The Art and Science of DepictionDrawing systemsFredo DurandMIT-Lab for Computer ScienceAssignments for Monday 30.•Solso Cognition and the Visual Arts–Chapter 8 & 9•Final project–Firm subjectDrawing systems3Issues•Place of the spectator•Intrinsic/extrinsic (essential/accidental)•Unified space•Shape representation•Error/distortion/choice•Child development•No cultural judgment!Drawing systems5Drawing systems2Plan•Drawing and projection–Linear perspective & the Renaissance–Drawing systemsCatalogue of “all” drawing systemsAdvantage/disadvantages–Distortion and constraints•Denotation•Tone & colorDrawing systems4Context•Importance of the notion of front/top/side•Presence of lines and planes or not•Orthogonals–Lines orthogonal to the picture plane–I.e. lines that converge in the center of the image in central perspective•Picture plane/curved pictureDrawing systems61Efficient shape representation•True shape•3D layout•Canonical view•General/accidental viewDrawing systems7Generic vs. accidental viewpoint•Accidental alignmentof trash and seaPhotoPeter TurnerDrawing systemsSnapshot-Perspective-Speed, aperture-Filter-Lighting-Processing & Print-Make up-Retouching9Canonical view•Rate viewsDrawing systems11Generic vs. accidental viewpointDrawing systems8Generic vs. accidental viewpointDrawing systems10Canonical view•Rate views•Features must be salient•General view•Front view•¾ up viewDrawing systems122Invariants•Invariants–Alignments–Angles–Shape–Symmetry•Property mapping•Each system here assumes a unified space. Can be mixed up thoughDrawing systems13Class of drawing & average age7.49.7Child’s view11.913.614.313.73D and 2D attributes•Show a dice to children (~6-7) •They usually draw a rectangle•The rectangle can stand for one faceDrawing systems14Primary/secondary geometry•Primary geometry–Description in 3D object-space•Secondary geometry–Description in 2D image-spaceDrawing systems183Primary/secondary geometry•Primary geometry–Description in 3D object-space•Secondary geometry–Description in 2D image-space–Permits the description of more drawing systems–Often better corresponds to the drawing approachDrawing systems19Willats’s classification•SecondarygeometryDrawing systems21Classification of drawing systems•Linear•Non Linear–Parallel•Orthogonal–Quasi linear•Fold-out oblique•Naïve perspective–Horizontal oblique•Expressionist perspective–Vertical oblique•Importance-driven•Orthographic•Cell panorama–Isometric–Curved projections–Others•Non orthogonal•Panorama–Oblique•Fish-eye–Axonometric–Topological–Linear perspective–Split views, fold-out•One point–Multiple viewpoints•Two points•Three points–Divergent perspectiveDrawing systems23British standard classification•Primary geometryDrawing systems20Classification of drawing systems•Linear–Parallel–Linear perspective–Divergent perspective•Non Linear–Quasi linear–Curved projections–Topological–Split views, fold-out–Multiple viewpointsDrawing systems22Linear projections•Straight lines and alignments are preserved•Can be expressed in primary geometry –Ray-image intersections–A matrix•Parallel•Linear perspective•Divergent perspectiveDrawing systems244Parallel projections•No foreshortening•Can represent true shape•Some are poor shape representations•Projection direction –Orthogonal to image plane or not–Along one principal direction or not •“Stretching” or notDrawing systems25Orthogonal•Amphora, 6thcentury BCDrawing systems29Parallel projections•Orthogonal•Fold-out oblique–Horizontal oblique–Vertical oblique•Non orthogonal–Oblique–Axonometric•Orthographic–Isometric–OthersDrawing systems26Orthogonal•Direction –Perpendicular to image plane–Along one principal direction•True shape for objects parallel to image plane•Typically engineeringDrawing systems28Orthogonal•BayeuxTapestry 1080Drawing systems305Orthogonal•TelephotoDrawing systems31Parallel projections•Orthogonal•Fold-out oblique–Horizontal oblique–Vertical oblique•Non orthogonal–Oblique–Axonometric•Orthographic–Isometric–OthersDrawing systems33Fold-out oblique•Horizontal oblique•Vertical oblique•Direction–45º, parallel to one principal face (top or side)•Can be stretched for fold-out–True shape for 2 directions•Mainly interesting for secondary geometryDrawing systems35Orthogonal•Child drawing Drawing systems32Horizontal oblique•Folk artDrawing systems366Horizontal oblique•IconsDrawing systems37Horizontal oblique•Cézanne Still life with a commode, 1887Drawing systems39Vertical oblique•Soriguerola, 13thDrawing systems41Horizontal oblique•Child drawingDrawing systems38Pushing the envelopeDrawing systems40Vertical oblique•Soriguerola, 13thDrawing systems427Vertical oblique•Juan Gris, Breakfast, 1914Drawing systems43Vertical oblique•Indian art, 1660Drawing systems45Vertical oblique•Andre Kerstesz, TulipeMelancoliqueDrawing systems47Vertical obliqueDrawing systems44Vertical oblique•Claude Rogers, The Hornby Train, 1951-53Drawing systems46Pushing the envelopeDrawing systems488Pushing the envelope•Non-linear•Locally linearDrawing systems49Parallel projections•Orthogonal•Fold-out oblique–Horizontal oblique–Vertical oblique•Non orthogonal–Oblique–Axonometric•Orthographic–Isometric–OthersDrawing systems50Oblique•Lady Wenji’s Return to China, 12thcenturyDrawing systems9ObliqueDrawing systems55Axonometric•Axonometric–True shape for top face–True distance for up direction–Direction 45ºof the picture planeDrawing systems57Axonometric•James Stirling, 1953Drawing systems59Oblique•Phoenix and Achilles,350-340 BCDrawing systems56Axonometric•Le Corbusierwas a big fanDrawing systems58Axonometric•JuanGris, Breakfast, 1914Drawing systems6010Parallel projections•Orthogonal•Fold-out oblique–Horizontal oblique–Vertical oblique•Non orthogonal–Oblique–Axonometric•Orthographic–Isometric–OthersDrawing systems61Isometric vs. Axonometric•Isometric–No true shape–True distances in 3 directions–Little distortion–Direction average 2 principaldirections•Axonometric–True shape for top face–True distance for up direction–Direction 45ºfrom picture planeDrawing systems65Isometric•Brooks-Greaves St Paul's Cathedral 1928Drawing systemsGeneral Orthographic•Seldom used!Drawing systems6611Mixed parallel system•Persian miniature, 1494•Oblique+vertical obliqueDrawing systems67Linear perspective•Foreshortening•The spectator is “immersed”•Potential distortions•One point•Two points•Three pointsDrawing systems691-point perspective•Central focus•Preserves horizontals and verticals•Can mean that the optical center is not the center of the image–View-cameraDrawing systems71Classification of drawing systems•Linear–Parallel–Linear perspective–Divergent perspective•Non Linear–Quasi linear–Curved projections–Topological–Split views, fold-out–Multiple viewpointsDrawing systems681-point perspective•Central focus•Preserves horizontals and verticalsDrawing systems701-point perspective•Jean Vredemande Vries,1604Drawing systems72121-point perspective•Unknown artist Ideal city, 15thDrawing systems731-point perspectiveThe AvenueMiddelharnis,Meindert Obbema16Drawing systems752-point perspectiveDrawing systems771-point•Interior ofSt Bavo'schurchat Haarlem, Pieter Jansz Saenredam, 18Drawing systems741-point perspectiveWestern perspective in a Japanese pictureDrawing systems762-point perspective•Objects stand out of the picture•Preserves verticals•Can mean that the optical center is not the center of the image–Architecture lensDrawing systems7813Old assignment•Before: 3-point perspectiveDrawing systems793-point perspectiveDrawing systems81Perspective anomaly and expression•Giorgio de Chirico, Mystery and Melancholy of a Street, 1914Drawing systems83Old assignment•After: 2-point perspectiveDrawing systems803-point perspective•Dramatic 3D effect•The generic case, nothing preserved•seldom used through art historyDrawing systems82Perspective anomaly and expression•Giorgio deChirico Les Muses Inquietantes1925Drawing systems8414Perspective distortion•Wide angle projection•Does not preserve subjective sizeDrawing systems85Perspective distortion•Wide angle projection•Distorts shapeDrawing systems87Perspective distortion•The sphere is projectedas an ellipse•Symmetry is not preserved•Some perspective manuals claim that the projection of a sphereis a circleDrawing systemsPerspective distortion•Wide angle projection•Does not preserve subjective sizeDrawing systems86Perspective distortion•Portrait: distortion with wide angleWide angleStandardTelephotoDrawing systems88Perspective distortion•The sphere should be projected as an ellipse•But a circle is usedDrawing systems9015Classification of drawing systems•Linear–Parallel–Linear perspective–Divergent perspective•Non Linear–Quasi linear–Curved projections–Topological–Split views, fold-out–Multiple viewpointsDrawing systems91Divergent perspective: explanations•Does not exist!•Lack of skill•Represents more faces•Fear of idolatry•Perceptual over-compensation•Perceptual effect of field of view and size constancyDrawing systems93Divergent perspective•Mark, 15thcentury, ByzantineDrawing systems95Divergent perspective•A.k.a. inverted perspective•Subject of quarrel, hard to include in a theory•Icons•Asian•Cubism•ChildrenDrawing systems92Divergent perspective•The Four Gospels, Luke, 1380, ByzantineDrawing systems94Divergent perspective•Andrei Rublev, The Holy Trinity,1408~1425Drawing systems9616Divergent perspective•Hasadera Enji(Japanese)Drawing systems97Divergent perspective•David Hockney, ChairDrawing systems99Evolution of children’s drawings•Asked to draw a tableClass of drawing & average age7.49.7Child’s view11.913.614.313.7Drawing systems101Divergent perspective•Georges Braque, Still Life: The Table, 1928Drawing systems98Divergent perspective•Child drawing(Kenyan here)Drawing systems10017
