解赫德逊《社会语言学》第二版序言中的一段话，对语言中的性别歧视问题进行讨论。

答案要点和分值：

1) Richard Hudson and his Sociolinguistics (2)

2) The study of sociolinguistics and major sociolinguistic concerns (5)

3) Sexism as a sociolinguistic issue (5) 4) Examples of linguistic sexism (5)

5) Discussion of Hudson’s own linguistic sexism (3)