动词时态和语态学案

知识清单

1.熟知八种基本时态的构成； 2. 八种基本时态的用法及重点；

3. 一般过去时态与现在时态用法上的侧重点； 4. 被动语态的基本形式； 5. 被动语态中特殊情况；

6. 与时态相关的固定句式结构。 学情分析

考生在动词时态与语态的学习过程中存在着以下几点问题： 1.考生对于时态的基本类型不能熟练掌握； 2. 不规则动词的过去式及过去分词形式不清楚； 3. 句子中的主被动意识淡；

4. 被动语态的基本形式，不能准确使用被动语态；

5. 在使用时态时，全凭所谓的语感去判断，写出来的句子中时态混乱，没有时态观念，没有章法可言。 考点一 一般现在时态(do/does)

1表示客观事实、普遍真理或自然现象。

As is known to us, the sun ____(rise) in the east and ___(set) in the west.

2表示习惯性、经常性的动作或经常存在的状态,时间状语有always, often, usually, sometimes, every day/year, on

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Sundays, once a week。

Some senior 3 students ___(got) up at 5：20 every day including Sunday.

3在时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时态表将来。

If city noises _________(not, keep) from increasing, people will have to shout to be heard.

4表示按时刻表、计划规定要发生的动作，常见的动词有： come, go, leave, begin, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close等。

The plane _____(take) off at 2：30 every Wednesday and Friday.

[典例1] [2015·四川成都一诊]It's probable that the rocket ________ (date) from about 2,000 years ago in China. [典例2] [2015·北京东城区期

末]_____________________________________，we will carry out the plan next week. (完成句子)

除非你有不同意见，否则我们下周就执行该计划了。 考点二 一般过去时态(did)

1表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去的时间状语连用时间比较具体yesterday (morning), two years ago, last night/year, in 1990, in the past, the day before yesterday, the other day)或上下文语境有暗示，或由于地点的转变而导致

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同一个动作用过去时态。

I ______(teach) English in Xi'an for half a year. I _____(feel) very tired. When I_____(get) home, I _____(go) straight to bed.

2描述过去时间中发生的一系列事件。

He _____(go) to the market, ______(bring) some eggs and __________(return) home.

3原来没有意料到，没有想到的事。

Excuse me. I ____________(not, realize) I was blocking your way. 4固定句式

(1)It's high time that sb. did sth.是某人该做某事的时候了。 It's high time we ____(do) something about environmental protection.

(2)would rather＋主＋did＋...表示与现在或将来事实相反的情况。

I would rather you _____(come) here tomorrow morning. 注意：一般过去时态中的动作在过去某时间已经停止，只是强调过去的动作或状态，与现在没有任何关系。

[典例3] [2015·四川成都二诊]－Have you worked out the schedule for our graduation trip?

－Yes. I ________ (work) on it for 3 hours.

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[典例4] [2015·四川成都一诊]All football fans ________ (witness) the Germans' final victory in the 2014 World Cup this August.

考点三 完成时态(have/has/had done) 1现在完成时

(1)表示发生在过去的动作或存在的状态到说话时刚刚完成或结束，但对现在仍然有影响。现在完成时常与up to now, so far, recently, ever, never, already, yet, lately,

in/during/over the past/last+时间段，since+时间点, for+时间段等表示时间的词,或since引导的状语从句(从句中使用一般过去时态)连用。

His first novel _____________(receive) good reviews since it came out last month.

(2)用于时间、条件状语从句中，表示将来要完成的动作或一个动作先于另一个动作。

—When shall we restart our business? —Not until we ____________(finish) our plan.

(3)在“It (This) is(will be)the first/second/third...time＋that从句”中，that从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时。

This is the first time that we __________(see) a film in the cinema together as a family.

(4)在“It (This) is the best (worst，most＋adj.等)＋名词＋从

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句”中，从句中的谓语用现在完成时。 It is the most instructive lecture that I

________________(attend) since I came to this school. 2过去完成时

(1)某些动词用于过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法，意为“本来期望/认为/打算……”。这类动词主要有：expect, hope, plan, suppose, think, intend, mean, want等。

①I _____________(intend) to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.

②I ________(mean) to help you, but I was too busy at the moment.

(2)过去完成时是一个相对的时态，考生做题时关键看该动作是否发生在题干中所给的过去的动作或过去的时间之前，如果是就用过去完成时。

①Last month, the Japanese government expressed their thanks for the aid they ___________(receive) from China. ②—What a mistake!

—Yes，I ____________(suggest) his doing it another way，but without success.

(3)by, by the end, by the time, until, before后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，主句用过去完成时。

By the time Jack returned home from England, his son

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______________(graduate) from college.

(4)在hardly(scarcely)．..when...，no sooner...than...句型结构中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。意思为“一……就……”。

Hardly (No sooner) _____I _____(get) home when(than) the rain poured down.

(5)用在虚拟语气如if, wish, would rather与过去事实相反的从句中。

If he_______________(work) harder, he would have 3将来完成时

将来完成时用来表示在将来某一时间以前已经完成或一直持续的动作。经常与“before＋将来时间”或“by＋将来时间”连用，也可与before或by the time引导的现在时的从句连用。 On her next birthday，Ann __________________(marry) for twenty years.

[典例5] [2015·浙江温州一模]I suddenly realized that I was kept so busy that I ________ (spend) little time with my family before.

[典例6] [2015·北京东城区一模]－Mum！Where is my packed lunch?

－In the kitchen. I ___________ (make) you two sandwiches.

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[典例7] [2015·重庆南开中学二模]Hurry up, or by the time we arrive at the cinema, the film ______________________ (begin)．

考点四 进行时(be doing) 1现在进行时

高考题对现在进行时的考查往往是在具体的语境中进行的，不给出具体的时间状语，要求考生能够通过语境判断出该动作正在进行。现在进行时常用来表示：

(1)说话时正在发生着的一个动作,常与时间状语now, at present连用。

Hurry up! Mark and Carol ____________(wait) for us. (2)现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时的一个动作。

①The water supply has been cut off temporarily because the workers ____________(repair) one of the main pipes. ②Teenagers _____________(damage) their health because they play computer games too much.

(3)近期特定的安排或计划, 常用于位置移动的动词如：go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take等。 I've won a holiday for two days to Florida.I __________(take) my Mum. 2过去进行时

(1)过去某一时刻正在进行的动作常与at this time yesterday,

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at eight yesterday evening, all day yesterday连用或某动作在某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。

①The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant __________(give) in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly.

②－I don't understand why you didn't go to the lecture yesterday afternoon.

－I'm so sorry. But I __________(do) my homework. (2)某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。持续性动作用过去进行时，短暂性动作用一般过去时。

The reporter said that the UFO ___________(travel) east to west when he saw it. 3现在完成进行时

(1)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，并且现在还在进行。

①Tom _______________(work) in the library every night over the last three months.

②I have to see the doctor because I ______________(cause) a lot lately.

(2)表示从过去某时开始一直持续到现在的动作，在说话时刚刚结束。

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Where have you been？We _______________(look) for you everywhere. 4将来进行时

将来进行时可用于表示将来某个时刻正在发生的动作或者将来某一段时间内正在进行的动作。将来进行时常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。这些常见的标志性状语有：at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow, from 1：30 to 4：30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow等。

①Daniel's family ______________(enjoy) their holiday in Huangshan this time next week.

②—Guess what, we've got our visas for a short­term visit to the UK this summer.

—How nice! You _______(experience) a different culture then. 5固定句式

be doing...when...表示“当一件事情发生时，另外一件事情发生了”。

I ______________(wander) in the street when I came across a friend of mine.

类似结构用法还有：be about to do...when...表示“当一件事情马上要发生时，突然另外一件事情发生了”；had

done...when...表示“一件事情刚刚发生，突然另外一件事情发

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生了”。

I _____ just ______(come) back when the doorbell rang again.

[典例8] [2015·重庆巴蜀中学期末]－Joe, what about going to Belgium for our coming holiday?

－Sorry, honey, I ____________ (work) on the newly discovered dinosaur site in Argentina.

[典例9] [2015·重庆一诊]Leave me alone. I

________________ (write) an article all the afternoon and haven't finished yet.

[典例10] [2015·苏锡四市调研]－Hi, Peter. Why didn't you go to the cinema last night?

－I __________________ (watch) the popular show Dad, where are we going? 考点五 将来时态

除了“will/shall＋动词原形”可以表示将来时，以下几种形式也可表示将来意义, 常与tomorrow, soon, next year, the day after tomorrow, in the future连用。 1. be going to do

be going to结构在口语中常用来表示已经决定或安排要做的事、必然或很可能发生的事，也可用来表示自然现象。 ①I___________________ some material about Picasso.

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我打算搜集一些有关毕加索的材料。

②It______________________ for surfing tomorrow. 明天将会是冲浪的好天气。 2. 现在进行时

有这种用法的主要是一些表示位置转移的动词，如go, come, leave, start, begin, run, leave, stay, do, take等。这种将来意义往往指安排好要做的事情，很少变更。 ①I_________(fly) to Beijing tomorrow.

②She________(leave) early tomorrow morning. 3. be to do

这种结构表示按计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须去做的事或即将发生的动作。

①The engineer is ________(visit) our factory next week. ②The meeting is ________(take) place early tomorrow. 4. be about to do

这一结构用于表示客观上马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。

①Don't go out. We________________(have) dinner. ②The new school year ________________(begin).

注意：be going to与will都表将来，二者主要区别如下： (1)will表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的事，不含任何具体时间，可以指遥远的将来，而be going to指有迹象表明

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即将发生或肯定会发生的事。

There____________(be) a quarrel between them, I think. (2)be going to与will均可表示“意图”；但事先考虑过的意图用be going to，不是事先考虑的意图用will，即临时决定。 －Sorry, I forgot to buy the book you need. －It doesn't matter I ________(go) myself.

[典例11] [2015·江苏四市一模]How long do you expect it ________ (be) before the African can keep the disease under control?

[典例12] [2015·陕西五校一模]－The constant noise around here ________ (drive) me crazy! －Calm down. It's no use complaining. 考点六 动词语态

在英语中不强调动作发出者时，使用被动语态，在考查动词方面，也是重点考查内容之一，因此，考生碰到动词考查时，要先判断时态，然后要考虑语态，即：主语与该动词之间是主动关系还是被动关系。

1各种基本时态的被动语态构成

“be＋过去分词”为基本构成，只要变换be的形式就可以得到不同时态的被动语态，除“be＋过去分词”外，还有get/become＋过去分词。如下表：

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时间 现在 过去 将来 一般时态 进行时态 完成时态 注意：英语中只有及物动词(短语)有被动语态，不及物动(短语)无被动语态。

(1)Great changes __________(take) place in my hometown since the reform and opening.

改革开放以来，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 此处take place无被动语态。

(2)All the applicants _____________(interview) before a final decision is made by the authority. 所有的申请人在官方做最终决定前都要面试。

此处applicants与interview之间是被动关系，所以用一般现在时态的被动语态。 2主动形式表被动

(1)“系动词look, sound, feel, smell, taste, appear, seem, go, prove, turn, stay, become, fall, get, grow, keep等＋形容词/名词”构成系表结构。如： ①The steel_____(feel) cold.

②His plan _______(prove) (to be) practical.

(2)表示主语的某种属性特征的动词，如read, write, act, iron,

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cut, draw, drive, sell, wash, clean, wear, open, cook, lock, shut, dry, eat, drink等。这类动词一般不单独使用，常有一个修饰语,且常与副词well, easily, smoothly等连用。如： ③This coat ____ easily. 这件外套容易干。

④Nylon ______(clean) easily. 尼龙容易洗干净。

⑤Food can _____(keep) fresh in a fridge. 食物在冰箱里能保鲜。

⑥Your essay ______(read) well. 你的文章读起来不错。

⑦This material _________(wear) thin. 这些材料已经磨薄了。

⑧The match ___________(not, catch). 这根火柴擦不着。

⑨The engine ___________(not, start). 这个引擎发动不起来。

（3）“want, need, require, deserve，be worth + doing”表示被动意义。在这种情况下,句子的主语在逻辑上是doing的宾语。

Your hair needs _______(cut).你的头发需要剪了。 His shoes want ________(mend).他的鞋子需要修补。

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（4）某些作表语的形容词，如：easy, hard, difficult, fit, heavy, nice, comfortable等后面，用不定式的主动表被动。

That question is easy to _______(answer).那个问题难以回答。

His clothes are difficult to ______(wash).他的衣服难洗。 (5)不及物动词或动词短语,如last, occur, happen,begin, end, stop, open, shut, close, break out, give out, run out, go out, belong to, take place等不用于被动语态。

Gulf War _________(break out) on January 17, 1991. 1991年1月17日，海湾战争爆发。

(6) 表示状态或特征的及物动词, 如contain, hold, cost, fit, have, lack, resemble, suit等不用于被动语态。

My brain can’t _______(hold) so much information at one time.

我的大脑一下子不能容纳这么多信息。

(7)当谓语动词的宾语是反身代词、相互代词、动名词（短语）、不定式（短语）时无被动语态形式。

This girl can’t _______(dress) herself yet. 这个女孩还不能自己穿衣服。

Tom enjoys ________(listen)to rock music. 汤姆喜欢听摇滚乐。

(8)由“动词+介词/副词”构成的动词短语,这类动词短语是一个

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不可分割的整体,变为被动语态时不可去掉构成动词短语的介词或副词。

We can’t laugh at him.(变被动句） _______________________________________ Time _______________________. 一定要充分利用时间。

He can’t be laughed at by us.

(9)由“get+及物动词的过去分词”构成的被动语态，叫get型被动语态,常与marry, break, hurt, wound, injure, dress 等动词的过分连用。

The patient __________(treat) once a week. 那位病人一周治疗一次。

Please hurry up and _____________(dress). 请赶快穿好衣服。

被动语态中的过去分词是谓语动词，表示动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词，表示状态。

I found the whole yard was covered with snow. ( )

The highway was covered by the snow and had to be closed. ( )

[典例13] [2015·福州毕业班质检]Highways across China _______________ (report) to be free of charge for 20 days

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during holidays in 2015.

[典例14] [2015·北京丰台区一模]－Can we sit at the table by the window?

－I'm sorry, but it _____________ (take) already.

[典例15] [2015·四川德阳二诊]—Excuse me, is the book Gone With the Wind by Margaret Mitchell available now? —Sorry, but it ______ (sell) so well that we don't have any in store. Practice

1. My mother _________(play) the piano every Sunday. 2. Our math teacher _______ (grade) our schoolwork now. 3. By the end of last year, we ________(produce)20,000 cars.

4. My brother __________(go) to London last summer. 5. We were all surprised when he made it clear that he _____________(leave) office soon.

6.In the past ten years, China ____(witness) great changes.

7. A new teacher _____________ (come) tomorrow.

8. We _________(have) a math class at this time yesterday. Practice

1. (2014·北京卷)—Hi, let's go skating.

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—Sorry, I'm busy now. I __________(fill) in an application form for a new job. 2. (2015

北京) In the last few years, China

___________(make) great achievements in environmental protection.

3. (2010全国I) —Have you finished reading Jane Eyre? —No, I _____________(do) my homework all day yesterday. Practice

1. (2015全国卷Ⅰ)It was raining lightly when I____ (arrive) in Yangshuo just before dawn. But I didn’t care. A few hours before, I (be)at home in , with its choking smog. Here, the air was clean and fresh, even with the rain.…

2. （201川卷）…In fact, I don’t like to go anymore, but I’m afraid I ______ (lose) their friendship. What do you think I should do? If you were me, would you talk to them? …

3. (2014全国卷Ⅱ) …A boy on a bike caught my attention. He ______(ride) beside the bus and waving his arms.… Error correction

1.（2015全国卷Ⅰ）When I was a child, I hoped to live in

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the city. I think I would be happy there. Now I was living in a city, but I miss my home in the countryside.…

2.（2015全国卷Ⅰ）…Lots of studies have shown that global warming already become a very serious problem. 3.（2015全国卷Ⅱ）…Mom said, “How nice to see you again! Dad and I were terribly worried. ” Tony promised her that this will never happen again.…

4.（2012全国新课标卷）…When I tear apart my fifth birthday toy train, my father said, “That’s it. No more toys for you.” …

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