2010-2017年考研英语二历年真题及答案详细解析

2010考研英语二真题及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following passage. For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET l. (10 points)

The outbreak of swine flu that was first detected in Mexico was declared a global epidemic on June 11, 2009. It is the first worldwide epidemic_____1_____ by the World Health Organization in 41 years.

The heightened alert _____2_____an emergency meeting with flu experts in Geneva that convened after a sharp rise in cases in Australia, and rising_____3_____in Britain, Japan, Chile and elsewhere.

But the epidemic is \"_____4_____\" in severity, according to Margaret Chan, the organization's director general, _____5_____ the overwhelming majority of patients experiencing only mild symptoms and a full recovery, often in the _____6_____ of any medical treatment.

The outbreak came to global_____7_____in late April 2009, when Mexican authorities noticed an unusually large number of hospitalizations and deaths_____8_____healthy adults. As much of Mexico City shut down at the height of a panic, cases began to _____9_____in New York City, the southwestern United States and around the world.

In the United States, new cases seemed to fade_____10_____warmer weather arrived. But in late September 2009, officials reported there was _____11_____flu activity in almost every state and that virtually all the_____12_____tested are the new swine flu, also known as (A) H1N1, not seasonal flu. In the U.S., it has_____13_____more than one million people, and caused more than 600 deaths and more than 6,000 hospitalizations.

Federal health officials_____14_____Tamiflu for children from the national stockpile and began_____15_____orders from the states for the new swine flu vaccine. The new vaccine, which is different from the annual flu vaccine, is ____16_____ ahead of expectations. More than three million doses were to be made available in early October 2009, though most of those _____17_____doses were of the FluMist nasal spray type, which is not_____18_____for pregnant women, people over 50 or those with breathing difficulties, heart disease or several other _____19_____. But it was still possible to vaccinate people in other high-risk group: health care workers, people _____20_____infants and healthy young people.

1 [A] criticized 2 [A] proceeded 3 [A] digits 4 [A] moderate 6 [A] progress

[B] appointed [B] activated [B] numbers [B] normal

[C]commented [C] followed [C] amounts [C] unusual

[C] presence

[D] designated [D] prompted [D] sums [D] extreme [D] by [D] favor

5 [A] with [B] in [C] from

[B] absence

7 [A] reality 8. [A]over 10 [A] as

9 [A] stay up

[B] phenomenon [B] for [B] if

[B] crop up [B] enormous [B] examples [B] immerse [B] relayed [B] available [B] principal [B] restricted [B] issues

[B] caring for

[C] concept [C] among [C] fill up [C] unless

[C] significant [C] patterns [C] injected [C] taking [C] reliable

[C] relieved

[D] notice [D] to [D] cover up [D] until [D]magnificent [D] samples [D] infected [D] remained [D] giving [D] applicable [D] initial [D] introduced [D] sufferings [D] warding off

11 [A] excessive 12 [A]categories 13 [A] imparted 14 [A] released 16 [A] feasible 17 [A] prevalent

15 [A] placing [B] delivering

[C] innovative [C] agonies

18 [A] presented 19 [A] problems 20 [A] involved in

[C] recommended [C] concerned with

Section Ⅱ Reading comprehension

Part A

Text1

The longest bull run in a century of art-market history ended on a dramatic note with a sale of 56 works by Damien Hirst, “Beautiful Inside My Head Forever”，at Sotheby’s in London on September 15th 2008. All but two pieces sold, fetching more than ￡70m, a record for a sale by a single artist. It was a last victory. As the auctioneer called out bids, in New York one of the oldest banks on Wall Street, Lehman Brothers, filed for bankruptcy.

The world art market had already been losing momentum for a while after rising bewilderingly since 2003. At its peak in 2007 it was worth some $65 billion, reckons Clare McAndrew, founder of Arts Economics, a research firm—double the figure five years earlier. Since then it may have come down to $50 billion. But the market generates interest far beyond its size because it brings together great wealth, enormous egos, greed, passion and controversy in a way matched by few other industries.

In the weeks and months that followed Mr Hirst’s sale, spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable, especially in New York, where the bail-out of the banks coincided with the loss of thousands of jobs and the financial demise of many art-buying investors. In the art world that meant collectors stayed away from galleries and salerooms. Sales of contemporary art fell by two-thirds, and in the most overheated sector—for Chinese contemporary art—they were down by nearly 90% in the year to November 2008. Within weeks the world’s two biggest auction houses, Sotheby’s and Christie’s, had to pay out nearly $200m in guarantees to clients who had placed works for sale with them.

The current downturn in the art market is the worst since the Japanese stopped buying Impressionists at the end of 19, a move that started the most serious contraction in the market since the Second World War. This time experts reckon that prices are about 40% down on their peak on average, though some have been far more fluctuant. But Edward Dolman, Christie’s chief executive, says: “I’m pretty confident we’re

at the bottom.”

What makes this slump different from the last, he says, is that there are still buyers in the market, whereas in the early 1990s, when interest rates were high, there was no demand even though many collectors wanted to sell. Christie’s revenues in the first half of 2009 were still higher than in the first half of 2006. Almost everyone who was interviewed for this special report said that the biggest problem at the moment is not a lack of demand but a lack of good work to sell. The three Ds—death, debt and divorce—still deliver works of art to the market. But anyone who does not have to sell is keeping away, waiting for confidence to return.

21.In the first paragraph, Damien Hirst's sale was referred to as “a last victory” because ____. A. the art market had witnessed a succession of victories B. the auctioneer finally got the two pieces at the highest bids C. Beautiful Inside My Head Forever won over all masterpieces

D. it was successfully made just before the world financial crisis

22.By saying “spending of any sort became deeply unfashionable”(Line 1-2,Para.3)，the author suggests that_____.

A. collectors were no longer actively involved in art-market auctions B .people stopped every kind of spending and stayed away from galleries C. art collection as a fashion had lost its appeal to a great extent

D .works of art in general had gone out of fashion so they were not worth buying 23. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A .Sales of contemporary art fell dramatically from 2007 to 2008. B. The art market surpassed many other industries in momentum. C. The market generally went downward in various ways.

D. Some art dealers were awaiting better chances to come. 24. The three Ds mentioned in the last paragraph are ____ A. auction houses ' favorites B. contemporary trends

C. factors promoting artwork circulation D. styles representing impressionists

25. The most appropriate title for this text could be ___ A. Fluctuation of Art Prices B. Up-to-date Art Auctions C. Art Market in Decline D. Shifted Interest in Arts

Text2

I was addressing a small gathering in a suburban Virginia living room—a women's group that had invited men to join them. Throughout the evening one man had been particularly talkative, frequently offering ideas and anecdotes, while his wife sat silently beside him on the couch. Toward the end of the evening I commented that women frequently complain that their husbands don't talk to them. This man

quickly nodded in agreement. He gestured toward his wife and said, \"She's the talker in our family.\" The room burst into laughter; the man looked puzzled and hurt. \"It's true,\" he explained. \"When I come home from work, I have nothing to say. If she didn't keep the conversation going, we'd spend the whole evening in silence.\"

This episode crystallizes the irony that although American men tend to talk more than women in public situations, they often talk less at home. And this pattern is wreaking havoc with marriage.

The pattern was observed by political scientist Andrew Hacker in the late 1970s. Sociologist Catherine Kohler Riessman reports in her new book \"Divorce Talk\" that most of the women she interviewed—but only a few of the men—gave lack of communication as the reason for their divorces. Given the current divorce rate of nearly 50 percent，that amounts to millions of cases in the United States every year —a virtual epidemic of failed conversation.

In my own research complaints from women about their husbands most often focused not on tangible inequities such as having given up the chance for a career to accompany a husband to his or doing far more than their share of daily life-support work like cleaning, cooking, social arrangements and errands. Instead they focused on communication: \"He doesn't listen to me.\" \"He doesn't talk to me.\" I found as Hacker observed years before that most wives want their husbands to be first and foremost conversational partners but few husbands share this expectation of their wives.

In short the image that best represents the current crisis is the stereotypical cartoon scene of a man sitting at the breakfast table with a newspaper held up in front of his face, while a woman glares at the back of it, wanting to talk.

26. What is most wives' main expectation of their husbands? A. Talking to them. B. Trusting them.

C. Supporting their careers. D. Sharing housework.

27. Judging from the context, the phrase “wreaking havoc”(Line 3,Para.2)most probably means ___ . A. generating motivation. B. exerting influence C. causing damage D. creating pressure

28. All of the following are true EXCEPT_______ A. men tend to talk more in public than women

B. nearly 50 percent of recent divorces are caused by failed conversation C. women attach much importance to communication between couples D. a female tends to be more talkative at home than her spouse

29. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of this text? A. The moral decaying deserves more research by sociologists. B. Marriage break-up stems from sex inequalities.

C. Husband and wife have different expectations from their marriage. D. Conversational patterns between man and wife are different.

30. In the following part immediately after this text, the author will most probably focus on ______ A. a vivid account of the new book Divorce Talk B. a detailed description of the stereotypical cartoon C. other possible reasons for a high divorce rate in the U.S. D. a brief introduction to the political scientist Andrew Hacker

Text 3

Over the past decade, many companies had perfected the art of creating automatic behaviors — habits — among consumers. These habits have helped companies earn billions of dollars when customers eat snacks, apply lotions and wipe counters almost without thinking, often in response to a carefully designed set of daily cues.

“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” Dr. Curtis said. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to — Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive and Unilever — had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day — chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, antiperspirants, colognes, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins— are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of canny advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”

Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through relentless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

31. According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap________. [A] should be further cultivated [B] should be changed gradually [C] are deeply rooted in history [D] are basically private concerns

32. Bottled water, chewing gun and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to____ [A] reveal their impact on people’s habits [B] show the urgent need of daily necessities [C] indicate their effect on people’s buying power [D] manifest the significant role of good habits

33. Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits? [A]Tide [B] Crest [C] Colgate [D] Unilever

34. From the text we know that some of consumer’s habits are developed due to _____ [A]perfected art of products [B]automatic behavior creation [C]commercial promotions [D]scientific experiments

35. The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is____ [A] indifferent [B] negative [C] positive [D] biased

Text4

Many Americans regard the jury system as a concrete expression of crucial democratic values, including the principles that all citizens who meet minimal qualifications of age and literacy are equally competent to serve on juries; that jurors should be selected randomly from a representative cross section of the community; that no citizen should be denied the right to serve on a jury on account of race, religion, sex, or national origin; that defendants are entitled to trial by their peers; and that verdicts should represent the conscience of the community and not just the letter of the law. The jury is also said to be the best surviving example of direct rather than representative democracy. In a direct democracy, citizens take turns governing themselves, rather than electing representatives to govern for them.

But as recently as in 1986, jury selection procedures conflicted with these democratic ideals. In some states, for example, jury duty was limited to persons of supposedly superior intelligence, education, and moral character. Although the Supreme Court of the United States had prohibited intentional racial discrimination in jury selection as early as the 1880 case of Strauder v. West Virginia, the practice of selecting so-called elite or blue-ribbon juries provided a convenient way around this and other antidiscrimination laws.

The system also failed to regularly include women on juries until the mid-20th century. Although women first served on state juries in Utah in 18, it was not until the 1940s that a majority of states made women eligible for jury duty. Even then several states automatically exempted women from jury duty unless they personally asked to have their names included on the jury list. This practice was justified by the claim that women were needed at home, and it kept juries unrepresentative of women through the 1960s. In 1968, the Congress of the United States passed the Jury Selection and Service Act, ushering in a new era of democratic reforms for the jury. This law abolished special educational requirements for federal jurors and required them to be selected at random from a cross section of the entire community. In the landmark 1975 decision Taylor vs. Louisiana, the Supreme Court extended the requirement that juries be representative of all parts of the community to the state level. The Taylor decision also declared sex discrimination in jury selection to be unconstitutional and ordered states to use the same procedures for

selecting male and female jurors.

36. From the principles of the US jury system, we learn that ______ [A]both liberate and illiterate people can serve on juries

[B]defendants are immune from trial by their peers [C]no age limit should be imposed for jury service [D]judgment should consider the opinion of the public

37. The practice of selecting so-called elite jurors prior to 1968 showed_____ [A]the inadequacy of antidiscrimination laws [B]the prevalent discrimination against certain races [C]the conflicting ideals in jury selection procedures

[D]the arrogance common among the Supreme Court justices

38. Even in the 1960s, women were seldom on the jury list in some states because_____ [A]they were automatically banned by state laws [B]they fell far short of the required qualifications [C]they were supposed to perform domestic duties

[D]they tended to evade public engagement

39. After the Jury Selection and Service Act was passed.___

[A] sex discrimination in jury selection was unconstitutional and had to be abolished [B] educational requirements became less rigid in the selection of federal jurors [C] jurors at the state level ought to be representative of the entire community [D] states ought to conform to the federal court in reforming the jury system 40. In discussing the US jury system, the text centers on_______ [A]its nature and problems [B]its characteristics and tradition [C]its problems and their solutions [D]its tradition and development

Section Ⅲ Translation

46.Directions:

In this section there is a text in English .Translate it into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15points)

“Suatainability” has become apopular word these days, but to Ted Ning, the concept will always have personal meaning. Having endured apainful period of unsustainability in his own life made itclear to him that sustainability-oriented values must be expressed though everyday action and choice。Ning recalls spending aconfusing year in the late 1990s selling insurance. He’d been though the dot-com boom and burst and,desperate for ajob,signed on with a Boulder agency。It didin’t go well. “It was a really had move because that’s not my passion,” says Ning, whose dilemma about the job translated, predictably, into a lack of sales. “I was miserable, I had so much anxiety that I would wake up in the middle of the night and stare at the ceiling. I had no money and needed the job. Everyone said, ‘Just wait, you’ll trun the corner, give it

some time.’”

47. Directions:

You have just come back from the U.S. as a member of a Sino-American cultural exchange program. Write a letter to your American colleague to

1) Express your thanks for his/her warm reception; 2) Welcome him/her to visit China in due course。 You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead。 Do not write your address. (10 points)

48. Directions:

In this section, you are asked to write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should 1) Interpret the chart and 2) Give your comments。

You should write at least 150 words。

Write your essay on on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

2010年考研英语二真题答案：

1 [D] designated 2 [C] followed 3 [B] numbers 4 [A] moderate5 [A] with 6 [B] absence 7 [D] notice8. [C] among9 [B] crop up 10 [A] as 11 [C] significant 12 [D] samples 13 [D] infected14 [A] released 15 [C] taking16 [B] available 18 [C] recommended19 [A] problems20 [B] caring for

21 D 22 A 23 B 24 C 25 C 26 A 27 C 28 B 29 C 30 C 31 A 32 A 33 D 34 C 35 B 36 D 37 C 38 C 39 B 40 A

翻译参考

“坚持不懈”如今已成一个流行词汇，但对TedNing而言，这个概念一直有个人含义，经历了一段痛苦松懈的个人生活，使他清楚面向以坚持不懈为导向的价值观，必须贯彻到每天的行动和选择中。

Ning回忆起20世纪90年代末期卖保险的那段迷茫时光，他通过蓬勃兴起的网络疯狂地找工作，并且与Boulder代理机构签了约。

事情进展并不顺利，TedNing说到：“那真是个糟糕的选择，因为我对此没有激情，”可以预料，他把工作中的矛盾能解释为没有业务。Ning说：“我很痛苦渴望午夜起来盯着天花板，我没钱，我需要工作，每个人都说‘等吧，只要有耐心会好转的。’” 小作文

17 [D] initial

Dear xxx,

I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to you for your kindness to receive me when I participated in an exchange program in USA.

Your generous help made it possible that I had a very pleasant stay and a chance to know American cultures better. Besides, I think it is an honor for me to make friends with you and I w ill cherish the goodwill you showed to me wherever I go. I do hope that you will visit China one day, so that I could have the

opportunity to repay your kindness and refresh our friendship。 I feel obliged to thank you again。

Sincerely yours, Zhang Wei

大作文范文：

In this chart, we can see the mobile phone subscriptions in developed countries have a steady and slight increase from 1990 to 2007 and then remain constant in 2008. Meanwhile the mobile phone subscriptions in developing countries have witnessed a slow increase from 1990 to 2004 and then a great surge from 2004 to 20007: the biggest surge happens from 2005 to 2006.

This chart reflects different developing modes of mobile phone industry in developed and developing countries. The developed countries have a limited number of populations, most of whom are well-educated. Therefore, the spreading of the mobile phone service is efficient and soon the market is saturated. Also at the beginning the developed countries have more people who can afford this service. The developing countries have a large population who keeps a large demand for mobile service. As the mobile phone service becomes cheaper and cheaper, the increasing customers subscribe to benefit from this service。 As discussed above, it is not surprising to see this change. In my opinion, this trend that the number of mobile-phone subscriptions is increasingly increasing will continue for a while in the future

新题型译文：

波音和空客都在吹嘘自己最新飞机787和A350的性能，巧妙的设计与轻质的材料当然使它们与众不同。但在斯坦福大学，由伊兰\克鲁领导的一个研究小组提出，飞机的飞行路线可以改用更具仿生效应的路径来节省燃油，而且并不需要购买新的飞机。

克鲁教授称这个设想是受到鸟类的启发。1914年，一位名叫卡尔\维塞尔斯伯格的德国研究员发表了一篇具有重大意义的论文，科学家们从中得知，鸟类在飞行的时候排成V字、梯形或倒过来时，会节省体力。气流在划过鸟类双翼时会在其后面弯曲向上，这是一种叫上升流的现象。在上升流中飞行的鸟阻力减小，可以用更小的力气飞。彼得\利萨曼以前是加州理工学院和南加州大学的航空专家，他认为由25只鸟组成的队伍会将飞行距离提升71%。

当把鸟类的特性应用到飞机上的时候，原理也相差无几。克鲁教授和他的团队模拟了三架分别从洛杉矶、旧金山和拉斯维加斯起飞的客机在犹他州集合，采用反V字形状并偶尔换一下位置以便所有飞机轮流利用最有利位置，最后飞到伦敦。他们发现飞机节省多达15%的燃油，相应的二氧化碳排放也少了很多，途中排放的氮氧化物减少约四分之一。

当然，一定要有完善的操作指南。要考虑安全问题，至少在感觉上来说是安全的。乘客们在换位时会不会不舒服呢?克鲁教授指出飞机间会相隔几海里，不会像红箭表演队(英国皇家空军特技表演队)那样间距小到令人窒息。乘客往窗外看也许都看不到另外的飞机。有关飞机间距是否符合空中管制条例暂且不谈，但国际民航组织的一个工作组已经考虑在新的操作方针中列入编队飞行的可能性。

现在仍需考虑天气情况对气流的影响，这会关系到编队飞行的效率。在有大量乱流的地区，飞机尾部的气流会消失更快，上升流效应就会消失。克鲁教授称，在这方面他们团队将要进行更多的研究。每架客机的起飞时间与目的地都不相同，要协调它们编队飞行很难。相反，货机和日常空军飞行更容易协调时间。

恰逢此时，美军已经着手这项研究。今年早些时候，美国国防部高级研究计划局宣布出资让波音公司研究编队飞行的计划，但项目到现在还没启动。有报道称二战时就有一些军机在燃油不足的情况下编队飞行，但利萨曼教授称那些都是杜撰的，他说：“我父亲是皇家空军

飞行员，我的堂兄是一架在柏林坠毁的兰喀斯特式飞机的机长”，所以他应该知道。

2011年研究生入学考试英语二真题

Section I Use of English

Directions：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

\"The Internet affords anonymity to its users — a boon to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cybercrime that has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing a semblance of safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ? Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyberczar, offered the Obama government a 4 to make the Web a safer place — a “voluntary identify” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer, and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identify systems. Users could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government. Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.

12 , the approach would create a “walled garden” in safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of 13 community. Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of the infrastructure that the transaction runs 15 .'\" Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such an initiative push toward what would 17 be a license” mentality. The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

1． 2． 3． 4． 5． 6．

A.swept A.for A.careless A.reason A.information A.by

B.skipped B.within B.lawless B.reminder B.interference B.into

C.walked C.while C.pointless C.compromise C.entertainment C.from

D.ridden D.though D.helpless D.proposal D.equivalent D.over

7． 8． 9． 10． 11． 12． 13． 14． 15． 16． 17． 18． 19． 20．

A.linked A.dismiss A.recall A.relcased A.carry on A.In vain A.trusted A.caution A.on A.divided A.frequestly A.skepticism A.manageable A.invited

B.directed B.discover B.suggest B.issued B.linger on B.In effect B.modernized B.delight B.after B.disappointed B.incidentally B.relerance B.defendable B.appointed

C.chained C.create C.select C.distributed C.set in C.In return C.thriving C.confidence C.beyond C.protected C.occasionally C.indifference C.vulnerable C.allowed

D.compared D.improve D.realize D.delivered D.log in D.In contrast D.competing D.patience D.across D.united D.eventually D.enthusiasm D.invisible D.forced

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than ,000 different directors between 19 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings

increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . [A]gaining excessive profits [B]failing to fulfill her duty [C]refusing to make compromises [D]leaving the board in tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be . [A]generous investors [B]unbiased executives [C]share price forecasters [D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely to .

[A]become more stable [B]report increased earnings [C]do less well in the stock market [D]perform worse in lawsuits 24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm [B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm [C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm [D]will decline incentives from the firm 25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is . [A]permissive [B]positive [C]scornful [D]critical

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American

Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26. By saying “Newspapers like … their own doom” (Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .

[A]neglected the sign of crisis [B]failed to get state subsidies [C]were not charitable corporations [D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because . [A]readers threatened to pay less [B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs [C]journalists reported little about these areas [D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese newspapers are much more stable because they .

[A]have more sources of revenue [B]have more balanced newsrooms [C]are less dependent on advertising [D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the current newspaper business? [A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers. [B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper. [C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper business. [D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews. 30. The most appropriate title for this text would be . [A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival [B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind [C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business [D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text 3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G. I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less, and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence in the future, made small, efficient housing positively stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus, a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of American architecture, but none more so that Mies.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration, properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the 1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the 1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 10s and the early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between 1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House, Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and inevitable was widely shared. 31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the Americans’ . [A]prosperity and growth [B]efficiency and practicality [C]restraint and confidence [D]pride and faithfulness

32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3 about Bauhaus? [A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. [B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II. [C]Most American architects used to be associated with it. [D]It had a great influence upon American architecture. 33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design . [A]was related to large space

[B]was identified with emptiness [C]was not reliant on abundant decoration [D]was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive? [A]They ignored details and proportions.

[B]They were built with materials popular at that time. [C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings. [D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study House”? [A]Mechanical devices were widely used. [B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration [C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect. [D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text 4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle” of debt, population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club, among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour French interference.

A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different: ”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so many problems that . [A] it has more or less lost faith in markets [B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned [C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro [D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because the dominant powers . [A] are competing for the leading position [B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization [D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that . [A] EU funds for poor regions be increased [B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination [D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that __ __. ［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds

［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countries ［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries ［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel __ __. ［A］pessimistic ［B］desperate ［C］conceited ［D］hopeful Part B Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Such a move could affect firms such as McDonald’s, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Football Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements” such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said.

Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.”

He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones” around school and hospitals-areas within which takeaways cannot open.

A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for public health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new ‘responsibility deal’ with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a

white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.”

The food industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade. 41.Andrew Lansley held that 42.Terence Stephenson agreed that 43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believe that [A] “fat taxes” should be imposed on fast-food producers such as McDonald’s. [B] the government should ban fast-food outlets in the neighborhood of schools [C] “lecturing” was an effective way to improve school lunches in England. [D] cigarette-style warnings should be introduced to children about the dangers of a poor diet. 44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that 45.A Department of Health Spokesperson propsed that

46．Direction：

In this section there is a text in English. Translate it into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15points)

Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the “right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then, Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be done, and not just by big companies.

[E] the producers of crisps and candies could contribute significantly to the Change4Life campaign. [F] parents should set good examples for their children by keeping a healthy diet at home. [G] the government should strengthen the sense of responsibility among businesses. Section IV Writing

Part A 47 Directions:

Suppose your cousin Li Ming has just been admitted to a university. Write him/her a letter to 1) congratulate him/her, and

2) give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead. Do not write the address. (10 points) Part B 48Directions:

Write a short essay baesd on the following chart.in your writing,you should: 1)interpret the chart and 2)give your comments

you should write at least 150 wrods write your essay on answer sheet 2(15points)

2011英语二参

1．A 2．C 3．B 4．D 5．D 6．B 7．A 8．C 9．C 10．B 11．D 12．B 13．A 14．C 15．A 16．A 17．D 18．A 19．C 20．D 21-25 BDCAD 26-30 DBCAA 31-35 CDCDB 36-40 BCBAD 41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G

参

从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。

许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。

然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担。 小作文参

Dear friend,

I am writing to congratulate you on your being successfully admitted to Harvard University, which

enjoys an international reputation for its academic excellence and give you some suggestions as to how to make preparation for the coming college life.

In order for you to adapt yourself to the university life, you are advised to get prepared physically and intellectually. First and foremost, you need to build a strong body for the future academic pursuit, so you can take some exercises during the breaks. Secondly, since the study in university is more demanding than in your secondary school, you are highly suggested to find some introductory books from the library so as to have a good idea of the specialty you are going to take in your college life. Given your sound ability, you are sure to have a successful college life.

Congratulate you again and wish you a fruitful college life.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

Dear Ming,

Congratulations! I am glad to hear that you have been admitted by MIT. Your efforts and commitment have been paid off. You are the honor of our family.

Here come some my own advices of being a pre college student. First and foremost, you need to improve your communication because you will meet different people with different personalities in campus. Moreover, reading some reference books will help you to accumulate more knowledge and terms, which boost your competitiveness in campus.

Once again congratulate for your achievement!

Yours sincerely,

Zhang Wei

大作文参

As is shown in the bar chart above, dramatic changes have taken place in the autos market shares within two years (from 2008 to 2009). The most obvious change was the market share of national brand, which had increased nearly by 10%, while Japan’s autos market share decreased roughly by 10%. The percentage of the US autos remained stable between 2008 and 2009.

There are numerous reasons accounting for the phenomenon and I would like to explore a few of the most important ones here. Above all, as the development of technique and knowledge in native companies, a growing number of autos corporation developed many quality autos. Therefore, the national people changed the attitude to the native brands and acknowledge them. What’ more, an overwhelming majority of people have been affected by the country patriotism ideology, partly owing to some actions of Japan triggering the emotion of people. Finally, Toyota brake error accidents significantly affects Japanese autos’ reputations and images. Safety concerns drove customers away from Japanese products. Additionally, Fuel price drove consumers away from those American petrol digging and luxury autos. So it is not difficult to observe their steady performance.

Based on what has been discussed above, we may reasonably conclude that the tendency described in graphic will continue for quite a long time. Hopefully, government could offer more friendly policies to China autos manufacturers to encourage quality improvement and technology innovation.

2012年研究生入学考试真题及解析

Section 1 Use of Eninglish

Directions :

Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 )in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2) man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3) all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4) of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid ,5) an average guy ,up 6 )the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7) Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8) to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9) it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10) had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.

GI .joe had a (11)career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a (12 ) of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle(13)portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the (14)side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were(15)or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports(16)the “willie” cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men(17)the dirt and exhaustion of war, the (18)of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. (19)Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,(20)the most important person in their lives. 1.[A] performed 2.[A] actual 3.[A]bore 5.[A]and 6.[A]for

4.[A]necessities

[B]served [B]cased [B]nor

[C]rebelled

[D]betrayed [D]normal [D]loaded [D]propertoes [D]hence [D]against [D]claiming [D]passed down [D]managed [D]neither [D]distinguished [D]colony [D]questioned [D]human [D]gained

[D]contradicted

[B]common [C]special

[C]removed [C]but

[B]facilitice [C]commodities [B]into

[C] form

7.[A]meaning 8.[A]handed out 9.[A]pushed 10.[A]ever

11.[A]disguised 12.[A]company 13.[A]employed 14.[A]ethical 15.[A]ruined 16.[A]paralleled

[B]implying [C]symbolizing [B]turn over [C]brought back [B]got

[C]made [C]either

[B]never

[B]disturbed [C]disputed

[B]collection [C]community [B]appointed [C]interviewed [B]military

[C]political

[B]commuted [C]patrolled [B]counteracted

[C]duplicated

17.[A]neglected 18.[A]stages 19.[A]With

[B]avoided [B]illusions [B]To

[C]emphasized [C]fragments [C]Among

[D]admired [D]advancea [D]Beyond

20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point

Section II Resdiong Comprehension

Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. answer the question after each text by choosing A,B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student’s academic grade.

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.

District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.

At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students’ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.

The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.

21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____. [A] is receiving more criticism [B]is no longer an educational ritual

[C]is not required for advanced courses [D]is gaining more preferences

22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____. [A]tend to have moderate expectations for their education [B]have asked for a different educational standard [C]may have problems finishing their homework [D]have voiced their complaints about homework

23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____. [A]discourage students from doing homework [B]result in students' indifference to their report cards [C]undermine the authority of state tests [D]restrict teachers' power in education

24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether______. [A] it should be eliminated [B]it counts much in schooling [C]it places extra burdens on teachers [D]it is important for grades 25.A suitable title for this text could be______. [A]Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy [B]A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students [C]Thorny Questions about Homework [D]A Faulty Approach to Homework

Text2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls’ lives. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls’ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls’ lives and interests.

Girls’ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What’s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children’s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children’s behaviour: wrong. Turns out,

acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.

Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a “third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids’ clothes. Tt was only after “toddler”became a common shoppers’ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist. 26.By saying \"it is...the rainbow\"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______. [A]should not be the sole representation of girlhood [B]should not be associated with girls' innocence [C]cannot explain girls' lack of imagination [D]cannot influence girls' lives and interests

27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？ [A]Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.

[B]Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls. [C]Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders. [D]White is prefered by babies.

28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was much influenced by_____.

[A]the marketing of products for children [B]the observation of children's nature [C]researches into children's behavior [D]studies of childhood consumption

29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____. [A]focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes [B]attach equal importance to different genders [C]classify consumers into smaller groups [D]create some common shoppers' terms

30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____. [A] clearly explained by their inborn tendency [B]fully understood by clothing manufacturers [C] mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen [D]well interpreted by psychological experts

Text 3

In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO)， a trade group， assured members that this was just a “preliminary step” in a longer battle.

On July 29th they were relieved， at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior

decision， ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad， a company in Utah，said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.

But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine， the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents： a gene is a product of nature， so it may not be patented； gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it； and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree.Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case， arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ”

Despite the appeals court's decision， big questions remain unanswered. For example， it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.

AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater impact.companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug’s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ‘connecting the dits’,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.

Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed. 31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like----- A.their executives to be active B.judges to rule out gene patenting C.genes to be patcntablc D.the BIO to issue a warning 32.those who are against gene patents believe that---- A.genetic tests are not reliable

B.only man-made products are patentable C.patents on genes depend much on innovatiaon D.courts should restrict access to gene tic tests

33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for---- A.establishing disease comelations B.discovering gene interactions C.drawing pictures of genes D.identifying human DNA 34．By saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that ----- A.the supreme court was authoritative B.the BIO was a powerful organization C.gene patenting was a great concern D.lawyers were keen to attend conventiongs

35.generally speaking ,the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is---- A.critical B.supportive C.scornful D.objective

Text 4

The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.

No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.

But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.

Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society’s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more socially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.

36.By saying “to find silver linings”（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try to___. [A]seek subsidies from the govemment [B]explore reasons for the unermployment [C]make profits from the troubled economy [D]look on the bright side of the recession

37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____. [A]realize the national dream [B]struggle against each other [C]challenge their lifestyle [D]reconsider their lifestyle 38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____. [A]impose a heavier burden on immigrants [B]bring out more evils of human nature [C]Promote the advance of rights and freedoms [D]ease conflicts between races and classes

39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite universities tend to _____.

[A]lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities [B]catch up quickly with experienced employees [C]see their life chances as dimmed as the others’ [D]recover more quickly than the others

40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____. [A]certain [B]positive [C]trivial [D]destructive Part B Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the left column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEERT 1.(10 points)

“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,” wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.

Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.

From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus – On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.

Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . \"The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,\"wrote Smiles.\"what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself\"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.

This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.

Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged

battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.” And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”

This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding — from gender to race to cultural studies — were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs. 41. Petrarch 42. Niccolo Machiavellli 43. Samuel Smiles 44. Thomas Carlyle 45. Marx and Engels

[A] emphasized the virtue of classical heroes. [B] highlighted the public glory of the leading artists. [C] focused on epochal figures whose lives were hard to imitate [D] opened up new realms of understanding the great men in history. [E] held that history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for successful leaders. [G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer industrialists and explorers. Section III Translation

46.Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2.(15 points)

When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britian ,Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates .

Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all Indians over the age of 25.This \"brain drain \"has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their

universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .

Section IV Writing

Part A 47.Directions

Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an onlin store the other day ,Write an email to the customer service center to

1)make a complaint and 2)demand a prompt solution

You should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use \"zhang wei \"instead . Part B 48.Directions

write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should 1)describe the table ,and 2)give your comments

You should write at least 150 words(15points)

某公司员工工作满意度调查

年龄 -------满意度 小于等于40岁 41-50岁 大于50岁

2012考研英语二参

满意 16.7% 0.0% 40.0 不清楚 50.0% 36.0% 50.0% 不满意 33．3% .0% 10.0% 1.B 2.B 3.A 4.A 5.C 6.B 7.C 8.A 9.D 10.B 11.D 12.B 13.C 14.D 15.B

16.A 17.C 18.B 19.B 20.D 21. A 22.C 23.A 24.B 25.D 26.A 27.B 28.A 29.C 30.C 31.C 32.B 33.A 34.D 35.D 36.D 37.D 38.B 39.D 40.A 41-45：AFGCE

小作文范文：

Dear Sir or Madame,

As one of the regular customers of your online store, I am writing this letter to express my complaint against the flaws in your product—an electronic dictionary I bought in your shop the other day.

The dictionary is supposed to be a favorable tool for my study. Unfortunately, I found that there are several problems. To begin with, when I opened it, I detected that the appearance of it had been scratched. Secondly, I did not find the battery promised in the advertisement posted on the homepage of your shop, which makes me feel that you have not kept your promise. What is worse, some of the keys on the keyboard do not work.

I strongly request that a satisfactory explanation be given and effective measures should be taken to improve your service and the quality of your products. You can either send a new one to me or refund me my money in full.

I am looking forward to your reply at your earliest convenience.

Sincerely yours,

Zhang Wei

大作文范文：

The table above revealed an overall picture of employment satisfaction. Based upon the data of the table, most people under 40 are unclear or dissatisfied with their job, and % of those between 40 to 50, are not satisfied and no one feel satisfied at all. For people over 50, the degree of satisfaction largely exceeds the other groups, amounting to 40%.

Such difference may be rooted in the following reasons. First, middle-aged people face more pressure to support the family, both the children and the senior, so that they neglect to enjoy in work. Second, the senior citizens has developed a lot in personality, so they are more prone to see the optimistic aspects of the work. Last, the conclusion that the current society patterns pose more challenges to the middle aged group under 50.

To sum up, the senior citizens enjoys more content than the young and middle-aged people under 50.

2013考研英语（二）真题及答案解析

Section I Use of English Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon \"revolutionize the very 3 of money itself,\" only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so 5 in coming?

Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecornmunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 form of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many consumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of \"float\" - it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payments arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.

Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. The 18 of this type of fraud

is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electronic 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.

1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise 2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around 3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role 4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse 5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady 6. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] on

7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive 8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant 9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print

10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down 11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when

12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn 13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though 14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease

15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed 16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear 17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return

18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification 19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for 20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points) Text 1

In an essay entitled “Making It in America”, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,” a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.”

Davidson’s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won’t earn you what it used to. It can’t

when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.

Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there’s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,” In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.

There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education. 21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______ [A] the impact of technological advances [B] the alleviation of job pressure [C] the shrinkage of textile mills [D] the decline of middle-class incomes

22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______ [A] work on cheap software [B] ask for a moderate salary [C] adopt an average lifestyle [D] contribute something unique

23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______ [A] gains of technology have been erased

[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed [C] factories are making much less money than before [D] new jobs and services have been offered

24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____ [A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution [B] to ensure more education for people [C] ro advance economic globalization [D] to pass more bills in the 21st century

25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text? [A] New Law Takes Effect [B] Technology Goes Cheap [C] Average Is Over [D] Recession Is Bad Text 2

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, “uccelli di passaggio,” birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don’t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today’s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.

With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system. 26 “Birds of passage” refers to those who____ [A] immigrate across the Atlantic. [B] leave their home countries for good. [C] stay in a foregin temporaily. [D] find permanent jobs overseas.

27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____ [A] needs new immigrant categories. [B] has loosened control over immigrants. [C] should be adopted to meet challenges. [D] has been fixeed via political means.

28 According to the author, today’s birds of passage want___ [A] fiancial incentives. [B] a global recognition.

[C] opportunities to get regular jobs. [D] the freedom to stay and leave.

29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __ [A] as faithful partners.

[B] with economic favors. [C] with regal tolerance. [D] as mighty rivals. 30 选出最适合文章的标题 [A] come and go: big mistake. [B] living and thriving : great risk. [C] with or without : great risk. [D] legal or illegal: big mistake. Text 3

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren’t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we’re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners. John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice” information reliably only after we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced” long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.

31. The time needed in making decisions may____. [A] vary according to the urgency of the situation [B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction [C] depend on the importance of the assessment [D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____. [A] can be associative [B] are not unconscious [C] can be dangerous [D] are not impulsive

33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____. [A] trust our first impression [B] do as people usually do [C] think before we act [D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____. [A] critical assessment [B]‘‘thin sliced ’’study [C] sensible explanation [D] adequate information

35. The author’s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____. [A] tolerant [B] uncertain [C] optimistic [D] doubtful Text 4

Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.

The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.

Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?

“Personally, I don’t like quotas,” Reding said recently. “But i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling,” according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.

I understand Reding’s reluctance-and her frustration. I don’t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.

After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading

the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much “soft pressure ” is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.

If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children’s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____. [A] women take the lead [B] men have the final say

[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed [D] senior management is family-friendly

37. The European Union’s intended legislation is ________. [A] a reflection of gender balance [B] a reluctant choice

[C] a response to Reding’s call [D] a voluntary action

38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______. [A] get top business positions [B] see through the glass ceiling [C] balance work and family [D] anticipate legal results

39. The author’s attitude toward Reding’s appeal is one of _________. [A] skepticism [B] objectiveness [C] indifference [D] approval

40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______. [A] more social justice [B] massive media attention [C] suitable public policies [D] greater “soft pressure” Part B Directions:

You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points) [A] Live like a peasant [B] Balance your diet

[C] Shopkeepers are your friends [D] Remember to treat yourself

[E] Stick to what you need [F] Planning is evervthing [G] Waste not, want not

The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ?60 a week to spend, ?40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ?130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'\" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. \"The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing.\" Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - \"there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food\" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies. 41._____________________

Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy. 42____________________________________________________________ This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller. 43_________

You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to \"go off' will be cooked or juiced. 44___________________________________

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, Theyil let you have for free. 45__________________

You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ?1.75 a week for three months gives you ?21 - more than\" enough for a three-course lunch at Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ?16.95 there - or ?12.99 for a large pizza from

Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat. Section III Translation Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was , what happened in the news and even the day of the week. I’ve been able to do this since I was four.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs my mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away reatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everyone does- try to put it to one side. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acture or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hosptibal the day before. I also remember that the musical paly Hamopened on the Broadway on the same day- they both just pop into my mind in the same way. Section IV Writing

47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale foe kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to

1) inform them about the details and encourage them to participate .

2) Don’t use your own name, use “Li Ming” instead. Don’t write your address.(10 points) 48 write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, you should 1)interpret the chart and 2)give your comments

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET . 试题解析

Section I Use of English 1.【答案】A(However)

【解析】空前作者讲到“鉴于电子货币的优势,你也许会认为,我们将快速步入非现金社会,实现完全电子支付。”而空后说“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”这两句话语义是转折的，因此答案A。 B. moreover表递进 C. therefore 表结果 D. Otherwise表对比 2.【答案】D (around)

【解析】由空格所在句的“but” 得知，句子前后是转折关系。事实上,这样的预测已经 二十年了,但迄今还没有实现。A. off 停止 B. back 返回 C. over 结束，与后文均不构成转折，故答案选D. around出现。

3.【答案】B (concept)

【解析】空格所在的句子意思为例如, 1975年《商业周刊》预测电子支付手段不久将“彻底改变货币本身的____”将四个选项带入，能够彻底改变的对象只能是金钱的概念(定义)，而A“力量”,C“历史”,D“角色”，语义都不恰当，并且如果选择 role的话，应该是复数roles, 因为是金钱的作用不止一个，故答案选B。 4.【答案】D (reverse)

【解析】空格填入的动词跟前面的动词 revolutionize (变革)意思上应该是同义替换的，要选择含有变革，彻底改变意思的词汇，四个选项中A. reward 奖励 B. 抵抗 C. resume 重新开始，继续，

都不合适，只有D选项reverse“”最为贴切，本句译为“电子支付方式不久将改变货币的定义,并将在数年后货币本身。” 5.【答案】C (slow)

【解析】根据前面的句意得知，早在1975年就预测了无现金社会将到来，而实际上作者讲到“真正的无现金社会很可能不会马上到来”，因此也得出这种变革是一个缓慢的过程，故答案选择C。 A. silent沉寂的，B. sudden突然的，D. steady稳定不变的。 6.【答案】B (against)

【解析】上一段末句提出本段的论点，即人们进入无现金时代的速度缓慢的原因。因此本段应围绕纸币系统不会消失来阐述。而且由句首的Although得知，空格所在句与前一句是转折关系。尽管电子支付手段可能比纸币支付方式更加高效，然而以下几个方面解释了纸币系统“不会”消失的原因，故答案选B，work against妨碍，对…产生消极影响。A. work for 为…而工作 C. work with 与…共事，对…起作用 D. work on 从事…工作，对…起作用，都不合适。 7.【答案】B (expensive)

【解析】本句陈述的原因都是关于上句提到的传统支付方式的优点，即推广电子支付方式不利之处。所以根据这个基调，得出选项productive不对，最后根据空后的内容推理出消极意思的选项expensive，其他选项意思放到空格处不合理，imaginative，意思是“虚构的、富于想象力的”;sensitive，意思是“敏感的、容易受伤的”。故本题正确答案为B。 8.【答案】D(dominant)

【解析】空格所在句译为...使得电子货币成为____支付方式，将四个选项带入，C, D是比较恰当的，再结合本文章的主旨，应该选择“占主导地位的，支配地位”这层意思的D选项。A. similar 相似的B. original原始的，独创的,都不合适。 9.【答案】B (provide)

【解析】 纸质支票支付能够____收据,这是和电子支付相比的一大优势，A. collect 收集收据，C. copy 复印收据，D. print打印收据都和实际生活不符合。应该是B. provide提供收据。 10.【答案】A (give up)

【解析】该动词短语的宾语是前文的something, 指代上文的advantage，纸质支票支付能够提供收据这一优势，肯定是消费者不愿放弃的。和优势相搭配的动词短语不能是B. take over接管，也不能是C. bring back拿回来，D. pass down传递、遗传也不符合。A. give up放弃一种优势，符合语境，为正确答案。

11. 【答案】A (before)

【解析】这里考查的是时间连词的应用。句子意思是“在支票兑换成现金之前要花上好几天”，符合句意的只有before，其它三项都不符合。 12. 【答案】D (withdrawn)

【解析】这里考查动词辨义。原文句子意思是“资金是从发卡机构的账户里提取的”，withdraw有“提款、取款”的意思，这里是指纸币从银行账户中“被取出”故为正确答案。 13. 【答案】C (Because)

【解析】这里考查的是连词的应用。从原文可以看出空后的两个句子在意思上存在着因果关系，“因为电子支付是即付的，所以消除了客户的付款”。四个选项中只有C because可以表因果，其他三项均不能表因果。故答案为C。 14. 【答案】C( raise)

【解析】 这里考查的是动词辨析以及上下文语义衔接。[A] hide “隐藏，隐瞒”，[B] express “表达，表示”，[C] raise “举起，提高，引发”，[D] ease “减轻，缓和”，四个选项中能和concerns 构成搭配的只有raise，故正确答案为[C]。 15.【答案】C.(stored)

【解析】这句讲了an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information__________ there. “一些黑客入侵电脑数据库并且更改_____信息”根据空前信息可知是入侵电脑数据库，所以information 是被储存在电脑数据库中的信息。 16.【答案】C.(uncommon)

【解析】此题考查一致性。空格所在句“The fact that this is not an__16_occurrence means that…”中this指代上文中that从句的内容，即黑客能够获取电脑数据库和更改储存的信息。因此not an_16_occurrence应该能体现这一行为的特征，而上文提到“We often hear media reports that…”，其中的often正是对这一行为的特征解释，即not an__occurrence等于often的含义，对比选项，只有C选项uncommon符合，带入后意为“经常发生的事情”。 17.【答案】A (steal)

【解析】本题缺少谓语动词，通过语法结构可以看出，主语是dishonest persons，并通过后面的其他人的帐户，可以推定为答案是负向的，只有A steal符合题意，语义上也说得通，故为正确答案。 18.【答案】B.(prevention)

【解析】文章最后一段首句谈论电子付费方式的又一个缺陷：会引起安全和隐私问题。接下来就开始解释这个现象。空格所在句提到“对这种欺诈的_18__绝非易事，而且一个新的电脑科学领域正在形成来_19__安全问题。”因此，本句在谈论对问题的解决应对。18空格与19空格所填内容语意上应该是一致的。浏览选项，18空只能选prevention，即防止这种欺诈行为发生并非易事，而C选项manipulation是“操纵”的意思，D选项justification意为“解释，证明……合理”，均不合理。 19.【答案】A.(cope with)

【解析】此空格解释同18空格，应选有“处理，解决”意思的选项，只有A选项cope with合适。B选项fight against意为“对抗，抵制”，而宾语是security issues，因此不符合。 20.【答案】D.(trail)

【解析】此空所在句提出了使用电子付费方式的又一个担心，即会留下__20_，空格后的定语从句解释了空格内容，即它包含大量个人数据。浏览选项，只有trail符合，意为“痕迹”。B碎片从语义上均说不通，C路径有一定的干扰性，但相比较D而言，痕迹更为合适，故为正确答案 Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Text 1 21.【答案】A

【解析】第一段第二行指出笑话是关于纺织厂自动化程度的，后一句具体说明了笑话的内容：工厂平均每天只有两个人，一人一狗。人的工作是喂狗，狗的工作是看机器，暗示了工厂所有的生产工作都是由机器自动完成的。因此，这个笑话是用来说明技术进步的影响，故选A。 22.【答案】D

【解析】 事实细节题，通过题干“根据第3段，要想成为一个成功的雇员，一个人得……”, 我们首先可以定位到文章第三段，由第三段的最后一句话“Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.”

意思是“因此，人人都需要有另外的价值，异于常人的独特价值能够让他们在各自的雇佣市场上脱颖而出。”，我们可以得出，题干中“to be a successful employee”与第三段的最后一句话中的“that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment”是同义替换，“everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution”与D选项中的“contribute something unique”是同义替换，所以D选项正确。

A、B两个选项与第三段的倒数第二句话意思不符，是干扰选项。C选项与第三段的第一、二句话意思相反，重点关注的是“But ,today ,average is officially over.”，意思是“现如今，拥有一般水平不行了。” 23. 【答案】B

【解析】根据题干定位到第四段，第一句technology has been eating jobs(技术使工作机会减少)也反映了该段的主旨。而根据题干quotation一词，我们读到引号里有“shed workers (解雇工人)”、“roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared (大约1/3的手工生产工作机会消失，总计6百万)”，可推断出B选项。 24. 【答案】B

【解析】细节题。根据题干reduce unemployment减少失业，可以定位到文章中最后一段，这段出现了与之类似的表达“support employment” 促进就业，而题干表述“the most important”与文章“nothing would be more important than”相对应，指出促进就业最重要的是颁布类似于“G.I.Bill”的法案来保障人们接受高等教育的权利，选项C与之吻合，故正确。A项加速信息技术产业变革，C项促进经济全球化，均未提及，故排除。D项是干扰项，虽提及要颁布更多法案，但颁布法案的目的实际是为了保障教育，故也排除。 25.【答案】C

【解析】该题是主旨大意题，主要考查考生根据文章内容凝练主旨大意的能力。从整个文章的脉络来看，第一段以亚当?大卫森一篇论文中关于现代工厂自动化与仅需要一人一狗两个员工的一则笑话，揭示了科技进步给人们带来的影响。第二三段是科技的进步引起工厂自动化水平提高，普通员工如果没有竞争力和突出优势，就很容易失去工作，因此也对员工提出了更高的要求(extra-unique value contribution)。第四段就是员工只有不断地提高自己的教育水平，才能让自己脱颖而出(to have more and better education to make themselves above average)。最后一段点明主题，average is officially over。由此可见，全文一直在围绕这一宏观主线展开，这一主线也统领全文，所以正确答案为C。 Text 2

26.【答案】C (stay in a foreign temporarily)

【解析】词义句意题。根据题干，首先定位到首段末句。在这句中，birds of passage是前面一句中的1/4的意大利移民的昵称，他们只在美国居住了一段时间，但最终还是返回意大利。A项的内容在首段首句有提及，但是它突出强调的是横跨大西洋的移民，这也是一世纪前的情况，而如今birds of passage可能来自世界各个角落，并非局限于大西洋两岸。B项与段意不符，D项文中未提及。 27.【答案】C (should be adopted to meet challenges)

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，直接定位到第二段。解题关键可定位到“…, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond stick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, …We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.”大意是“我们需要改变的是关于分类的思考方式，突破合法和非法的严格。首先承认短暂移民者的存在，然后解决移民问题面临的挑战。”C项高度总结了以上几点。A项与原文意思不符。B、

D项在文中未提及。

28.【答案】D (the freedom to stay and leave)

【解析】事实细节题。根据题干，可定位到第三段。解题关键在于对“They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them .They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.”大意是“他们跟着机会走，来去自如。他们可以在一个地方立业，在另一个地方成家”。强调的是工作机会，而不在乎工作地点。D项是这句意思的高度概括。A项是对原文的片面理解，吸引短暂移民者的不仅仅是来自金钱的激励(financial incentives)，还有工作机会和工作理念。B项在文中未提及。C项中的regular jobs(一般工作)在文中未提及，也是对文意的曲解。 29.【答案】C (with legal tolerance)

【解析】推理判断题。根据题干，可定位到第五段。题干问到“根据作者的意思，我们(美国)应该怎样对待这些短暂移民者?”在本段中，作者写道我们应该“Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system”，大意是“我们应该超越移民合法性方面的文化之争，重现看待中间地段，充分意识到当今的移民管理体系需要各种途径，从而取得多样化的结果，来解决现今移民体系下用法律手段很难解决的问题”，暗含了C项中的tolerance也就是对multiple paths and multiple outcomes的改写。A、B和D项在文中未提及。

30.【答案】D (legal or illegal: big mistake)

【解析】主旨大意题。文章第二段第二句中提到“我们把新移民分成两类：合法移民和不合法移民”，同时作者认为“我们不需要局限于合法与不合法这样严格的定义”，这说明了从合法和不合法角度对于移民的分类是错误的。另外，文章最后一段最后一句“包括在现行的移民体系中不容易合法的实现的一些事情”也反映了文章的中心。即，从合法和不合法角度对于移民的分类是错误的。故选D(合法或非法：大错误)。 A项谈到短暂移民者的移动是个错误，偏离了文章主旨。B和C项说的是risk(风险)，文中并未提及，偏离文章主旨。 Text 3

31.【答案】 [D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

【解析】细节题。题干问的是“作决定过程中所需的时间可以_____”。文章第一段提到“如果我们在做出反应之前花点儿时间来思考，那么将会减少甚至消除我们快速反应所带来的负面影响”，也就是说我们做决定所花的时间决定了我们判断的准确性。文章第二段第二句话也隐含本题正确答案线索。第二句以But这一转折连词引导，应该重点关注其后表达的信息，“但是，我们需要更多的时间来评估其他要素。”而本段的第三、四句子，很明显地揭示出本题正确答案，尤其是第三个句子中的“accurately” 一词。选项D中的表达“可预先决定判断的准确性”，此外，此选项中的“accuracy” 为“accurately ”的同词异形，故此项为正确答案。选项A表达“依形势紧急性而定”错在无中生有，本文并没有出现类似信息;选项B“证明大脑反映的复杂性”，也是无中生有;选项C “取决于评估的重要性”，也与原文不符合，故排除。 32.【答案】[A] can be associative

【解析】细节题。题干问的是“我们对于快餐商标的反应速度表明决定是_____样的”,由题干的“fast-food logo”我们可以定位到第三段。第二段说处理人际关系问题时人们会仓促决定，第三段开头就说了，让人做出仓促决定的刺激因素不仅限于人际关系范围内。紧接着一句说人们对快餐商标的反应速度比一般阅读速度快。下一句阐述了原因：因为人们无意识地(unconsciously)将“快餐”

与“速度”和“心急”联系在一起，并将这些冲动付诸行动。A说决定是有联系性的，正确，因为人们将“快餐”与“速度”，“心急”联系在了一起。B说决定是无意识的，与原文意思相反，错。C说决定是危险的，原文未提及，排除。D说决定是不冲动的，与原文意思相悖，故排除。 33.【答案】[C] think before we act

【解析】细节题。先看题干说“为了逆转仓促决定所带来的影响，我们可以做_____”， 根据题干定位到第四段。第四段通过两个例子说明我们应该怎样克服负面影响，第一个例子表示“如果我们会对消费产品或者房产选择做出“过度反应”，我们可以在购买之前先思考一会儿”，由此可说明我们应该在行动之前先思考来消除负面影响，因此选择答案C。其他选项：A项“相信我们的第一印象”;B项“按照人们通常所做的去做”;D项“征求专家意见”均不符合题意。 34.【答案】[D] adequate information

【解析】细节题。题干问的是“John Gottman认为可靠的快速反映是基于_____的。”由题干John Gottman 定位到全文倒数第二段。其中第一句：John Gottman, the marriage expert,the marriage expert,explains that we quickly”thin slice”information reliably only after we gound such snap reactions in ”thick sliced”long-term study.婚姻专家约翰.古德曼解释说，我们快速反应的信息的可靠性是建立在这样的快速反应的行为是以长期的研究为基础而做出的快速反应行为。其中gound是题干中base on 的同意置换，long-term study长期的研究与D选项adequate information相互呼应。由此可判断出[D] adequate information(足够的信息)是本题正解。该段第二句话是When Dr,Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a much longer eveluation,two days ,not two seconds.当古德曼博士想去评估一对夫妻是否应该继续在一起时，他会邀请他们到他的岛上进行一个更为长期的调查，是两天而不是两秒。第二句是对第一句的举例说明，更加验证此选项。

35.【答案】[C] optimistic

【解析】态度题。根据35题题干reversing the high-speed trend是全文的最后一句，所以解此题可先定位到全文的最后一段。最后一段最后两句：Although technology might change the way we react, it hasn’t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.译为：尽管技术可能改变我们反应的方式，但是它并没有改变我们的本性。我们仍然有能力去克服诱惑并扭转这种高速度的趋势。由此我们可以看出作者的态度是非常确定的，因此B选项uncertain(不确定)首先排除;We still have the imaginative capacity…表面作者对于我们的能力是有信心的。因此[C] optimistic(乐观的)是正解。A选项tolerant(容忍的) 、D选项doubtful(怀疑的)在原文中没有体现，属于无中生有的选项。 Text 4

36.【答案】B men have the final say

【解析】根据题干corporate workplace定位到第一段。首句就说欧洲性别不平等，in particular进一步指出corporate workplace，说明工作中性别尤其不平等。紧接着说欧洲公司高管职位remain overwhelmingly male，说明以男性为主导。Indeed进一步解释，指出女性在欧洲公司董事会只占有14%的席位。所以，B选项是基于首段信息给出的推论。A项women take the lead和D项senior management is family-friendly都与原文相反;C选项是对文章overwhelm这个词出的干扰项。 37.【答案】A a reflection of gender balance

【解析】根据题干，定位到第二段首句，intended legislation是对is now considering legislation的同义改写。该句意思为“欧洲国家现在考虑立法来迫使公司董事让妇女的比例达到60%”，因此立

法是为了保持性别的平衡。B选项的reluctant是对第5段的Reding’s reluctance出的干扰项，并不是说European Union的立法。C选项a response to Reding’s call不正确，Reding号召的是voluntary action， D也是干扰项，而真正的立法缘由是对gender balance的反思，所以A项正确，也是文章中心的反映。

38.【答案】A get top business positions

【解析】定位至第4段，Reding说自己不喜欢quotas，后面出现了but，他真正的观点在but之后，他说他喜欢quotas所做的事情，即get action，后面的冒号是对get action的解释。核心的答案在a result seen in France and other coutries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions。a result是前面内容的同位语，进一步补充说明，所以选A。B项see through the glass ceiling是对原文break through the glass ceiling的望文生义，属于肤浅选项，也和原文意思不符。C和D选项属于无中生有。 39.【答案】D approval

【解析】本题问的是作者对Reding的呼吁的态度。Reding的appeal最早出现在第2段，即呼吁在董事会中有40%的女性，以实现性别均衡。而第四段再一次提到Reding 的观点即“他自己也不喜欢quotas,但是quotas本身确实起到了作用”;接着作者在第五段给出了自己的观点，先是说可以理解Reding，自己本身也不喜欢quotas，但是“既然现在meritocratic ideal(精英管理的理想)有障碍，确实需要一种强制的手段，即强制设定男女比例。”所以可以看出作者是持“赞成”的态度。 40.【答案】C suitable public policies

【解析】题干中的women entering top management become headlines是对第6段第二句话when women do break through to the summit of the corporate power的同义改写，become headlines是对后面for example所举的Sheryl Sandberg的事例的概括。答案出现在第7段开头。第7段是提出一种解决措施，“If appropriate pubic choices were in place to help all women, ...Sandberg would be no more newsworthy...”，这个句子是if虚拟条件句，是对未来的一种美好展望，也是提出观点的一种方式，意思是“如果有合理的公共来帮助所有的女性，Sandberg也就没有报道价值了”。所以正确答案是C，因为缺少“suitable public policies”。 Part B

41.【答案】F Planning is everything

【解析】段落首句谈到“Impulsive spending isn’t an option, so plan your work’s menu in advance...”，其表达的含义是：冲动消费不是一个好的选择，所以提前计划你一周的菜单，为你所需材料的具体数量做一个购物清单。首句中出现了因果逻辑关联词so，而下文又没有出现明显转折，因此首句是本段的中心句。文章进而提及作者为此专门做一个Excel表格，并且认为这样做不仅花钱少并且有助于均衡饮食。显然文章的中心在于首句谈到的“plan”，而中心不是选项B表达的“balance your diet”，故答案为F。

42.【答案】E Stick to what you need

【解析】段落第二句话中的代词“them”指代第一句中的“supermarkets and their anonymity”。该句通过这一指代顺接第一句，表达了一个否定的含义，即你不需要在小贩那里感到尴尬。紧接着第三句用肯定的语气指出“if you plan properly, you’ll know that you only need... 350g of shin of beef... ”即如果你合理的规划，你就会清楚知道你想要什么，比如你只需要350克牛肉。作者通过语义上层层递进的方式指出了这一段的中心：你需要什么就买什么，要对你所需要购买的东西的分量要坚持。因此选项E为正确选项。

43.【答案】G Waste not, want not

【解析】本段内容首先谈到“你可能骄傲的说冰箱里只有冷冻的青豆，但是这还不够”。这句话中虽然没有明显的转折词，但在语义上属于隐性转折，因此段落的重点应该在后面。第二句提到“Mine is filled with...”，其中Mine等于my freezer，通过指代顺接上一句话。接着第三句前半句指出“提前做好计划可以避免浪费”，后半句具体陈述了怎样避免浪费。其中“eliminate wastage”与选项G中的“waste not”构成同义替换。虽然该句中出现了planning, 但是本段的主要内容是谈到对于剩余的食物要尽可能充分利用，从而避免浪费。所以选项G谈到“不浪费，不愁缺”为正确选项。 44.【答案】C Shopkeepers are your friends

【解析】该段首句的句内出现转折，重点在转折之后。第一句but转折之后提到“it really is a top tip”，即这真的是一个好的提议。那么首先要还原it所指代的内容。句前没有提供信息，句后第二句提到“shop at butchers,...regularly, ..and be super friendly”。其中“be friendly”通过词性转换和选项C中的“are your friends”够成同义替换。同时，根据就近指代原则，这也是it所指代的内容。最后一句通过具体的信息描述了购物时表现出友好的态度所带来的好处：they will let you have for free(通常他们都会免费给你)，因此选项C为正确选项。 45.【答案】D Remember to treat yourself

【解析】该段首句句内出现转折，重点在转折之后。第一句but后提到“save your pennis and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch”，其表达的含义是要节省钱，但可以每几个月款待自己一次。而该句也是本段落的中心句。段落余下的信息都是在用数据来解释这个道理。选项D中出现了“treat yourself”，属于原词复现。因此选项D为正确选项。 Section III Translation 46. 翻译 参考译文

从过去的53年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方，当天新闻中发生何事，甚至那天是周几。自从四岁，我就具备这种能力。

我从不会因大脑吸信息量过大而感到难以承受。我的大脑似乎可以处理它们，并将其有序地存储于脑中。每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样，我会尽量将其搁置一旁。我不认为因为我的记忆更为清晰，自己就比其他人更难做到此事。好记性并没有让我的情感体验更鲜活生动。祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去医院看望他时的伤心欲绝都历历在目。我也还记得当天在音乐剧《毛发》百老汇开场演出。这两件事都以同样的方式跃入我的脑海。 【解析】

1. I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week. 【词汇】instantly:立即、马上;

【分析】句子主干为I can pick a date…and know…;宾语部分为where…,what…and even…。句子中并列结构突出。

【译文】从过去的53年间任选一天，我能立刻回想起当时我身在何方，当天新闻中发生何事，甚至那天是周几。

2. I’ve been able to do this, since I was four.

【分析】句子主干为I’ve been able to do this, since 引导时间状语从句 【译文】自从四岁，我就具备这种能力。

3. I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. 【词汇】overwhelmed:压垮，压倒，淹没; absorb:吸收

【分析】句子主干为I never feel overwhelmed with…,省略关系词的定语从句my brain absorbs作后置定语修饰information

【译文】我从不会因大脑吸信息量过大而感到难以承受。

3. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. 【词汇】cope:处理; store:存储; neatly:整齐的，整洁的

【分析】句子主干为My mind seems to be…and the information is… 【译文】我的大脑似乎可以处理它们，并将其有序地存储于脑中。

4. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does---try to put it to one side. 【词汇】think of:考虑，想起;

【分析】句子主干为I do what…what引导宾语从句，破折号后try to put it to one side对其进行解释说明;when引导时间状语从句。

【译文】每当忆及忧伤往事，和其他人一样，我会尽量将其搁置一旁。 5. I don’t think it’s harder for me just because my memory is clearer. 【词汇】clear:清晰的

【分析】句子主干为I don’t think its harder for me, because引导原因状语从句。It指代上句话内容。

【译文】我不认为因为我的记忆更为清晰，自己就比其他人更难做到此事。 6. Powerful memory doesn’t make my emotions any more acute or vivid.

【词汇】powerful:强大的，权力大的; emotion:情感，情绪; acute:敏锐的，敏感的; vivid:生动的，形象的

【分析】句子主干为Powerful memory doesn’t make… 【译文】好记性并没有让我的情感体验更鲜活生动

7. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before.

【词汇】recall:回忆起，回想起

【分析】句子主干为I can recall the day…and the sadness…省略引导词的定语从句my grandfather died作后置定语修饰the day;同样省略引导词的定语从句I felt修饰sadness(定语从句关系词做宾语时可以省略);when引导时间状语从句对the sadness I felt进行修饰。

【译文】祖父去世那天的情景和之前那天我去医院看望他时的伤心欲绝都历历在目

8. I also remember that the musical play Hair opened on Broadway on the same day---they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

【词汇】musical play:音乐剧; Hair:《毛发》(1968年上演，是对美国百老汇音乐剧的，获得托尼奖); Broadway:百老汇; pop:突然出现

【分析】句子主干I also remember that…,that 引导的宾语从句主干为the musical play Hair opened…;破折号后they指代前两句话的内容，表示同一天发生的两件截然不同的事件，突出前面提到的好记性并未使我的情感体验更鲜活生动。

【译文】我也还记得当天在音乐剧《毛发》百老汇开场演出。这两件事都以同样的方式跃入我的脑海。

Section IV Writing 47. 应用文范文

Dear my beloved classmates,

On the evening of January 4th, 2013, we will hold a charity sale for children who need help at the school auditorium.

The kids come from remote areas where they can not be educated properly. Our assistance may change their destinies. Many pop stars, such as Jay and Jackie Chan, will attend the activity. The school master and most of the teachers of our school will also join us.

I trust you will be disengaged and able to give the poor children a hand. Thank you very much for your kindness. Yours sincerely Li Ming 48. 大作文写作

Emerging from the bar-chart above is a popular phenomenon that the proportion of the students having par-time jobs has changed during the four years’ study. The proportion increases slightly from the first year to the third year, however, the fourth year has witnessed a fast increase, surging to 88.24%.

As they are about to enter into the society, more people think that concurrent post after school benefits greater than disadvantage, cast aside making money to no comment. The bar-chart above serves to remind us that qualifications are something essential if you want to find a good job after you leave school, but on the other hand, college students can get some working experience which is as valuable as their academic achievement.

Anyway, in my point of view, it is difficult to judge whether taking part time jobs is good or bad. It depends on how you deal with the relationship between working and learning. If you can balance it well, you are sure to get enough knowledge as well as experience, so as to get ready for your future success.

14考研英语二真题及答案

SectionI Use of English Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have __1___ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ___2___. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ___3___ among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ___4___ of good health.

Of even greater ___5___ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ___6___ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ___7__ body mass divided by the square of height. An

adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ___8___,can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

While such numerical standards seem 9 , they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, 10 others with a low BMI may be in poor 11 .For example, many collegiate and professional football players 12 as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a 13 BMI.

Today we have a(an) _14 _ to label obesity as a disgrace.The overweight are sometimes_15_in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes _16_ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power,and lower prospects for success.Teachers,employers,and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. _17_very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

Negative attitudes toward obesity, _18_in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity _19_.My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama launched a high-visibility campaign _20_ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat. 1. [A] denied [B] conduced [C] doubled [D] ensured 2. [A] protective [B] dangerous [C] sufficient[D]troublesome 3. [A] Instead [B] However [C] Likewise [D] Therefore 4. [A] indicator [B] objective [C] origin [D] example 5. [A] impact [B] relevance [C] assistance [D] concern 6. [A] in terms of [B] in case of [C] in favor of [D] in of 7. [A] measures [B] determines [C] equals [D] modifies 8. [A] in essence [B] in contrast [C] in turn [D] in part

9. [A] complicated [B] conservative [C] variable [D]straightforward 10. [A] so [B] unlike [C] since [D] unless 11. [A] shape [B] spirit [C] balance [D] taste 12. [A] start [B] quality [C] retire [D] stay

13. [A] strange [B] changeable [C] normal [D] constant 14. [A] option [B] reason [C] opportunity [D] tendency 15. [A] employed [B] pictured [C] imitated [D] monitored 16. [A] [B] combined [C] settled [D] associated 17. [A] Even [B] Still [C] Yet [D] Only

18. [A] despised [B] corrected [C] ignored [D] grounded 19. [A] discussions [B] businesses [C] policies [D] studies 20. [A] for [B] against [C] with [D] without

Section II Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1

What would you do with 590m? This is now a question for Gloria Mackenzie, an 84-year-old widow who recently emerged from her small, tin-roofed house in Florida to collect the biggest undivided lottery jackpot in history. If she hopes her new-found for tune will yield lasting feelings of fulfillment, she could do worse than read Happy Money by Elizabeth Dumn and Michael Norton.

These two academics use an array of behavioral research to show that the most rewarding ways to spend money can be counterintuitive. Fantasies of great wealth often involve visions of fancy cars and extravagant homes. Yet satisfaction with these material purchases wears off fairly quickly what was once exciting and new becomes old-hat; regret creeps in. It is far better to spend money on experiences, say Ms Dumn and Mr Norton, like interesting trips, unique meals or even going to the cinema. These purchases often become more valuable with time-as stories or memories-particularly if they involve feeling more connected to others.

This slim volume is packed with tips to help wage slaves as well as lottery winners get the most \"happiness bang for your buck.\" It seems most people would be better off if they could shorten their commutes to work, spend more time with friends and family and less of it watching television (something the average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, and is hardly jollier for it).Buying gifts or giving to charity is often more pleasurable than purchasing things for oneself, and luxuries are most enjoyable when they are consumed sparingly. This is apparently the reason MacDonald's restricts the availability of its popular McRib - a marketing trick that has turned the pork sandwich into an object of obsession.

Readers of “HappyMoney” are clearly a privileged lot, anxious about fulfillment, not hunger.Money may not quite buy happiness, but people in wealthier countries are generally happier than those in poor ones. Yet the link between feeling good and spending money on others can be seen among rich and poor people around the world, and scarcity enhances the pleasure of most things for most people. Not everyone will agree with the authors’ policy ideas, which range from mandating more holiday time to reducing tax incentives for American homebuyers. But most people will come away from this book believing it was money well spent.

21. According to Dumn and Norton,which of the following is the most rewarding purchase? [A]A big house [B]A special tour [C]A stylish car

[D]A rich meal

22.The author’s attitude toward Americans’ watching TV is [A]critical [B]supportive [C]sympathetic [D]ambiguous

23.Macrib is mentioned in paragraph 3 to show that [A]consumers are sometimes irrational [B]popularity usually comes after quality [C]marketing tricks are after effective [D]rarity generally increases pleasure

24.According to the last paragraph,Happy Money [A]has left much room for readers’criticism [B]may prove to be a worthwhile purchase [C]has predicted a wider income gap in the us [D]may give its readers a sense of achievement 25.This text mainly discusses how to [A]balance feeling good and spending money [B]spend large sums of money won in lotteries [C]obtain lasting satisfaction from money spent [D]become more reasonable in spending on luxuries Text 2

An article in Scientific America has pointed out that empirical research says that, actually, you think you’re more beautiful than you are. We have a deep-seated need to feel good about ourselves and we naturally employ a number of self-enhancing strategies to research into what the call the “above average effect”, or “illusory superiority”, and shown that, for example, 70% of us rate ourselves as above average in leadership, 93% in driving and 85% at getting on well with others—all obviously statistical impossibilities.

We rose tint our memories and put ourselves into self-affirming situations. We become defensive when criticized, and apply negative stereotypes to others to boost our own esteem, we stalk around thinking we’re hot stuff.

Psychologist and behavioral scientist Nicholas Epley oversaw a key studying into self-enhancement and attractiveness. Rather that have people simply rate their beauty compress with others, he asked them to identify an original photogragh of themselves’ from a lineup including versions that had been altered to appear more and less attractive. Visual recognition, reads the study, is “an automatic psychological process occurring rapidly and intuitively with little or no apparent conscious deliberation”. If the subjects quickly chose a falsely flattering image- which must did- they genuinely believed it was really how they looked. Epley found no significant gender difference in responses. Nor was there any evidence that, those who self-enhance the must (that is, the participants who thought the most positively doctored picture were real) were doing so to make up for profound insecurities. In fact those who thought that the images higher up the attractiveness scale were real directly corresponded with those who showed other makers for having higher

self-esteem. “I don’t think the findings that we having have are any evidence of personal delusion”, says Epley. “It’s a reflection simply of people generally thinking well of themselves’. If you are depressed, you won’t be self-enhancing. Knowing the results of Epley ‘s study,it makes sense that why people heat photographs of themselves Viscerally-on one level, they don’t even recognise the person in the picture as themselves, Facebook therefore ,is a self-enhancer’s paradise,where people can share only the most flattering photos, the cream of their wit ,style ,beauty, intellect and lifestyle it’s not that people’s profiles are dishonest,says catalina toma of Wiscon—Madison university ,”but they portray an idealized version of themselves.

26. According to the first paragraph, social psychologist have found that ______. [A] our self-ratings are unrealistically high [B] illusory superiority is baseless effect [C] our need for leadership is unnatural

[D] self-enhancing strategies are ineffective

27. Visual recognition is believed to be people’s______ [A] rapid watching [B] conscious choice [C] intuitive response [D] automatic self-defence

28. Epley found that people with higher self-esteem tendedto______ [A] underestimate their insecurities [B] believe in their attractiveness [C] cover up their depressions [D] oversimplify their illusions

29.The word “Viscerally”(Line 2,para.5) is closest in meaningto_____. [A]instinctively [B]occasionally [C]particularly [D]aggressively

30. It can be inferred that Facebook is self-enhancer’s paradisebecause people can _____. [A]present their dishonest profiles [B]define their traditional life styles [C]share their intellectual pursuits [D]withhold their unflattering sides Text 3

Crying is hardly an activity encouraged by society. Tears, be they of sorrow, anger, on joy, typically make Americans feel uncomforuble and embarrassed. The shedder of tears is likely to apologize, even when a devastating (毁灭性的) tragedy was the provocation. The observer of tears is likely to do everything possible to put an end to the emotional outpouring. But judging form recent studies of crying behavior, links between illness and crying and the chemical composition of tears, both those responses to

tears are often inappropriate and may even be counterproductive.

Humans are the only animals definitely known to shed emotional tears. Since evolution has given rise to few, if any, purposeless physiological responset, it is logical to assume that crying has one or more functions that enhance survival.

Although some observers have suggested that crying is a way to clicit assistance form others (as a crying baby might from its mother), the shedding of tears is hardly necessary to get help. Vocal cries would have been quite enough, more likely than tears to gain attention, So, it appears, there must be something special about tears themselves.

Indeed, the new studies suggest that emotional tears may play a direct role in alleviating stress, University of Minnesota researchers who are studying the chemical composition of tears have recently isolated two important chemicals from emotional tears. Both chemicals are found only in tears that are shed in response to emotion. Tears shed because of exposure to =cut onion would contain no such substance. Researchers at several other institutions are investigating the usefulness of tears as a means of diagnosing human ills and monitoring drugs.

At Tulane University’s Teat Analysis Laboratory Dr.Peter Kastl and his colleagues report that they can use tears to detect drug abuse and exposure to medication(药物), to determine whether a contact lens fits properly of why it may be uncomfortable, to study the causes of “dry eye” syndrome and the effects of eye surgery, and perhaps even to measure exposure to environmental pollutants.

At Columbia University Dt.Liasy Faris and colleagues are studying tears for clues to the diagnosis of diseases away from the eyes. Tears can be obtained painlessly without invading the body and only tiny amounts are needed to perform highly refined analyses. 31. It is known from the first paragraph that ________. A) shedding tears gives unpleasant feelings to American B) crying may often imitate people or even result in tragedy C) crying usually wins sympathy from other people D) one who sheds tears in public will be blamed

32. What does “both those responses to tears”(Line 6, Para, 1) refer to? A) Crying out of sorrow and shedding tears for happiness. B) The embarrassment and unpleasant sensation of the observers.

C) The tear shedder’s apology and the observer’s effort to stop the crying. D) Linking illness with crying and finding the chemical composition of tears. 33. “Counterproductive” (Lines 6-7, Para,1) very probably means “________”. A) having no effect at all B) leading to tension

C) producing disastrous impact D) harmful to health

34. What does the author say about crying?

A) It is a pointless physiological response to the environment. B) It must have a role to play in man’s survival. C) It is meant to get attention and assistance.

D) It usually produces the desired effect.

35. What can be inferred from the new studies of tears? A) Emotional tears have the function of reducing stress.

B) Exposure to excessive medication may increase emotional tears. C) Emotional tears can give rise to “dry eye” syndrome in some cases. D) Environmental pollutants can induce the shedding of emotional tears. Text 4

When the government talks about infrastructure contributing to the economy the focus is usually on roads, railways, broadband and energy. Housing is seldom mentioned.

Why is that? To some extent the housing sector must shoulder the blame. We have not been good at communicating the real value that housing can contribute to economic growth. Then there is the scale of the typical housing project. It is hard to shove for attention among multibillion-pound infrastructure project, so it is inevitable that the attention is focused elsewhere. But perhaps the most significant reason is that the issue has always been so politically charged.

Nevertheless, the affordable housing situation is desperate. Waiting lists increase all the time and we are simply not building enough new homes.

The comprehensive spending review offers an opportunity for the government to help rectify this. It needs to put historical prejudices to one side and take some steps to address our urgent housing need. There are some indications that it is preparing to do just that. The communities minister, Don Foster, has hinted that George Osborne, Chancellor of the Exchequer, may introduce more flexibility to the current cap on the amount that local authorities can borrow against their housing stock debt. Evidence shows that 60,000 extra new homes could be built over the next five years if the cap were lifted, increasing GDP by 0.6%.

Ministers should also look at creating greater certainty in the rental environment, which would have a significant impact on the ability of registered providers to fund new developments from revenues.

But it is not just down to the government. While these measures would be welcome in the short term, we must face up to the fact that the existing £4.5bn programme of grants to fund new affordable housing, set to expire in 2015,is unlikely to be extended beyond then. The Labour party has recently announced that it will retain a large part of the coalition’s spending plans if returns to power. The housing sector needs to accept that we are very unlikely to ever return to era of large-scale public grants. We need to adjust to this changing climate.

36. The author believes that the housing sector__ [A] has attracted much attention [B] involves certain political factors [C] shoulders too much responsibility

[D] has lost its real value in economy

37. It can be learned that affordable housing has__ [A] increased its home supply [B] offered spending opportunities [C] suffered government biases

[D] disappointed the government

38. According to Paragraph 5,George Osborne may_______. [A] allow greater government debt for housing [B] stop local authorities from building homes [C] prepare to reduce housing stock debt [D] release a lifted GDP growth forecast

39.It can be inferred that a stable rental environmentwould_______. [A]lower the costs of registered providers [B]lessen the impact of government interference [C]contribute to funding new developments [D]relieve the ministers of responsibilities

40.The author believes that after 2015,the governmentmay______. [A]implement more policies to support housing [B]review the need for large-scale public grants [C]renew the affordable housing grants programme

[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector

Section IIITranslation Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Writeyour translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)

Most people would define optimism as endlessly happy, with aglass that’s perpetually half fall. But that’s exactly the kind offalse deerfulness that positive psychologists wouldn’t recommend.“Healthy optimists means being in touch with reality.” says TalBen-Shahar, a Harvard professor, According to Ben- Shalar,realisticoptimists are these who make the best of things that happen, butnot those who believe everything happens for the best.

Ben-Shalar uses three optimistic exercisers. When he feelsdown-sag, after giving a bad lecture-he grants himself permissionto be human. He reminds himself that mot every lecture can be aNobel winner; some will be less effective than others. Next isreconstruction, He analyzes the weak lecture, leaning lessons, forthe future about what works and what doesn’t. Finally, there isperspective, which involves acknowledging that in the ground schemeof life, one lecture really doesn’t matter. [page]

Section IVWriting Part A

47. Directions: Suppose you are going to study abroad and sharean apartment with John, a local student. Write him to emailto

1)tell him about your living habits, and

2)ask for advice about living there.

You should write about 100 words on answer sheet. Do not use your own name. Part B 48. Directions:

Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) You should

interpret the chart, and give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15points) 答案

Section I Use ofEnglish

1、【答案】Bconcluded

【解析】 题干中，一系列的研究已经_____，事实上，正常体重的人的患病风险要高于超重的人。根据句义，后面的部分实际上是研究的结论，因此concluded 符合题意，其他选项denied(否认)与意义相反，doubled(翻倍)与题意较远，ensured(确保)不符合题意，因为研究不能确保后面的事 实，只能得出后面的事实作为结论。所以正确答案为B。 2、【答案】Aprotective

【解析】 题干中，对于某些健康情况，超重事实上是有_____。根据前文研究的结论，超重能减少罹患疾病的风险，说明超重具有一定的保护作用。Dangerous 和文章意思相反，sufficient表示充足，troublesome表示有麻烦，不符合题意，所以正确答案为A。 3、【答案】Clikewise

【解析】第三句话中，较重的女人患缺钙的比例低于较瘦的女人。_____，在老年人中，一定程度上超重……。需要填入的是和前半句表示顺接的词 语。A选项instead表示逆接的句意关系，B选项however也表示逆接，D选项therefore表示因此，只有C选项likewise意为同样 地;也，而且。因此正确答案为C。 4、【答案】Aindicator

【解析】本句话中，_____，一定程度上超重，经常是健康的_____。A选项，表示指示器，指标。B选项objective表示客观;C选 项origin表示来源，D选项example表示例子。根据前面的文章内容，已经明确指出超重代表了健康，因此超重是健康的指标。因此正确答案为A。 5、【答案】Dconcern

【解析】本句话的句意是，需要更加_____是，很难对肥胖加以定义。A、impact(印象);B、relevance(相关性);C、assistance(辅助);D、concern(关注)。前文已经说到肥胖事实上有利健康，但是又面临一个问题，到底如何去定义肥胖，因此需要更加关 注的是对肥的定义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确答案为D。

6、【答案】A interms of

【解析】题干中,肥胖经常______体质指数，或称为BMI来定义。A、in termsof ，根据……，就……而言。B、In caseof表示在某种情况下， C、in favorof 表示赞成，以……来取代，D、inrespect

of，关于……。因此正确答案为A。在医学研究和临床测试中经常使用BMI作为衡量受试者健康的重要指标，希望考生能够记住这一背景知识，方便日后做题。 7、【答案】Cequals

【解析】本题题干中BMI_____体重除以身高的平方，这里是用文字叙述了BMI指数得出的方法，也就是一个数学公式，所以equal符合题 意。Ameasure(测量)、Bdetermine表示确定;Dmodify(修订)。句义就是BMI等于体重除以身高的平方。 8、【答案】C inturn

【解析】本题题干中，肥胖_____能够分成中度肥胖、重度肥胖和极度肥胖。A、inessence(事实上、实际上);B、incontrast (相反地);C、inturn(依次);D、in part(部分地)。本句是将肥胖依次分级，所以正确答案为C。

9、【答案】Dstraightforward

【解析】题干中，相比之下，这样的数字标准看起来_____，实际上不是的。A、complicated(复杂);B、conservative(保守)、C、variable(可变的);D、straightforward(直截了当);这里的数字标准指 的就是肥胖指数，肥胖指数分为三类，而且算法比较简单，所以A复杂不正确，B选项保守，用于描述一种数学公式，不恰当，一名患者或一名受试者的BMI一般 是确定的，因此可变的也不符合题意，D选项straightforward表示直截了当，符合题意，因此正确答案为D。 10、【答案】Bwhile

【解析】本句中，一些人有很高的BMI，实际上身材正好，_____其他人有较低的BMI指数，可能_____。从前半句我们可以看出，有些人 的BMI指数很高，应该属于体重肥胖的人，事实上身材正好，这里说明的是反常的现象，后半句是其他人的BMI指数较低，而_____较差。A、so(所 以);B、while(而);C、since(因为);D、unless(除非)四个选项中只有while有转折的含义，其他选项均不符合题意，所以正确 答案为B。 11、【答案】Ashape

【解析】本题可以简化为：Some… are fit, while others … may be in poor .不难看出，前后意义相反，且fit(体型健康)与inpoor 对应，与之最相关是Ashape(外形)，故为正确答案。\"精神\"、\"均衡\"、\"品味\"都相差比较远，可以排除。 12、【答案】Bqualify

【解析】本题顺应前文意义：有一些人体型很好，有些人体型体型肥胖。接下来举例说有些专业足球运动员 是肥胖的，\"开始\"不符;\"处在\"也不符合句意;\"退休\"内容无关;\"被认为\"符合句意，正确。

13、【答案】Cnormal

【解析】本句不难理解：有些人脂肪过高，但是BMI却 。所需词汇明显是正向的，排除A、B;D属中性，且不符合句意，C(正常的)契合，为正确答案。 14、【答案】Dtendency

【解析】本题解题关键是后半句：tostigmatize obesity(抵毁肥胖)，作为划线部分的后置定语，将四个选项\"选择\"\"理由\"\"机会\"\"倾向\"代入划线处，最符合句意的是D(倾向)。后面一句也进 一步证实了(出现在媒体中的肥胖者脸都是打了马赛马的)。 15、【答案】Cpictured

【解析】空格所在句提到了媒体，根据语境，上句讲到当今我们都污蔑肥胖，所以本句的意思应该是媒体污蔑肥胖，四个选项中，跟媒体相关系的词汇只有Cpicture 意思为刻画，描写，描述。

16、【答案】Dassociated

【解析】空格所在句的意思是与肥胖_____的原型包括懒惰，缺乏意志力，对成功的期望值不高。空格后面提到的懒惰，缺乏意志力和对成功的期望 值不高都是与肥胖相关的表现，分析四个选项，A. 与。。。相比;B 与。。。相结合;C.和。。。和解;都不符合题意，只有D与。。。相联系，相关符合句意。

17、【答案】Aeven

【解析】空格所在句的意思是_____小孩子蔑视超重，而且对身材的嘲笑一直是学校的一个问题。本空格缺少一个副词，根据语境记忆常识，此处应该填入表示让步关系的词汇，分析四个选项，只有Aeven 即使符合题意。 18、【答案】Dgrounded

【解析】根据语境，空前讲到对肥胖的负面态度，空后讲到对健康的关注，

激发一批反肥胖的____。本句没有出现任何转折词，说明空前后所表达的意思是一致的，反对肥胖，是基于对健康的关注，分析四个选项，能够表达此意思的词汇，只有选项Dgrounded,意思是基于。

19、【答案】Dpolicies

【解析】解答此题需要联系空格后面紧跟着的句子。空后的句子出现了一系列表示同一个语义场的词汇，比如 hospitalsystem ; ban; many employers institute, 指向的意思是一个系统中所出台的的问题，浏览四个选项，D选项policies 符合题意，直接入选。 20、【答案】Bagainst

【解析】本段的主题是反对肥胖，本句话属于细节的句子，用来支持这个主题，空格所在句讲到米歇尔奥巴马已经发起了一个高知名度的_____儿童 肥胖，甚至告诉奥兹博士，它代表了我们国家最大的安全威胁。空格中缺少词汇应该含有反对，反抗的意思，纵观四个选项，只有Bagainst 符合题意。

Section II ReadingComprehension PartA Text1

21、【答案】B Aspecial tour

【解析】细节题。答案定位在第二段的\"itis far better to spend money on experiences…like interestingtrips…\"，意思是\"花钱消费在经历方面更好……，比如说有趣的旅行……\"，由此可以得知答案是B选项\"一场特别的旅行\"。 22、【答案】Acritical

【解析】观点态度题。答案定位在第三段的\"somethingthe average American spends a whopping two months a year doing, andis hardly jollier for it\"，意思是\"普通美国人一年花两个月的时间看电视，并且看电视几乎不可能更愉快\"，因此可以得知作者对于看电视的态度是A选项\"批判的\"。 23、【答案】Drarity generally increases pleasure

【解析】观点例证题。答案定位在第三段，文章中提到McRib这个例子，用这个例子证明的论点是\"luxuriesare most enjoyable when they are consumedsparingly\"，大意是\"有节制地消费奢侈品最令人愉悦\"，D选项正是这句论点句的同义替换。

24、【答案】B mayprove to be a worthwhile purchase

【解析】细节题。答案定位在最后一段的最后一句\"mostpeople will come away from this book believing it was money wellspent\"，大意是\"大多数人看完这本书后，认为物有所值\"，因此可以推知B选项是正确答案。

25、【答案】Abalance feeling good and spending money

【解析】主旨题。纵观全文可知，全文主要谈论花钱消费和心情愉悦之间的关系，因此答案定位在A选项。

Text2

26、【答案】A ourself-ratings are unrealistically high

【解析】题目问 \"根据第一段，社会心理学家发现了什么?\"对应于文章第一 段第三句\"社会心理学家对所谓的‘高于均数效应’或者‘虚幻的优越感’进行大量的研究，发现我们中70%的人认为自己的领导力在平均水平之上……—这些数 据明显都是不可能的。\"由此可知，我们对自己评价过高。故答案为[A]our self-ratings are unrealistically high。 27、【答案】Cintuitive response

【解析】题目问\"视觉识别被认为是人们的什么?\"对应于文章第三段第三句\"视觉识别是自动的心理过程，这个过程依靠直觉快速发生，且并不是故意的。\"由此可知，视觉识别被认为是人们的直觉反应。故答案为[C]intuitive response。 28、【答案】Bbelieve in their attractiveness

【解析】题目问\"Epley发现有更高自尊的人倾向于怎样\"。对应到第四段，第二句讲到\"没有证据显示那些自我提升最多的人这样做是为了掩饰自 己的不安全，接着讲到：事实上，那些认为自己的形象高于吸引力标准的人就是那些表现出更高自尊的人，故答案为[B]believe in their attractiveness。 29、【答案】[A]instinctively

【解析】题目问\"最接近viscerally的意思的是?\"。对应到第五段，viscerally所在句讲到\"许多人讨厌照片中的自己，从某种 层面上说，他们甚至不承认照片中的人是他们自己。\"而下文又讲到是自我拔高者的天堂，在那里人们可以分享最满意的的照片。\"由此可 知，viscerally在本句中是\"本质上地\"意思，故答案为[A]instinctively。 30、【答案】[D]withholdtheir unflattering sides

【解析】题干问\"我们可以推理出()之所以是一个自我拔高者的天堂，是因为人们可以做什么?\"对应于文章最后一段的第二 句，该句讲到\"在()中，人们可以分享最满意的照片。\"下文接着讲到\"不是人们不诚实，而是人们展示了自己最理想的形象。\"故答案为 [D]withholdtheir unflattering sides。 Text4

36、【答案】[B]involves certain political factors

【解析】 根据本题题干中的关键词housingsector可以对应到文章的第二段， 中间说的很多，我们注意到最后有but出现，最后应该是作者真正想要表达的观点，另外这里用了themost significant 最高级，所以最后这个是最重要的一个原因，politicallycharged和选项B的politicalfactors有对应关系，故选Binvolves certain political factors。

A项的吸引注意没有提及，C项的承担太多责任，原文说的shoulderthe blame，D项说的丧失价值，原文说的是不善于表明真正价值，两者不一致，故排除。 37、【答案】[C]suffered government biases

【解析】经济适用房曾受到的偏见。答案定位到文章第三段最后一句话Itneeds to put historical prejudices to one side and take some stepsto address our urgent housing need. 需要把历史的偏见放在一边并且采取一些策略解决我们迫切的住房需求。Suffered 是过去式，是对于原文history 的同义反复，biases 是对原文prejudices的同义反复。

38、【答案】[A]allow greater government debt for housing

【解析】根据人名GeorgeOsborne定位得知，此人将会让当地用来偿还建房借贷的限额变得更加宽松，并且在借贷限额放宽的情况下，将会另有60,000所房屋在未来的五年 中建立，并由此拉动国内生产总值的百分之零点六。因此A(允许更大的的建房借贷)是正确的，而B(禁止当地建房)，C(准备减少建房借 贷)，D(发布国内生产总值增长的预报)都与原文意思不符。

39、【答案】[C]contribute to funding new developments

【解析】推断题。根据文章题干定位到第五段，题干考察的是对稳定的租赁环境的理解。A项的意思是\"减少注册供应者的成本\"，其中\"成本一词\"并 未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是\"减少接介入的影响\"，其中\"介入\"并未在文中出现，属于无中生有。B项的意思是\"有助于为新发展提供 资金支持\"，其中\"为新发展提供资金支持\"对应文中的\"fundnew developments\";C选项中的\"contributeto\"(意思是有助于)对英文中的havea significant impact(意思是有重要影响)，符合正解的同义复现原则，所以是正确选项。

40、【答案】[D]stop generous funding to the housing sector

【解析】推断题。根据题干定位到最后一段第三行。考察的是2015年以后的可能性动作。A项的意思是\"推行更多的来支持住房\"与原文意 义相反。B项的意思是重新审视大规模公共拨款的需求，与原文倒数第二段意义相违背。C项的意思是更新可负担的住房拨款项目并没有提到renew一词。D项 的意思是停止对住房部门的大额资助，与原文的倒数第二句相匹配，故为正确选项。

Section IIITranslation 46、

【参考译文】

大多数人认为乐观是无尽的欢乐，如同总是有半杯水的杯子。但那是一种绝不会为积极心理学家所称道的虚假的快乐。哈佛大学的TalBen-Shahar教授说，\"健康的乐观主义意味着要活在现实之中。\"在Ben-Shahar看来，现实的乐观主义者会因势利导，而非求全责备。

Ben-Shahar 会使用三种乐观的方法。比如说，当他因搞砸了一场演讲而倍感郁闷的时候，他会告诉自己这是很正常的事，提醒自己：并不是每一次演讲都可以获得诺贝尔奖，总 会有一些人的演讲效果不及其他人。接着为改进。他分析了一些效果不好的演讲并且从那些起效和无效的演讲中吸取教训为将来做准备。最后是看待问题的角度，即 在生活的宏伟计划中，一次演讲真的无足轻重。

Section IV Writing PartA

47.Directions:

Supposeyou are going to study abroad and share an apartment with John, alocal student, write him an

email to

1) tellhim about your living habits, and 2) askfor advice about living there DearJohn,

I am LiMing, your future roommate and a new arrival from China who iscoming over here for further education. I am writing this letter tolet you know about me and ask for some suggestions for my futurelife in America.

First, Iam a quiet person so that your keeping silent would be highlyappreciated. Second, I like cooking and I wonder whether it is okayto you that I cook Chinese dish at home, because the preparationfor Chinese cuisine may produce much smoke. Third, I want to buy acar but I know nothing about traffic rules in America. Would youplease give me a lesson about traffic laws inUS. Wish youreply soon. Yourssincerely, LiMing PartB

48.Directions: Directions:

Write anessay based on the following chart. In your essay, youshould 1)interpret the chart, and 2) giveyour comments.

Youshould write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)

As thebar graph indicates, both city and rural area witnessed adistinguished phenomenon in population fluctuation. Indeed,population in city increased at a breakneck speed and surpassedthat of rural area during the period from 1990 to 2010 whilepopulation in rural region slightly decreased down to a scale whichwas close to that of city.

Whataccounts for this disparity? The answer involves two factors. Thefirst contributing factor is the substantially fast developingsteps of cities in China. No one can deny that since Chineseeconomic reform from 1980s which mostly benefits people in city.The second reason is that Chinese farmers enjoy the harvest fromnew policies that are established to benefit farmers. People inrural areas are allowed to migrate for work and residence by the law and an increasing number of farmers choose to work in city andbecome migrant workers just because they would make much more money than ever before in city. All these are the result of urbanization.

Based on the analyses above, we can safely draw the conclusion that the process of urbanization will continue in the years ahead, and every single Chinese benefits from the fast development of China.

考研英语二真题2015年

考研英语真题在备考过程中有很重要的作用，我们可以利用考研英语真题背单词和提高阅读能力，尚考考研为您整理上传考研英语二真题2015年。

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A，B，C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

In our contemporary culture, the prospect of communicating with—or even looking at—a stranger is virtually unbearable. Everyone around us seems to agree by the way they fiddle with their phones, even without a 1 on a subway.

It’s a sad reality—our desire to avoid interacting with other human beings—because there’s 2 to be gained from talking to the stranger standing by you. But you wouldn’t know it， 3 into your phone. This universal protection sends the 4 : “Please don’t approach me.” What is it that makes us feel we need to hide 5 our screens?

One answer is fear, according to Jon Wortmann, executive mental coach. We fear rejection，or that our innocent social advances will be 6 as “weird.” We fear we’ll be 7 .We fear we’ll be disruptive. Strangers are inherently 8 to us，so we are more likely to feel 9 when communicating with them compared with our friends and acquaintances. To avoid this uneasiness, we 10 to our phones. “Phones become our security blanket,” Wortmann says. “They are our happy glasses that protect us from what we perceive is going to be more 11 .”

But once we rip off the bandaid，tuck our smartphones in our pockets and look up，it doesn’t 12 so bad. In one 2011 experiment，behavioral scientists Nicholas Epley and Juliana Schroeder asked commuters to do the unthinkable: Start a 13 . They had Chicago train commuters talk to their fellow 14 . “When Dr. Epley and Ms. Schroeder asked other people in the same train station to 15 how they would feel after talking to a stranger, the commuters thought their 16 would be more pleasant if they sat on their own,” The New York Times summarizes. Though the participants didn’t expect a positive experience, after they 17 with the experiment, “not a single person reported having been embarrassed.”

18 , these commutes were reportedly more enjoyable compared with those without communication, which makes absolute sense, 19 human beings thrive off of social connections. It’s that 20 : Talking to strangers can make you feel connected. 1. A. ticket B. permit C.signal D. record 2. A. nothing B. little C.another D. much

3. A. beaten B. guided C.plugged D. brought 4. A. message B. code C.notice D. sign 5. A. under B. beyond C. behind D. from

6. A. misinterpreted B. misapplied C. misadjusted D. mismatched 7. A. fired B. judged C. replaced D. delayed

8. A. unreasonable B. ungrateful C. unconventional D. unfamiliar 9. A. comfortable B. anxious C. confident D. angry 10. A. attend B. point C. take D. turn

11. A. dangerous B. mysterious C. violent D. boring 12. A. hurt B. resist C. bend D. decay

13. A. lecture B. conversation C. debate D. negotiation 14. A. trainees B. employees C. researchers D. passengers 15. A. reveal B. choose C. predict D. design 16. A. voyage B. flight C. walk D. ride

17. A. went through B. did away C. caught up D. put up 18. A. In turn B. In particular C.In fact D. In consequence 19. A. unless B. since C. if D. whereas 20. A. funny B. simple C. logical D. rare Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by chosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points) Text 1

A new study suggests that contrary to most surveys, people are actually more stressed at home than at work. Researchers measured people’s cortisol, which is a stress marker, while they were at work and while they were at home and found it higher at what is supposed to be a place of refuge.

“Further contradicting conventional wisdom, we found that women as well as men have lower levels of stress at work than at home,” writes one of the researchers, Sarah Damaske. In fact women say they feel better at work. She notes. “It is men, not women, who report being happier at home than at work.” Another surprise is that the findings hold true for both those with children and without, but more so for nonparents. This is why people who work outside the home have better health.

What the study doesn’t measure is whether people are still doing work when they’ re at home, whether it is household work or work brought home from the office. For many men, the end of the workday is a time to kick back. For women who stay home, they never get to leave the office. And for women who work outside the home, they often are playing catch-up-with-household tasks. With the blurring of roles, and the fact that the home front lags well behind the workplace in making adjustments for working women, it’s not surprising that women are more stressed at home.

But it’s not just a gender thing. At work, people pretty much know what they’re supposed to be doing: working, making money, doing the tasks they have to do in order to draw an income. The bargain is very pure. Employee puts in hours of physical or mental labor and employee draws out life-sustaining moola. On the home front, however, people have no such clarity. Rare is the household in which the division of labor is so clinically and methodically laid out. There are a lot of tasks to be done, there are inadequate rewards for most of them. Your home colleagues—your family—have no clear rewards for their labor; they need to be talked into it, or if they’re teenagers, threatened with complete removal of all electronic devices. Plus, they’re your family. You cannot fire your family. You never really get to go home from home. So it’s not surprising that people are more stressed at home. Not only are the tasks apparently infinite, the co-workers are much harder to motivate.

21. According to Paragraph 1, most previous surveys found that home____.

A. was an unrealistic place for relaxation B. generated more stress than the workplace C. was an ideal place for stress measurement D.offered greater relaxation than the workplace 22. According to Damaske, who are likely to be the happiest at home? A. Working mothers. B. Childless husbands. C. Childless wives. D. Working fathers.

23. The blurring of working women’s roles refers to the fact that____. A. they are both bread winners and housewives B. their home is also a place for kicking back C. there is often much housework left behind D. it is difficult for them to leave their office

24. The word “moola” (Line 4, Para 4) most probably means____. A. energy B. skills C. earnings D. nutrition

25. The home front differs from the workplace in that____. A. home is hardly a cozier working environment B. division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut C. household tasks are generally more motivating D. family labor is often adequately rewarded Text 2

For years, studies have found that first-generation college students—those who do not have a parent with a college degree—lag other students on a range of education achievement factors. Their grades are lower and their dropout rates are higher. But since such students are most likely to advance economically if they succeed in higher education, colleges and universities have pushed for decades to recruit more of them.

This has created “a paradox” in that recruiting first-generation students, but then watching many of them fail, means that higher education has “continued to reproduce and widen, rather than close” an achievement gap based on social class, according to the depressing beginning of a paper forthcoming in the journal Psychological Science.

But the article is actually quite optimistic, as it outlines a potential solution to this problem, suggesting that an approach (which involves a one-hour, next-to-no-cost program) can close 63 percent of the achievement gap (measured by such factors as grades) between first-generation and other students. The authors of the paper are from different universities, and their findings are based on a study involving 147 students (who completed the project) at an unnamed private university. First generation was defined as not having a parent with a four-year college degree. Most of the first-generation students (59.1 percent) were recipients of Pell Grants, a federal grant for undergraduates with financial need, while this was true only for 8.6 percent of the students with at least one parent with a four-year degree.

Their thesis—that a relatively modest intervention could have a big impact—was based on the view that first-generation students may be most lacking not in potential but in practical knowledge about how to deal with the issues that face most college students. They cite past research by several authors to show that this is the gap that must be narrowed to close the achievement gap.

Many first-generation students “struggle to navigate the middle-class culture of higher education，learn the ‘rules of the game,’ and take advantage of college resources,” they write. And this becomes more of a problem when colleges don’t talk about the class advantage and disadvantages of different groups of students. “Because US colleges and universities seldom acknowledge how social class can affect students’ educational experience, many first-generation students lack insight about why they are struggling and do not understand how students ‘like them’ can improve.” 26. Recruiting more first-generation students has____. A. reduced their dropout rates B. narrowed the achievement gap C. missed its original purpose D. depressed college students 27. The authors of the research article are optimistic because____. A. the problem is solvable B. their approach is costless

C. the recruiting rate has increased D. their finding appeal to students

28. The study suggests that most first-generation students____. A. study at private universities B. are from single-parent families C. are in need of financial support D. have failed their college 29. The authors of the paper believe that first-generation students____. A. are actually indifferent to the achievement gap B. can have a potential influence on other students C. may lack opportunities to apply for research projects D. are inexperienced in handling their issues at college 30. We may infer from the last paragraph that____. A. universities often reject the culture of the middle-class B. students are usually to blame for their lack of resources C. social class greatly helps enrich educational experiences D. colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question Text 3

Even in traditional offices, “the lingua franca of corporate America has gotten much more emotional and much more right-brained than it was 20 years ago,” said Harvard Business School professor Nancy Koehn. She started spinning off examples. “If you and I parachuted back to Fortune 500 companies in 1990, we would see much less frequent use of terms like journey, mission, passion. There were goals，there were strategies, there were objectives, but we didn’t talk about energy; we didn’t talk about passion.” Koehn pointed out that this new era of corporate vocabulary is very “team”-oriented—and not by coincidence. “Let’s not forget sports—in male-dominated corporate America, it’s still a big deal. It’s not explicitly conscious; it’s the idea that I’m a coach, and you’re my team, and we’re in this together. There are lots and lots of CEOs in very different companies, but most think of themselves as coaches and this is their team and they want to win”.

These terms are also intended to infuse work with meaning—and, as Khurana points out，increase allegiance to the firm. “You have the importation of terminology that historically used to be associated with non-profit organizations and religious organizations：Terms like vision, values, passion, and purpose,” said Khurana.

This new focus on personal fulfillment can help keep employees motivated amid increasingly loud debates over work-life balance The “mommy wars” of the 1990s are still going on today, prompting arguments about why women still can’t have it all and books like Sheryl Sandberg’s Lean In，whose title has become a buzzword in its own right. Terms like unplug, offline, life-hack，bandwidth, and capacity are all about setting boundaries between the office and the home. But if your work is your “passion,” you’ll be more likely to devote yourself to it, even if that means going home for dinner and then working long after the kids are in bed.

But this seems to be the irony of office speak: Everyone makes fun of it, but managers love it, companies depend on it, and regular people willingly absorb it. As Nunberg said, “You can get people to think it’s nonsense at the same time that you buy into it.” In a workplace that’s fundamentally indifferent to your life and its meaning, office speak can help you figure out how you relate to your work—and how your work defines who you are.

31. According to Nancy Koehn, office language has become____. A. more emotional B. more objective C. less strategic D. less energetic 32. “team”-oriented corporate vocabulary is closely related to____.

A. historical incidents B. gender difference C. sports culture D. athletic executives 33. Khurana believes that the importation of terminology aims to____. A. revive historical terms B. promote company image C. foster corporate cooperation D. strengthen employee loyalty 34. It can be inferred that Lean In____.

A. voices for working women B. appeals to passionate workaholics C. triggers debates among mommies D. praises motivated employees

35. Which of the following statements is true about office speak? A. Managers admire it but avoid it. B. Linguists believe it to be nonsense. C. Companies find it to be fundamental. D. Regular people mock it but accept it. Text 4

Many people talked of the 288,000 new jobs the Labor Department reported for Jure, along with the drop in the unemployment rate to 6.1 percent, as good news. And they were right. For now it appears the economy is creating jobs at a decent pace. We still have a long way to go to get back to full employment, but at least we are now finally moving forward at a faster pace.

However, there is another important part of the jobs picture that was largely overlooked. There was a big jump in the number of people who report voluntarily working part-time. This figure is now 830,000 (4.4 percent) above its year ago level.

Before explaining the connection to the Obamacare, it is worth making an important distinction. Many people who work part-time jobs actually want full-time jobs. They take part-time work because this is all they can get. An increase in involuntary part-time work is evidence of weakness in the labor market and it means that many people will be having a very hard time making ends meet.

There was an increase in involuntary part-time in June, but the general direction has been down. Involuntary part-time employment is still far higher than before the recession, but it is down by 0,000 (7.9 percent) from its year ago level.

We know the difference between voluntary and involuntary part-time employment because people tell us. The survey used by the Labor Department asks people if they worked less than 35 hours in the reference week. If the answer is “yes,” they are classified as working part-time. The survey then asks whether they worked less than 35 hours in that week because they wanted to work less than full time or because they had no choice. They are only classified as voluntary part-time workers if they tell the survey taker they chose to work less than 35 hours a week.

The issue of voluntary part-time relates to Obamacare because one of the main purposes was to allow people to get insurance outside of employment. For many people, especially those with serious health conditions or family members with serious health conditions, before Obamacare the only way to get insurance was through a job that provided health insurance.

However, Obamacare has allowed more than 12 million people to either get insurance through Medicaid or the exchanges. These are people who may previously have felt the need to get a full-time job that provided insurance in order to cover themselves and their families. With Obamacare there is no longer a link between employment and insurance.

36. Which part of the jobs picture was neglected?

A. The prospect of a thriving job market. B. The increase of voluntary part-time jobs. C. The possibility of full employment. D. The acceleration of job creation. 37. Many people work part-time because they____.

A. prefer part-time jobs to full-time jobs B. feel that is enough to make ends meet C. cannot get their hands on full-time jobs D. haven’ t seen the weakness of the market 38. Involuntary part-time employment in the US____.

A. is harder to acquire than one year ago B. shows a general tendency of decline C. satisfies the real need of the jobless D. is lower than before the recession 39. It can be learned that with Obamacare, ____. A. it is no longer easy for part-timers to get insurance B. employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance C. it is still challenging to get insurance for family members D. full-time employment is still essential for insurance 40. The text mainly discusses ____.

A. employment in the US B. part-timer classification C. insurance through Medicaid D. Obamacare’s trouble Part B Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A—G for each numbered paragraph (41—45). There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) A. You are not alone

B. Don’t fear your responsibility for your life C. pave your own unique path D. Most of your fears are unreal E. Think about the present moment F. Experience helps you grow

G. There are many things to be grateful for

Some Old Truths to Help You Overcome Tough Times

Unfortunately, life is not a bed of roses. We are going through life facing sad experiences. Moreover, we are grieving various kinds of loss: a friendship, a romantic relationship or a house. Hard times may hold you down at what usually seems like the most inopportune time, but you should remember that they won’t last forever.

When our time of mourning is over, we press forward, stronger with a greater understanding and respect for life. Furthermore, these losses make us mature and eventually move us toward future opportunities for growth and happiness. I want to share these old truths I’ve learned along the way. 41.____________________________________

Fear is both useful and harmful. This normal human reaction is used to protect us by signaling danger and preparing us to deal with it. Unfortunately, people create inner barriers with a help of exaggerating fears. My favorite actor Will Smith once said, “Fear is not real. It is a product of thoughts you create. Do not misunderstand me. Danger is very real. But fear is a choice.” I do completely agree that fears are just the product of our luxuriant imagination.

42. ____________________________________

If you are surrounded by problems and cannot stop thinking about the past, try to focus on the present moment. Many of us are weighed down by the past or anxious about the future. You may feel guilt over your past, but you are poisoning the present with the things and circumstances you cannot change. Value the present moment and remember how fortunate you are to be alive. Enjoy the beauty of the world around and keep the eyes open to see the possibilities before you. Happiness is not a point of future and not a moment from the past, but a mindset that can be designed into the present. 43. ____________________________________

Sometimes it is easy to feel bad because you are going through tough times. You can be easily caught up by life problems that you forget to pause and appreciate the things you have. Only strong people prefer to smile and value their life instead of crying and complaining about something. 44. ____________________________________

No matter how isolated you might feel and how serious the situation is, you should always remember that you are not alone. Try to keep in mind that almost everyone respects and wants to help you if you are trying to make a good change in your life, especially your dearest and nearest people. You may have a circle of friends who provide constant good humor, help and companionship. If you have no friends or relatives, try to participate in several online communities, full of people who are always willing to share advice and encouragement.

45. ____________________________________

Today many people find it difficult to trust their own opinion and seek balance by gaining objectivity from external sources. This way you devalue your opinion and show that you are incapable of managing your own life. When you are struggling to achieve something important you should believe in yourself and be sure that your decision is the best. You live in your skin, think your own thoughts, have your own values and make your own choices.

Section III Translation 46.Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) Think about driving a route that’s very familiar. It could be your commute to work, a trip into town or the way home. Whichever it is, you know every twist and turn like the back of your hand. On these sorts of trips it’s easy to lose concentration on the driving and pay little attention to the passing scenery. The consequence is that you perceive that the trip has taken less time than it actually has.

This is the well-travelled road effect: People tend to underestimate the time it takes to travel a familiar route.

The effect is caused by the way we allocate our attention. When we travel down a well-known route, because we don’t have to concentrate much, time seems to flow more quickly. And afterwards, when we come to think back on it, we can’t remember the journey well because we didn’t pay much attention to it. So we assume it was shorter. Section IV Writing Part A 47. Directions:

Suppose your university is going to host a summer camp for high school students. Write a notice to 1) briefly introduce the camp activities, and 2) call for volunteers.

You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET. Do not use your name or the name of your university. Do not write your address.(10 points) Part B 48.Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. In your writing, your should 1) interpret the chart, and 2) give your comment.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. 2015年考研英语(二)真题答案 Section I Use of English

1. signal 2. much 3. plugged 4. message 5. behind 6. misinterpreted 7.judged 8.unfamiliar 9. anxious 10. turn 11. dangerous 12. hurt 13.conversation 14. passengers 15. predict 16. ride 17. went through 18. In fact 19. since 20. simple Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Text 1

21.D offered greater relaxation than the workplace 22.B childless husbands

23.A they are both bread winners and housewives 24.C earnings

25.B division of labor at home is seldom clear-cut Text 2

26.C missed its original purpose 27.A the problem is solvable 28.C are in need of financial support

29.D are inexperienced in handling issues at college

30.D colleges are partly responsible for the problem in question Text 3

31.A more emotional 32.C sports culture

33.D strengthen employee loyalty 34.A voices for working women 35.C companies find it to be fundamental Text 4

36.B the increase of voluntary part-time jobs 37.C cannot get their hands on full-time jobs 38.B shows a general tendency of decline

39.B employment is no longer a precondition to get insurance 40.A employment in the US Part B

41.D Most of your fears are unreal 42.E Think about the present moment 43.G There are many things to be grateful for 44.A you are not alone 45.C Pave your own unique path Section III Translation

在一条非常熟悉的路上驾驶的感觉，这可能发生在上班，进城或回家的路上。无论如何，你会熟悉路上的每一个迂回曲折。在这类旅行中，我们很容易会分散注意力并且不太关注路边的风景。结果就是你误以为旅途比实际所用的时间要少。

这是美妙的旅程所产生的效果：人们往往会低估在熟悉的旅程中所用掉的时间。

我们分散注意力的方式会导致这种结果。当我们在知名的路途中行驶时，我们不必过于集中精力，时间似乎过得飞快。随后，当我们回想整个过程时，由于没有特别留神，会变得印象模糊。此时，我们似乎会觉得这段旅程会更短些。 Part A范文： Notice

A summer camp, which aims to renew high school students’ perception of college and make them prepared for the near future, will be held on July 21st by our university. Volunteers are needed to provide services for the participants. Listed below are the details about the camp activities and the qualifications of the volunteers to be recruited.

First of all, as the main activity of the summer camp is to share the experience of learning different subjects, those with strong learning abilities are especially welcomed. Secondly, there will be some interesting contests to stimulate the mind as well as forge better relationships, such as an English speech contest, thus, candidates must have a good command of English. Furthermore, those who have good communication skills and relevant experience are preferred.

Ifyouareinterested,pleasefillintheapplicationformandsendittoStudents’*************. Students’ Union PartB范文：

Isn’t it exciting that the Spring Festival is just around the corner? Well, sort of. But when it comes to the consumption during “the happy holiday”, you may be just as surprised as I am. As the pie chart above clearly demonstrates, people in a Chinese city spend 40% of their expenditure on New Year presents, 20% on traffic, 20% on parties and diners and 20% on others.

What the chart intends to reveal, undoubtedly, is that we overspend on gifts, which may result from the following factors. Above all, it’s a Chinese tradition that we exchange gifts for good wishes and closer

relationships, so many people are willing to send their best regards with much more expensive presents. Moreover, with the development of the economy, people are much wealthier than before, which enables them to buy fancy gifts for their beloved ones. In addition, there are some people who take giving presents as a great opportunity to show others their achievements or social status, which leads to comparison and thus increases the consumption of New Year gifts.

Exchanging presents with each other during the Spring Festival, from my perspective, is a fine tradition we should carry on. However, it is advisable that we should focus on the true meaning of gifts rather than their prices or forms.

2016考研英语二真题及详细解析

Section 1 Use of English

Directions: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Happy people work differently. They’re more productive, more creative, and willing to take greater risks. And new research suggests that happiness might influence__1__firm’s work, too.

Companies located in places with happier people invest more, according to a recent research paper.__2__, firms in happy places spend more on R&D (research and development). That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking__3__for making investments for the future. The researchers wanted to know if the__4__and inclination for risk-taking that come with happiness would__5__the way companies invested. So they compared U.S. cities’ average happiness__6__by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.

__7__enough, firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were__8__.But is it really happiness that’s linked to investment, or could something else about happier cities__9__why firms there spend more on R&D? To find out, the researchers controlled for various__10__that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales – and for indicators that a place was__11__to live in, like growth in wages or population. The link between happiness and investment generally__12__even after accounting for these things.

The correlation between happiness and investment was particularly strong for younger firms, which the authors__13__to “less codified decision making process” and the possible presence of “younger and less__14__managers who are more likely to be influenced by sentiment.” The relationship was__15__stronger in places where happiness was spread more__16__.Firms seem to invest more in places where most people are relatively happy, rather than in places with happiness inequality.

__17__ this doesn’t prove that happiness causes firms to invest more or to take a longer-term view,

the authors believe it at least__18__at that possibility. It’s not hard to imagine that local culture and sentiment would help__19__how executives think about the future. “It surely seems plausible that happy people would be more forward-thinking and creative and__20__R&D more than the average,” said one researcher. 1. [A] why 2. [A] In return

[B] where

[C] how

[D] when [D] In conclusion [D] necessary [D] realism [D] change [D] assumed [D] headquartered [D] emphasize [D] methods [D] reliable [D] broke [D]compare [D]experienced [D] never [D] equally [D] Since [D] strikes

20. [A]

[D] share

[B] In particular [B] famous [B] modernism [B] miss [B] Odd

[B] measured [B] divided [B] overstate [B] factors [B] sociable [B] held [B] assign

[C] In contrast [C] perfect [C] optimism [C] spoil

[C] invented [C] overtaxed [C] summarize [C] levels

[C] reputable [C]emerged [C] transfer [C] ambitious [C] also [C] While [C] hints

[C] directly

3. [A] sufficient 4. [A] individualism 5. [A] echo 7. [A] Sure 9. [A] explain 10. [A] stages

6. [A] imagined 8. [A] advertised

[C] Unfortunate [D] Often

11. [A] desirable 12. [A] resumed 13. [A] attribute 14. [A] serious 15. [A] thus 16. [A] rapidly 17. [A] After 18. [A] arrives 19. [A] shape pray for

[B] civilized [B] instead [B] regularly [B] Until [B] jumps

[B] rediscover [C] simplify

[B] lean towards [C] give away [D] send out

1. [标准答案] [C]how [考点分析] 连词辨析

[选项分析] 根据语境，“新发现表明：快乐可能会影响工作__的稳定。”[A] 为什么 [B] 哪里 [C] 怎样，多么 [D] 当…时候。根据语义分析，C选项填入原文，译为“快乐可能会影响工作是有多么稳定”，C为正确选项。

2. [标准答案] [B]In particular

[考点分析] 上下文语义以及短语辨析

[选项分析] [A] 反过来 [B] 尤其是 [C] 相反 [D] 总的来说 根据前文语境，第二段第一句译为“根据近期的研究，拥有更多快乐的人的公司会投资更多”。而第二句“_______那些在快乐氛围中的公司会做更多的研发以及发展。“第二句是在第一句的基础上进一步强调说明，因此B选项更符合语境要求。

3. [标准答案] [D]necessary

[考点分析] 上下文语义及形容词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]充足的 [B] 著名的 [C] 完美的 [D] 必要的 首先，根据本句题干 “That’s because happiness is linked to the kind of longer-term thinking 3 for making investments for the future.”译为“因为快乐与对未来投资有______长远考虑相联系。”要求填写形容词, 我们要考虑其搭配与其修饰成分。空格处搭配介词for, 并且修饰“长远考虑”。因此D选项最符合语境要求。

4. [标准答案] [C]optimism

[考点分析] 上下文语义及名词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]个人主义 [B] 现代主义 [C] 乐观主义 [D] 现实主义 本题考查同后缀的名词辨析。根据原文主旨，探讨“happy people”与公司的关系。那么，衡量四个选项，只有C选项符合主旨要求。

5. [标准答案] [D]change

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]发出回声 [B] 想念，错过 [C] 破坏 [D] 改变 根据原文语境，“would 5 the way companies invested.”本题考查动宾搭配，宾语为“公司投资的方式”只有D选项搭配最为合理。

6．[标准答案] [B]measured

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]想象 [B] 衡量，测量 [C] 发明 [D] 假定，设想 “So they compared U.S. cities’average happiness 6 by Gallup polling with the investment activity of publicly traded firms in those areas.”译为“他们把盖洛普咨询公司所_____的美国城市平均幸福指数与该地区的上市公司投资活跃度进行对比。” 根据原文语境，盖洛普咨询公司所做的应该是一个“既定事实”所以排除ACD。因此，B选项为最佳选项。 7.[标准答案] [A]Sure

[考点分析] 上下文语义及固定搭配

[选项分析] [A]确信的 [B] 奇怪的 [C] 不幸运的 [D] 经常的 本题为固定搭配“sure enough” 译为“足以肯定的是，”

8．[标准答案] [D]headquartered

[考点分析] 上下文语义及形容词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]广告的 [B] 划分的 [C] 课税过重的 [D]位于总部的 根据原文“ firms’ investment and R&D intensity were correlated with the happiness of the area in which they were 8 . ”译为“足以肯定的是，公司投资与研发力度与公司______的幸福指数相关。”in which 引导表示地点的定语从句，先行词为area.对比四个选项，ABC不足以说明此地点的真实含义。因此，D选项，搭配前文area,构成“总部所在地”最为合理。

9．[标准答案] [A]explain

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]解释 [B] 夸大 [C] 概述[D]重点强调 根据原文“…or ould something else about happier cities 9 why firms there spend more on R&D?” A选项 “explain”常和后文 “why” 搭配使用。

10．[标准答案] [B]factors

[考点分析] 上下文语义及名词词义辨析

[选项分析] [A]阶段 [B] 因素 [C] 等级[D]方法 根据原文语境“To find out, the researchers controlled for various 10 that might make firms more likely to invest – like size, industry, and sales…”本题中，破折号后面 “大小，产业，销售”这些都是 “让公司有更多投资的”因素。因此，B选项最符合原文语境。

11．[标准答案] [A] desirable

[考点分析] 上下文语义和形容词

[选项分析] 该空填的是形容词，用来修饰前面的名词place,并且在意义上也是对后面like growth

in wages or population的解释，可以看出来应该是填褒义词，并且能修饰place.所以只有[A]desirable合适的 符合文章。[B]social 社交的 [C]reputable 受尊敬的 [D]reliable 可依靠的。

12. [标准答案] [B]held

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] 该句算是这一段的总结句，该段整体在描述幸福与投资之间的关系，而这一link就只能得出了，只有[B]held ”得出”符合语境。A resumed “重新开始”，C emerge “浮现”，D broke “破坏”。

13．[标准答案] [A] attribute

[考点分析] 上下文逻辑关系以及动词词组辨析

[选项分析]该空是一个which引导的定语从句的谓语动词所在地，动词的宾语就是前面的主句，强调“幸福与投资之间的关系尤其适用于新公司”这一结论与后面“所做决定会偏草率”之间的关系，能看出是一个因果关系，因此答案选择[A]attribute 与to 搭配表示“归因于……”，而[B]assign to表示“指派”[C]transfer to“转移到”[D]compare to“与……比较”均不符合题意。

14．[标准答案] [D] experienced

[考点分析] 上下文语义及形容词词义辨析

15. [标准答案] [C] also

[考点分析] 上下文逻辑关系以及副词词义辨析

[选项分析]前面说到了“年轻的新经理决策时更容易受情绪影响。”与后面的“这种关系在员工幸[选项分析] 此处很简单，前面有一个并列连词and, 与前面的young一致修饰managers,强调新公司的领导年轻并缺乏经验，只有[D]experienced最合适。

福指数_____的公司尤为明显。公司似乎乐于投资那些相对快乐的员工所在的部门，而不是那些不快乐的部门。”之间很明显是一种递进关系，所以只有[C]also合适。 ”

16. [标准答案] [D]equally

[考点分析] 上下文语义及副词词义辨析

[选项分析] 这题是考察副词修饰spread, 但是更要注意的是该句“这种关系在员工幸福指数_____的公司尤为明显。公司似乎乐于投资那些相对快乐的员工所在的部门，而不是那些不快乐的部门。”中该空与后面的inequality形成复现关系，所以很容易判断出答案选择[D]equally。

17. [标准答案] [C] while [考点分析] 上下文逻辑关系

[选项分析] 该题是典型的考察上下文逻辑关系的题目，因此着力点应该放在上一段和这一段之间的关系。这一段第一句明确说出“这并不证明是幸福导致公司大量投资……”，所以两句话之间是一个转折关系，选择while.

18. [标准答案] [C]hints

[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] 该题可以看出是考察动词与at的固定搭配，arrive at是“到达，抵达”，jump at是“扑向；欣然接受”hint at是“暗示” strike at是“袭击，攻击”，文章中的at least 和that possibility论证了这是一种可能，只有hint at有这层含义。

19. [标准答案] [A]shape

20. [标准答案] [B]lean towards

[选项分析] 上下文语义及动词词组词义辨析

[考点分析] 本空考察动词词组，且该词组词义应与and前面意思保持一致，且作用对象为研发。[考点分析] 上下文语义及动词词义辨析

[选项分析] 根据上下文应该选一个“影响”未来看法含义的动词，[B]是“再发现”[C]是“使简化，

使单纯”[D]是“分享”所以可以均可以排除，A 是“塑造，形成，影响”，所以A项是最佳答案。

[A]pray for 祈祷 [B]lean towards 倾向 [C]give away 放弃，泄露 [D]send out 放出，给予。只有[B]选项能表达一种递进含义。

【全文翻译】

快乐的人工作起来会有不同。他们更多产，更有创造力，也更愿意去冒险。近期的一项研究表根据近期的研究报告，在各地的公司里，拥有更多快乐的员工会投入的更多。尤其是那些在快明快乐也可能会影响公司的工作。

乐氛围中的公司会做更多的研发以及发展。因为快乐与对未来投资有必要的长远考虑相联系。这是因为对未来进行投资需要作出长远决策，而这种决策与快乐相关。

研究者希望了解乐观精神和随快乐而来的冒险精神是否会改变公司投资的方式。因此，他们把 足以肯定的是，公司投资和研发力度与公司总部所在地的幸福指数相关。但是幸福真的与投资盖洛普咨询公司所评估出的美国城市平均幸福指数与该地区的上市公司投资活跃度进行对比。 相关吗？或者说幸福指数更高的城市的其他方面能够说明公司为何加大研发投入。为了弄清这一点，研究者掌握了多种可能促使公司投资的因素，例如规模，产业，销售，也掌握了各种指标，如适宜居住地，工资涨幅及人口变化。了解这些问题后，幸福与投资的关系就能够轻松得出了。

幸福与投资之间的关系尤其适用于新公司，这是因为新公司所做决定会偏草率，而且年轻的新

经理决策时更容易受情绪影响。同样，这种关系在员工幸福指数相同的公司尤为明显。公司似乎乐于投资那些相对快乐的员工所在的部门，而不是那些不快乐的部门。

然而这并不证明是幸福导致公司大量投资，或者从长远的角度来讲，研究人员认为至少它预示着这种可能性。不难想象，本地文化以及情感有助于影响高管对于未来的看法。“快乐的人比普通人有预见性、创造力、更善于研发这种说法似乎更可信。”一位研究者说。

Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions：Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

It’s true that high-school coding classes aren’t essential for learning computer science in college. Students without experience can catch up after a few introductory courses, said Tom Cortina, the assistant dean at Carnegie Mellon’s School of Computer Science.

However, Cortina said, early exposure is beneficial. When younger kids learn computer science, they learn that it’s not just a confusing, endless string of letters and numbers — but a tool to build apps, or create artwork, or test hypotheses. It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. Breaking down problems into bite-sized chunks and using code to solve them becomes normal. Giving more children this training could increase the number of people interested in the field and help fill the jobs gap, Cortina said.

Students also benefit from learning something about coding before they get to college, where introductory computer-science classes are packed to the brim, which can drive the less-experienced or-determined students away.

The Flatiron School, where people pay to learn programming, started as one of the many coding bootcamps that’s become popular for adults looking for a career change. The high-schoolers get the same curriculum, but “we try to gear lessons toward things they’re interested in,” said Victoria Friedman, an instructor. For instance, one of the apps the students are developing suggests movies based on your mood.

The students in the Flatiron class probably won’t drop out of high school and build the next Facebook. Programming languages have a quick turnover, so the “Ruby on Rails” language they learned may not even be relevant by the time they enter the job market. But the skills they learn — how to think logically through a problem and

organize the results — apply to any coding language, said Deborah Seehorn, an education consultant for the state of North Carolina.

Indeed, the Flatiron students might not go into IT at all. But creating a future army of coders is not the sole purpose of the classes. These kids are going to be surrounded by computers — in their pockets, in their offices, in their homes — for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think, how to coax the machine into producing what they want — the earlier they learn that they have the power to do that — the better.

21. Cortina holds that early exposure to computer science makes it easier to____. A. complete future job training B. remodel the way of thinking C. formulate logical hypotheses D. perfect artwork production

22. In delivering lessons for high-schoolers, Flatiron has considered their____. A. experience

B. academic backgrounds C. career prospects D. interest

23. Deborah Seehorn believes that the skills learned at Flatiron will____. A. help students learn other computer languages B. have to be upgraded when new technologies come C. need improving when students look for jobs D. enable students to make big quick money

24. According to the last paragraph, Flatiron students are expected to____. A. compete with a future army of programmers B. stay longer in the information technology industry C. become better prepared for the digitalized world D. bring forth innovative computer technologies

25. The word “coax” (Line4, Para.6) is closest in meaning to____. A. challenge B. persuade C. frighten D. misguide

答案：

Text 1

21 答案 B remodel the way of thinking.

解析：此题是文中人物观点题。根据Cortina定位到第二段前三句。Cortina认为尽早接触计算机科学是有益的。第三句It’s not as hard for them to transform their thought processes as it is for older students. 译为在转变思维程序方面小孩不像年龄较大的学生一样困难，即B remodel the way of thinking 转变思维方式即为同义替换。

22 答案 D interest

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词Friedman定位到第四段第二句but之后引号里面内容“我们试图让课程符合学生兴趣”，故而D interest为正确答案。

23 答案 A help students learn other computer languages

解析：文中人物观点题。题干问的是Deborah Seehorn认为在Flatiron这里所学到的技能将能怎么样，据此定位到第五段But处，和题干基本一致，该句指出“But the skills they learn…appl to any coding language”，意思是他们学到的技能可以应用于任何编码语言。对比答案选项，A选项的意思是“帮助学生学习其他的计算机语言”属于原文定位处的同义替换。

24 答案 C become better prepared for the digitalized world

解析：细节题。题干指出：根据最后一段，Flatiron的学生被期望去干什么。据此定位到最后一段的These kids are going to be处，是题干的同义复现。定位句“These kids are…be surrounded by computers for the rest of their lives. The younger they learn how computers think…….the better.”，意思是学生们越早学越好。C选项“为数字化的未来做更好的准备”是同义概述。

25 答案 B persuade

解析：词义句意题，结合上下文来解题。根据coax此单词，定位到最后一段最后一句“how to coax the machine into producing what they want”，考察固定搭配

“persuade…into…”。A选项挑战，B选项劝服，C选项使恐慌，D选项误导。考生做题时一定要注意结合上下文来推测生词的词义，这是命题人的出题 规律。

Text 2

Biologists estimate that as many as 2 million lesser prairie chickens---a kind of bird living on stretching grasslands—once lent red to the often gray landscape of the midwestern and southwestern United States. But just some 22,000 birds remain today, occupying about 16% of the species’ historic range. The crash was a major reason the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service （USFWS）decided to formally list the bird as threatened. “The lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation,” said USFWS Director Daniel Ashe. Some environmentalists, however, were disappointed. They had pushed the agency to designate the bird as “endangered,” a status that gives federal officials greater regulatory power to crack down on threats. But Ashe and others argued that the“threatened” tag gave the federal government flexibility to try out new, potentially less confrontational conservations approaches. In particular, they called for forging closer

collaborations with western state governments, which are often uneasy with federal action and with the private landowners who control an estimated 95% of the prairie chicken’s habitat.

Under the plan, for example, the agency said it would not prosecute landowner or businesses that unintentionally kill, harm, or disturb the bird, as long as they had signed a range—wide management plan to restore prairie chicken habitat. Negotiated by USFWS and the states, the plan requires individuals and businesses that damage habitat as part of their operations to pay into a fund to replace every acre destroyed with 2 new acres of suitable habitat. The fund will also be used to compensate landowners who set aside habitat, USFWS also set an interim goal of restoring prairie chicken populations to an annual average of 67,000 birds over the next 10 years. And it gives the Western Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies (WAFWA), a coalition of state agencies, the job of monitoring progress. Overall, the idea is to let “states” remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species，” Ashe said.

Not everyone buys the win-win rhetoric Some Congress members are trying to block the plan, and at least a dozen industry groups, four states, and three environmental groups are challenging it in federal court Not surprisingly, doesn’t go far enough “The federal government is giving responsibility for managing the bird to the same industries that are pushing it to extinction,” says biologist Jay Lininger. 26. The major reason for listing the lesser prairie as threatened is____ [A]its drastically decreased population [B]the underestimate of the grassland acreage [C]a desperate appeal from some biologists [D]the insistence of private landowners

27.The “threatened” tag disappointed some environmentalists in that it_____ [A]was a give-in to governmental pressure [B]would involve fewer agencies in action [C]granted less federal regulatory power [D]went against conservation policies

28.It can be learned from Paragraph3 that unintentional harm-doers will not be prosecuted if they_____

[A]agree to pay a sum for compensation [B]volunteer to set up an equally big habitat [C]offer to support the WAFWA monitoring job [D]promise to raise funds for USFWS operations

29.According to Ashe， the leading role in managing the species in______ [A]the federal government [B]the wildlife agencies [C]the landowners [D]the states

30.Jay Lininger would most likely support_______ [A]industry groups [B]the win-win rhetoric [C]environmental groups

[D]the plan under challenge

26 答案 A its drastically decreased population

解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第一段But前后关于lesser prairie chickens 数量2million和22,000的强烈对比。此外第二段第二句“the lesser prairie chicken is in a desperate situation”都可以得知A its drastically decreased population 数量的急剧下降为正确答案。

27 答案 C granted less federal regulatory powers

解析：此题是原因细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段第四句，They had …, a state that gives federal officials greater regulatory power. 而But 之后是截然相反的事实，即授予了更少的管理权。故而C granted less federal regulatory powers为正确答案。

28 答案 A agree to pay a sum for compensation

解析：推断题。题干问的是从第三段推出来：无意伤害的那些人是不会被检举的如果怎么样。根据题干定位到第三段首句“it would not prosecute….as long as ….”，题干中问的if即原文的as long as的同意替换，原文as long as的意思是：只要他们签署了计划。下一句说道，该计划要求个体和企业去支付基金。对应选项A选项“赞同支付赔偿”属于同义替换。

29 答案 D the states

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段最后一句the idea is to let the“states”remain in the driver’s seat for managing the species, Ashe said. 其中in the driver’s seat对应题干中的the leading role, 故而D states为正确答案。 30 答案 C environmental groups

解析：文中人物观点题。题干问的是Jay Lininger最可能支持谁，大写人名定位到末段最后一句。最后一句提到：生物学家Jay Lininger说道联邦要把责任推给导致鸟类灭绝的企业，显然是对和企业的反对。再往前看一句，指出：企业团体和部门观点一致，环境学家与其观点恰巧一致。因此，Jay Lininger最支持环境团体的观点了。

Text 3

That everyone’s too busy these days is a cliché. But one specific complaint is made especially mournfully： There’s never any time to read.

What makes the problem thornier is that the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient. The web’s full of articles offering tips on making time to read: “Give up TV” or “Carry a book with you at all times” But in my experience, using such methods to free up the odd 30 minutes doesn’t work. Sit down to read and the flywheel of work-related thoughts keeps spinning-or else you’re so exhausted that a challenging book’s the last thing you need. The modern mind, Tim Parks, a novelist and critic, writes, “is overwhelmingly inclined toward communication…It is not simply that one is interrupted; it is that one is actually inclined to interruption”. Deep reading requires not just time, but a special kind of time which

can’t be obtained merely by becoming more efficient.

In fact, “becoming more efficient” is part of the problem. Thinking of time as a resource to be maximised means you approach it instrumentally, judging any given moment as well spent only in so far as it advances progress toward some goal immersive reading, by contrast, depends on being willing to risk inefficiency, goallessness, even time-wasting. Try to slot it as a to-do list item and you’ll manage only goal-focused reading-useful, sometimes, but not the most fulfilling kind. “The future comes at us like empty bottles along an unstoppable and nearly infinite conveyor belt,” writes Gary Eberle in his book Sacred Time, and “we feel a pressure to fill these different-sized bottles (days, hours, minutes）as they pass, for if they get by without being filled, we will have wasted them”. No mind-set could be worse for losing yourself in a book.

So what does work? Perhaps surprisingly, scheduling regular times for reading. You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, Eberle notes, such ritualistic behaviour helps us “step outside time’s flow” into “soul time”. You could limit distractions by reading only physical books, or on single-purpose e-readers. “Carry a book with you at all times” can actually work, too-providing you dip in often enough, so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business, before dropping back down. On a really good day, it no longer feels as if you’re “making time to read,” but just reading, and making time for everything else.

31. The usual time-management techniques don’t work because [A] what they can offer does not ease the modern mind [B] what challenging books demand is repetitive reading [C] what people often forget is carrying a book with them [D] what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed

32. The “empty bottles” metaphor illustrates that people feel a pressure to [A] update their to-do lists [B] make passing time fulfilling [C] carry their plans through [D] pursue carefree reading

33. Eberle would agree that scheduling regular times for reading helps [A] encourage the efficiency mind-set [B] develop online reading habits [C] promote ritualistic reading [D] achieve immersive reading

34. “Carry a book with you at all times” can work if [A] reading becomes your primary business of the day [B] all the daily business has been promptly dealt with [C] you are able to drop back to business after reading [D] time can be evenly split for reading and business 35. The best title for this text could be [A] How to Enjoy Easy Reading [B] How to Find Time to Read

[C] How to Set Reading Goals [D] How to Read Extensively

31 答案 D what deep reading requires cannot be guaranteed.

解析：因果细节题。题干指出：传统的时间管理方法不起作用的原因是什么。根据题干定位到第二段首句指出the usual time-management techniques don’t seem sufficient，是题干的同义替换，但要找原因。整段都在分析过程环节，最终原因必然在该段末句提到。直接定位到该段末句，指出深入阅读不仅需要时间，而且是一种仅仅通过有效无法获得的一种时间。结合选项D，深入阅读所需的无法得到确保，是原文末句的同义替换。

32 答案 B make passing time fulfilling

解析：题干问的是“empty bottles”暗喻证明了人们在做什么方面有压力，empty bottles直接可以在文中Gary Eberle所说的话中找到：“The future comes at us like empty bottles…”。其所说的话证明的目的必然是为了说明前一句的观点。因此，该题定位到三段“try to slot…but not the most fulfilling kind”，该句就指出：只会处理目标集中的阅读，这是有用的，但不是最有满足感的。结合选项B使流逝的时间更有满足感，是原文的同义替换。

33 答案 D achieve immersive reading

解析：文中人物观点题，注意区分文中人物观点和作者观点。题干问的是Eberle赞同为阅读设定规定性时间帮助什么。根据题干精确定位到第四段第二句：“You’d think this might fuel the efficiency mind-set, but in fact, E…..into soul time”，意思是你会认为这可以提升效率性思维设定，但实际上这些行为帮助我们跨入到灵魂阅读时间。对应选项D，获得深入阅读，属于同义替换。

34 答案 A reading becomes your primary business of the day

解析：细节题。题干指出：总是带一本书会起作用如果怎么样。根据题干定位到末段中间部分“carry a book with you at all times can actually work, too … so that reading becomes the default state from which you temporarily surface to take care of business.”，意思是这样的话阅读就成为默认状态，偶尔会出来管理工作（注意business并非默认状态，非主要事情）。对应选项A 阅读成为每天的主要任务，是该句的同义替换。

35 答案 B How to Find Time to Read

解析：标题题，即全文中心主旨。通过题干，可发现题干关键词中time复现多次，因此可确定time为全文的主题词。整篇文章都围绕阅读时间来展开，因此正确答案为A如何寻找阅读时间。

Text 4

Against a backdrop of drastic changes in economy and population structure, younger Americans are

drawing a new 21st-century road map to success, a latest poll has found.

Across generational lines, Americans continue to prize many of the same traditional milestones of a successful life, including getting married, having children, owning a home, and retiring in their sixties. But while young and old mostly agree on what constitutes the finish line of a fulfilling life, they offer strikingly different paths for reaching it.

Young people who are still getting started in life were more likely than older adults to prioritize personal fulfillment in their work, to believe they will advance their careers most by regularly changing jobs, to favor communities with more public services and a faster pace of life, to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children, and to maintain that children are best served by two parents working outside the home, the survey found.

From career to community and family, these contrasts suggest that in the aftermath of the searing Great Recession, those just starting out in life are defining priorities and expectations that will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects of American life, from consumer preferences to housing patterns to politics.

Young and old converge on one key point: Overwhelming majorities of both groups said they believe it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. While younger people are somewhat more optimistic than their elders about the prospects for those starting out today, big majorities in both groups believe those “just getting started in life” face a tougher a good-paying job, starting a family, managing debt, and finding affordable housing.

Pete Schneider considers the climb tougher today. Schneider, a 27-yaear-old auto technician from the Chicago suburbs says he struggled to find a job after graduating from college. Even now that he is working steadily, he said.” I can’t afford to pay ma monthly mortgage payments on my own, so I have to rent rooms out to people to mark that happen.” Looking back, he is struck that his parents could provide a comfortable life for their children even though neither had completed college when he was young. “I still grew up in an upper middle-class home with parents who didn’t have college degrees,” Schneider said. “I don’t think people are capable of that anymore.”

36. One cross-generation mark of a successful life is_____. [A] trying out different lifestyles [B] having a family with children [C] working beyond retirement age [D] setting up a profitable business

37. It can be learned from Paragraph 3 that young people tend to ____. [A] favor a slower life pace [B] hold an occupation longer

[C] attach importance to pre-marital finance [D] give priority to childcare outside the home

38. The priorities and expectations defined by the young will ____. [A] become increasingly clear [B] focus on materialistic issues

[C] depend largely on political preferences

[D] reach almost all aspects of American life 39. Both young and old agree that ____. [A] good-paying jobs are less available [B] the old made more life achievements [C] housing loans today are easy to obtain [D] getting established is harder for the young 40. Which of the following is true about Schneider？ [A] He found a dream job after graduating from college. [B] His parents believe working steadily is a must for success. [C] His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree. [D] He thinks his job as a technician quite challenging.

36 答案 B having a family with children

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第二段第一句Across generational lines,…including getting married, having children…即成功的标志包括结婚生子，故而正确选项是B having a family with children.

37 答案 C attach importance to pre-marital finance

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第三段第一句Young people…to agree that couples should be financially secure before getting married or having children…即年轻人认为夫妻在结婚前或者生小孩前应该在经济上是稳定的，故而C attach importance to pre-marital finance为正确答案。

38 答案 D reach almost all aspects of American life

解析：此题是细节题。根据关键词定位到第四段第一句…those just starting…will increasingly spread through virtually all aspects …即这些期待即将渗透到美国生活的各个方面，故而D reach almost all aspects of American life为正确答案。

39 答案 D getting established is harder for the young

解析：此题是文中人物观点题。根据关键词定位到第五段第一句…it is harder for young people today to get started in life than it was for earlier generations. 即与年长者相比，现如今的年轻人维持生计更加困难，故而D getting established is harder for the young为正确答案。

40 答案 C His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.

解析：此题是正误判断题。根据关键词定位到第六段第五句Looking back…his parents could provide a comfortable life for the children even though neither had completed college when he was young.即父母即便没有上过大学但仍旧可以为孩子提供舒适的生活，故而His parents’ good life has little to do with a college degree.为正确答案。

Part B

Directions:

Read the following text and answer the questions by choosing the most suitable subheading from the list A-G for each of the numbered paragraphs(41-45).There are two extra subheadings which you do not need to use.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET.

[A]Be silly

[B]Have fun

[C]Express your emotions [D]Don't overthink it [E]Be easily pleased [F]Notice things [G]Ask for help

As adults,it seems that we are constantly pursuing happiness,often with mixed results.Yet

children appear to have it down to an art-and for the most part they don't need self-help books or therapy.instead,they look after their wellbeing instinctively,and usually more effectively than we do as grownups.Perhaps it's time to learn a few lessons from them. 41.______________

What does a child do when he's sad? He cries.When he's angry?He shouts.Scared?Probably a bit of both.As we grow up,we learn to control our emotions so they are manageable and don't dictate our behaviours,which is in many ways a good thing.But too often we take this process too far and end up suppressing emotions,especially negative ones.that's about as effective as brushing dirt under a carpet and can even make us ill.What we need to do is find a way to acknowledge and express what we feel appropriately, and then-again like children-move. 42.____________

A couple of Christmases ago, my youngest stepdaughter, who was nine years old at the time, got a Superman T-shirt for Christmas. It cost less than a fiver but she was overjoyed, and couldn't stop talking about it.Too often we believe that a new job,bigger house or better car will be the magic silver bullet that will allow us to finally be content,but the reality is these things have very little lasting impact on our happiness levels. Instead, being grateful for small things every day is a much better way to improve wellbeing. 43.______________________

Have you ever noticed how much children laugh? If we adults could indulge in a bit of silliness and giggling, we would reduce the stress hormones in our bodies , increase good hormones like endorphins, improve blood flow to our hearts and even have a greater chance

of fighting off enfection. All of which, of course, have a positive effect on happiness levels. 44.__________________

The problem with being a grown up is that there's an awful lot of serious stuff to deal with---work,mortgage payments,figuring out what to cook for dinner. But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love.Those things might be social,sporting,creative or completely random(dancing aroud the living room,anyone?)--it doesn't matter,so long as they're enjoyable, and not likely to have negative side effects,such as drinking too much alcohol or going on a wild spending spree if you're on a tight budget. 45.___________________

Having said all of the above, it's important to add that we shouldn't try too hard to be happy.Scientists tell us this can backfire and actually have a negative impact on our wellbeing. As the Chinese philosopher Chuang Tzu is reported to have said:\"Happiness is the absence of striving for happiness.\"And in that,once more,we need to look to the example of our children,to whom happiness is not a goal but a natural by product of the way they live.

意料之中的小标题。首先明确7个选项的意思。

首先应当把握本文的出发点，也就是41题目之前的关键句：我们应该从孩子身上学习一些东西。“捉住本中心，每个标题都是提醒成人可以从孩子身上得到一些启示。

41. C 表达情感。开头以问句的方式：“孩子悲伤时会怎样？孩子生气时会如何？他们的表达方式与大人不同，成人更多会选择压抑情感，并且会有不好的后果，比如致病。紧接着最后一句算是总结句：我们要找到一种合适的方式表达，像孩子那样。重点在哪里？整段不离的中心意思，重复的出现那就是情感的表达喽。选项为 C

42.E举例子的目的无非是为了证明观点。但是从例子也是可以总结出想要表达的意思的。讲到一个小女孩因为一个廉价的圣诞礼物就可以高兴，并且很快乐，就旨在讲小小的幸福。再来看看例子后面的观点。提到成人的世界里所谓的车啊，房啊之类的貌似会让我们 幸福的东西其实不然。所以一个instead 直接把本段的中心意思表达了出来，那就是幸福来自于小小的事情。对应选项E 43. A 一句话出现在第二句。问句之后，如果我们能够“愚蠢“那么一点点，我们将会有各种好处，对不对。那么这一段几乎大段的篇幅都花在这一句上了，主旨更加明显那就是：去这样做吧。Be silly. 44.B 这一段讲到成人的世界里的确有太多让人烦恼的东西，But as adults we also have the luxury of being able to control our own diaries and it's important that we schedule in time to enjoy the things we love 享受自己喜欢的东西也是很重要的。接下来举例子，各种具体事例说明那些我们可以做的可以享受的事情，并且最后说出了他们的好处。从前往后一直再说我们应该放松，享受。所以啊，在剩下的可选择的选项中只有have funs比较合适了。

45.D 不要可以去想怎样才幸福，应用了哲人的一句话来说明这个道理，旨在告诉大家当让是过程就是幸福的了。最后可以用排除法。G寻求帮助根本未提及。F 选项可以直接排除。那么对应关系，来看看D 不要想太多。“无欲无求，本就是幸福啦。“最终选定D

Section III Translation

Directions:

Translate the following text from English into Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) 46. Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Your translation should be written on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)

The supermarket is designed to lure customers into spending as much time as possible within its doors. The reason for this is simple:The longer you stay in the store, the more stuff you'll see, and the more stuff you see, the more you'll buy. And supermarkets contain a lot of stuff. The average supermarket, according to the Food Marketing Institute, carries some 44,00 different items, and many carry tens of thousands more. The sheer volume of available choice is enough to send shoppers into a state of information overload. According to brain-scan experiments, the demands of so much decision-making quickly become too much for us. After about 40 minutes of shopping, most people stop struggling to be rationally selective, and instead begin shopping emotionally - which is the point at which we accumulate the 50 percent of stuff in our cart that we never intended buying.

超市旨在吸引顾客尽可能长时间的停留在店中。其原因很简单：顾客在店里停留的时间越长，看到的商品越多；而看到的商品越多，买的就会越多。超市中出售大量的商品。根据食品推广协会的调查，普通的超市大概有44000种不同的商品；还有很多超市出售的商品高达上万种。如此多的选择足以使顾客面对超负荷的信息。根据脑部扫描实验，需要快速的做这么多决定就会让我们难以承受。大约在购物40分钟之后，大多人就不会再努力做出理性的选择了，取而代之的就是冲动购物——而这时，我们的购物车中已经装了一半根本就没想买的东西了。

Section IV Writing

Part A

Suppose you won a translation contest and your friend Jack wrote an email to congratulate you, and ask advice on translation. Write him a reply to

1)thank him; 2)give your advice.

You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET. Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use

“Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address .(10 point)

参考译文 Dear Jack,

I’m writing to express my gratitude for your congratulation on my success in the translation contest.

As regard to my experience, I would like to offer you some proposals in this part. First and foremost, I strongly suggest you that you need to practice with painstaking effort in this field. What’s more, you had better have more communication with foreigners, which guarantees that you have a deep understanding of foreign culture. Last but not least, you are supposed to participate in some international events to accumulate a wealth of practical experience.

Thanks again and I do hope you could take my suggestions into consideration. I wish you have good luck and make a great success in your future study.

Yours sincerely,

如大家所见，这是2016年英语二小作文题目。英语（二）考纲的写作部分，其实主要考查学生的应用能力，考查范围包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章；而要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文。

作为写作B部分的小作文总分10分，大家要抓住得分点。小作文在评分时有如下评分要点：1.信息点——覆盖全面；2.内容——组织连贯；3.语言——准确性；4.格式——符合要求；5.语域——恰当。

预料之中，今年英语二的小作文再次考查了书信体，并且考查的信件可以说是杂糅型的。这在2011年英语二中出现了同样的考查方式：

Suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admitted to a university write him/her a letter to： （1）Congratulate him/her，and

（2）give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2. DO not sign your own name at the end of the letter，Use zhangwei.

如大家所见，这是2016年英语二小作文题目。英语（二）考纲的写作部分，其实主要考查学生的应用能力，考查范围包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，还应能写一般描述性、叙述性和说明或议论性的文章；而要求考生根据所给情景写出一篇约100词（标点符号不计算在内）的应用性短文。 作为写作B部分的小作文总分10分，大家要抓住得分点。小作文在评分时有如下评分要点：1.信息点——覆盖全面；2.内容——组织连贯；3.语言——准确性；4.格式——符合要求；5.语域——恰当。

预料之中，今年英语二的小作文再次考查了书信体，并且考查的信件可以说是杂糅型的。这在2011年英语二中出现了同样的考查方式：

Li Ming

Suppose your cousin LI MING has just been admitted to a university write him/her a letter to： （3）Congratulate him/her，and

（4）give him/her suggestions on how to get prepared for university life

同样的考查方式，足以说明一件事情——绝对要重视考研真题。老师们总在强调真题的重要性，好多同学不与重视，希望大家以后一定要强化这种认识。 下面我们来详细解读下今年的小作文，首先看一下题目要求： 称呼： Dear Jack注意称呼中，后面的逗号不可丢，也不能写成冒号。 正文

建议大家三步走策略——简洁、直接、明了：写作目的、写作是由、重申目的

第一段：写作内容需涵盖两点：写信目的，表明感谢来自朋友的祝贺；可以采用这样的表达方式：I’m writing to express my gratitude for your congratulation on my success in the translation contest.

第二段： 写作内容应以建议为主体。在这个过程中可以把日常我们如何提高的方式写进正文，比如多加练习、多与外国人交流，多多接触国际事务等。本篇老师主要从这些方面进行论述，表达如下As regard to my experience, I would like to offer you some proposals in this part. First

and foremost, I strongly suggest you that you need to practice with painstaking effort in this field. What’s more, you had better have more communication with foreigners, which guarantees that you have a deep understanding of foreign culture. Last but not least, you are supposed to participate in some international events to accumulate a wealth of practical experience.

第三段：再次强调重申写信目的，如Tha Thanks again and I do hope you could take my

suggestions into consideration. I wish you have good luck and make a great success in your future study.

落款： Yours sincerely, 特别提醒sincerely后面逗号不能丢；签名： Li Ming特别注意 Ming 后面一定不能出现句点。

Part B

48.Directions:

Write an essay based on the following chart. you should

1） interpret the chart and 2） give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET.(15 points).

某高校学生旅游目的调查

参考例文：

As is clearly reflected in the above pie chart, the purpose of students travelling abroad demonstrates obvious differences in one college of China. According to the data given, the purpose of enjoying the beautiful landscape takes a comparatively large share, accounting for 37%, while that of relieving pressure also takes away 20% of the whole proportion.

What triggers this phenomenon? It is not difficult to put forward several factors responsible for this phenomenon. To start with, with the rapid economic development of economy, people, including college students, are becoming increasingly wealthy, which enables them to afford the once-deemed- expensive oversea traveling. In order to enjoy the charming landscape all around the world, a large proportion of students choose to travel abroad. What’s more, along with the ever-accelerating improvement of economy and society is also the ever-increasing work and life pressure. Consequently, the purpose of relieving pressure ranks the second among all the purposes for folks to travel around the world.

In view of the arguments above, we can conclude that the current phenomenon is of no surprise. And therefore, it can be predicted that admiring the scenery and alleviating pressure will still be the main purpose for people to arrange a traveling to other countries. 作文解析

今年英语二作文的题目比较好写，因为标题和图示非常清晰明白。图表显示了某高校学生旅游目的调查, 考生分析原因的话也会很简单。下面分三段简要地说一下这三段应该怎么写。

第一段主要是描述图表。图表一目了然，数量词百分比也是大家熟悉的词汇，表述数据时，图中有四五组数据，由于字数的以及为了写作的便利可以突出较大比例的“欣赏风景”和“缓解压力”，注意引入百分比的表达方式。

第二段给出你的评论，主要写这种情况的原因。主要要结合图表描述的内容从两个方面写起。一方面为什么为了欣赏风景而旅行的目的占37%， 另一方面为什么缓解压力会占到33%比例。 最后结尾段落可简要得出结论，这种现象并不奇怪，还将继续下去。

2017年考研英语二真题原文及答案解析

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

People have speculated for centuries about a future without work.Today is no different， with academics， writers， and activists once again 1 that technology is replacing human workers. Some imagine that the coming work-free world will be defined by 2 . A few wealthy people will own all the capital， and the masses will struggle in an impoverished wasteland..

A different and not mutually exclusive 3 holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort， one 4 by purposelessness： Without jobs to give their lives 5 ， people will simply become lazy and depressed. 6 today’s unemployed don’t seem to be having a great time. One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression， double the rate for 7 Americans. Also， some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality， mental-health problems， and addicting9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future. But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease. Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment. In the 13 of work， a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. Today， the 15 of work may be a bit overblown. “Many jobs are boring， degrading， unhealthy， and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher， a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.

These days， because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers， people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs. “When I come home from a hard day’s work， I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says， adding， “In a world in which I don’t have to work， I might feel rather different”—perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters. 1. [A] boasting [答案][C] warning 2. [A] inequality [答案][A] inequality 3. [A] policy [答案][D] prediction 4. [A] characterized [答案][A] characterized

[B]divided [C] balanced

[D]measured

[B]guideline [C] resolution

[D] prediction

[B] instability [C] unreliability

[D] uncertainty

[B] denying [C] warning

[D] ensuring

5. [A] wisdom [答案][B] meaning

[B] meaning [C] glory

[C] Thus

[D] freedom [D] Nevertheless [D] educated

6. [A] Instead [B] Indeed [答案][B] Indeed 7. [A] rich [答案][C] working

[B] urban [C]working

8. [A] explanation [B] requirement [C] compensation [D] substitute [答案][A] explanation 9. [A] under [答案][D] among 10. [A] leave behind [答案][C] worry about 11. [A] statistically [答案][C] necessarily 12. [A] chances [答案][B] downsides

13. [A] absence [B] height [C] face [答案][A] absence 14. [A] disturb [答案][D] yield 15. [A] model [答案][C] virtue 16.

[A] tricky [B] lengthy [C] mysterious [D] scarce

[B] standards [C] qualities [D] threats [B] tired [C] confused [B] against [C] behind

[D] starved [D] into

[答案][D] scarce 17. [A] demands [答案][A] demands 18. [A] ignored [答案][B] tired 19. [A] off [答案][D] into

20. [A] technological [B] professional [C] educational [D] interpersonal [答案][B] professional

[B] practice [C] virtue

[D] hardship

[B] restore [C] exclude

[D] yield [D] course

[B] downsides [C] benefits

[D] principles

[B] occasionally [C] necessarily [D] economically [B] make up [C] worry about [D] set aside [B] beyond [C] alongside

[D] among

试题精析

[答案][C] warning 考点：上下文语义理解

解析：空格之后的宾语从句部分“technology is replacing human workers.”结合选项，应该选择warning。其他三项[A] boasting [B] denying [D] ensuring 均不符合此处的语境要求，故均排除。 [答案][A] inequality

考点：上下文语义理解

空格单词后面的句意看到了对比，故作为上文对其进行概括关键应选择inequality。 [答案][D] prediction 考点：时态判断

空格之后的内容 “holds that the future will be a wasteland of a different sort，”该定语从句是对空格词汇的修饰与说明，既然文中用到了will 这一个表示将来时态的助动词，故答案为prediction。 [答案][A] characterized 考点：后置定语 + 固定搭配

one 4 by purposelessness。其他三项均不符合，故排除。 5.[答案][B] meaning

考点：句间语义理解

Without jobs to give their lives 5 ， people will simply become lazy and depressed.空格所在句后面的表述与空格前的内容属于并列关系，由逗号连接。答案选择meaning。[A] wisdom [C] glory [D] freedom 这些选项都表示褒义色彩和后面 lazy、depressed 矛盾。

6. [答案][B] Indeed 考点：上下文逻辑关系

分析下四个选项可以看出并无体现因果关系 故[A] Thus排除，另外instead，nevertheless 表示转折语意，但是上下文逻辑并无体现。 故[A]Instead [C] Thus [D] Nevertheless均排除。 7.[答案][C] working 考点：上下文语义理解

One Gallup poll found that 20 percent of Americans who have been unemployed for at least a year report having depression， double the rate for 7 Americans.根据上下文对比的语意对照应该选择working。前面提到unemployed 。此处在进行对比，故选择表示反义呼应的词working。

8.[答案][A] explanation 考点：句内语意理解+固定搭配

some research suggests that the 8 for rising rates of mortality， mental-health problems， and addicting 9 poorly-educated middle-aged people is shortage of well-paid jobs. [答案][D] among

考点：句内语义理解、介词辨析

很明显应该指前者的发生范围。浏览四个选项，among“在....中”表示范围，符合此处语义需要，故为答案。 [答案][C] worry about

考点：上下文语义理解+句内语义理解

Perhaps this is why many 10 the agonizing dullness of a jobless future.

[答案][C] necessarily

考点：上下文逻辑关系+句内语义理解

But it doesn’t 11 follow from findings like these that a world without work would be filled with unease.But表示转折语意。doesn't necessarily不一定。符合此处语意需要，故为答案。

12.[答案][B] downsides

考点：上下文语义理解 后置定语

Such visions are based on the 12 of being unemployed in a society built on the concept of employment.

答案的线索在于空格后面的介词短语，后面提到being unemployed。这是贬义。其他选项均不符条件。 [答案][A] absence 考点：词汇复现

In the 13 of work， a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure. [答案][D] yield

考点：词汇的一词多义与搭配

In the 13 of work， a society designed with other ends in mind could 14 strikingly different circumstances for the future of labor and leisure.该空格所选词汇的主语是a society 宾语是different circumstances.根据主谓一致的原则应该选择yield。语义为：产生。 15.[答案][C] virtue 考点：上下文语义理解

overblown.一词为解题线索。含义：吹散 吹倒 表贬义。后面的内容Many jobs are boring， degrading， unhealthy， and a waste of human potential，” says John Danaher， a lecturer at the National University of Ireland in Galway.是对这句话的进一步解释，结合前后的上下文语义理解，应选择virtue，其他选项均排除。 16. [答案][D] scarce 考点：上下文语义理解

because leisure time is relatively 16 for most workers， people use their free time to counterbalance the intellectual and emotional 17 of their jobs.结合常识认知及上下文理解应该选择scarce。 17. [答案][A] demands 考点：上下文语义理解

根据语义的要求，浏览选项，只有demands符合语义要求。 18. [答案][B] tired 考点：上下文语义理解+常识

“When I come home from a hard day’s work， I often feel 18 ，” Danaher says， adding， “In a world in which I don’t have to work， I might feel rather different”. 19. [答案][D] into

考点：固定搭配+句内语义理解

perhaps different enough to throw himself 19 a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.

“Throw oneself into ......”意思是：一头扎进；投身于，积极从事 20.[答案][B] professional 考点：复现+呼应

perhaps different enough to throw himself into a hobby or a passion project with the intensity usually reserved for 20 matters.此处空格处答案和前面的intensity 形成呼应与关联。故此处professional符合语义需要，入选。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A Directions：

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （40 points） Text 1

Every Saturday morning, at 9 am, more than 50,000 runners set off to run 5km around their local park. The Parkrun phenomenon began with a dozen friends and has inspired 400 events in the UK and more abroad. Events are free, staffed by thousands of volunteers. Runners range from four years old to grandparents; their times range from Andrew Baddeley's world record 13 minutes 48 seconds up to an hour.

Parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic \"legacy\" is failing. Ten years ago on Monday, it was announced that the Games of the 30th Olympiad would be in London. Planning documents pledged that the great legacy of the Games would be to level a nation of sport lovers away from their couches. The population would be fitter, healthier and produce more winners. It has not happened. The number of adults doing weekly sport did rise, by nearly 2 million in the run－up to 2012－but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. The opposition claims primary school pupils doing at least two hours of sport a week have nearly halved. Obesity has risen among adults and children. Official retrospections continue as to why London 2012 failed to \"inspire a generation.\" The success of Parkrun offers answers.

Parkun is not a race but a time trial: Your only competitor is the clock. The ethos welcomes anybody. There is as much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is about top talent shining. The Olympic bidders, by contrast, wanted to get more people doing sports and to produce more elite athletes. The dual aim was mixed up: The stress on success over taking part was intimidating for newcomers.

Indeed, there is something a little absurd in the state getting involved in the planning of such a fundamentally \"grassroots\as community sports associations. If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods－making sure

there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. But successive governments have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. Instead of wordy, worthy strategies, future governments need to do more to provide the conditions for sport to thrive. Or at least not make them worse. 21.【题干】According to Paragraph1, Parkrun has_____. 【选项】

A．gained great popularity B．created many jobs

C．strengthened community ties D．become an official festival 【答案】A

【解析】由题干中的关键词According to Paragraph 1, 可以快速的定位到文中的第一段，第一段讲了每周六大约有五万多人都会在他们当地的公园里跑步，跑步的年龄跨度之大：从4岁的小朋友到祖父母年纪的人都有；跑步所用的时间跨度也很大：从世界纪录的13分48秒到一个小时。由此可见，这是一个全动，与A选项的 great popularity相互对应，所以选A. 其他选项，B创造了很多就业机会；C增强了社会的凝聚力；D成为一个官方的节日；这几个选项原文中都没有涉及，所以排除。

22.【题干】The author believes that London's Olympic \"legacy\" has failed to_____. 【选项】

A．boost population growth B．promote sport participation C．improve the city's image D．increase sport hours in schools 【答案】B

【解析】可以发现原文中第二段第一句话Parkrun is succeeding where London’s Olympic “legacy” is failing与题干中的关键词 London’s Olympic “legacy” has failed to...对应，所以可以锁定文章的第二段，从而找出解题的关键。第二段前半部分讲了在最初的时候Olympic的目标，然而，事实却事与愿违，...but the general population was growing faster. Worse, the numbers are now falling at an accelerating rate. 由这句话可以看出，Olympic并没有推动大众的参与性，与预期的目标不符，所以选择B。

23.【题干】Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that it_____. 【选项】

A．aims at discovering talents B．focuses on mass competition C．does not emphasize elitism D．does not attract first-timers 【答案】C

【解析】由题干中的关键词Parkrun is different from Olympic games in that...可以知道这是想考察Parkrun和Olympic的区别。追溯到原文，可以看到文中的第三段第一句话：Parkrun is not a race but a time trial.从这句话可以排除A和B，因为A和B都和竞争有关，D选项可以从这一段的这一句话：there is much joy over a puffed-out first-timer being clapped over the line as there is ...可知，Parkrun有很多第一次参加的人，所以排除D. 最后可以知道，答案选C，因为parkrun不是比赛，所以就不重视精英主义。

24.【题干】With regard to mass sport, the author holds that governments should_____. 【选项】

A．organize \"grassroots\" sports events B．supervise local sports associations C．increase funds for sports clubs D．invest in public sports facilities 【答案】D

【解析】由题干中的关键词the governments should...,可以知道，命题人想要考察的是对于Parkrun这一项大众运动，应该做点什么。所以，考生要快速的定位到原文中有关的段落，即第四段，If there is a role for government, it should really be getting involved in providing common goods—making sure there is space for playing fields and the money to pave tennis and netball courts, and encouraging the provision of all these activities in schools. 从这里可以知道，作者希望能够为Parkrun提供场所和钱，并针对学校制定相关条例以鼓励全动。由此可以排除A，B，C. 最终选择D。

25.【题干】The author's attitude to what UK governments have done for sports is_____. 【选项】 A．tolerant B．critical C．uncertain D．sympathetic 【答案】B

【解析】由题干中的关键词the author’s attitude to what UK government have done for sport可以再次锁定原文中关于的部分，可见这一题与24题是有一定联系的。第四段一开始作者提出了自己对的期许，但是事实上，却没有达到这一期许。But successive government have presided over selling green spaces, squeezing money from local authorities and declining attention on sport in education. 负责卖地，从地方压榨金钱，不重视学校的体育运动。可见，此处作者指责的一系列行为，由此可以得出答案B. tolerant:宽容的，容忍的； uncertain：含糊的，不确定的；sympathetic：同情的，赞同的。 Text 2

With so much focus on children’s use of screens, it's easy for parents to forget about their own

screen use. “Tech is designed to really suck on you in,” says Jenny Radesky in her study of digital play, \"and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement. It makes it hard to disengage, and leads to a lot of bleed-over into the family routine.”

Radesky has studied the use of mobile phones and tablets at mealtimes by giving mother-child pairs a food-testing exercise. She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. During a separate observation, she saw that phones became a source of tension in the family. Parents would be looking at their emails while the children would be making excited bids for their attention.

Infants are wired to look at parents’ faces to try to understand their world, and if those faces are blank and unresponsive—as they often are when absorbed in a device－it can be extremely disconcerting foe the children. Radesky cites the “still face experiment” devised by developmental psychologist Ed Tronick in the 1970s. In it, a mother is asked to interact with her child in a normal way before putting on a blank expression and not giving them any visual social feedback; The child becomes increasingly distressed as she tries to capture her mother’s attention. \"Parents don't have to be exquisitely parents at all times, but there needs to be a balance and parents need to be responsive and sensitive to a child’s verbal or nonverbal expressions of an emotional need,\" says Radesky.

On the other hand, Tronick himself is concerned that the worries about kids' use of screens are born out of an “oppressive ideology that demands that parents should always be interacting” with their children: “It’s based on a somewhat fantasized, very white, very upper-middle-class ideology that says if you’re failing to expose your child to 30,000 words you are neglecting them.” Tronick believes that just because a child isn’t learning from the screen doesn’t mean there’s no value to it－particularly if it gives parents time to have a shower, do housework or simply have a break from their child. Parents, he says, can get a lot out of using their devices to speak to a friend or get some work out of the way. This can make them feel happier, which lets then be more available to their child the rest of the time.

26.【题干】According to Jenny Radesky, digital products are designed to ______. 【选项】

A．simplify routine matters B．absorb user attention C．better interpersonal relations D．increase work efficiency 【答案】B

【解析】由题干中的关键词Jenny Radesky, 可以快速的定位到文中提到此人物的第一段第二行，接着题干中说digital products are designed to..可以知道，考查的是数码产品的目的，回归到文中第一段第二行，可知Jenny Radesky说了这样一句话：Tech is designed to really suck on you in, and digital products are there to promote maximal engagement....电子产品就是为了促进最大程度的参与性，由此可以得出答案B为了吸引用户的注意力。其余选项在Jenny Radesky的话中都没有体现。

27.【题干】Radesky’s food-testing exercise shows that mothers’ use of devices ______. 【选项】

A．takes away babies’ appetite B．distracts children’s attention

C．slows down babies’ verbal development D．reduces mother-child communication 【答案】D

【解析】由题干中的关键词food-testing exercise, mother’s use of devices. 可以快速的定位到第二段第二行:She found that mothers who sued devices during the exercise started 20 percent fewer verbal and 39 percent fewer nonverbal interactions with their children. 从这里可以知道，母亲使用手机会减少20%的语言交流机会，39%的非语言交流。由此可以得出答案为D.减少了母亲和孩子之间的交流。

28.【题干】Radesky’s cites the “still face experiment” to show that _______. 【选项】

A．it is easy for children to get used to blank expressions B．verbal expressions are unnecessary for emotional exchange C．children are insensitive to changes in their parents’ mood D．parents need to respond to children's emotional needs 【答案】D

【解析】本题目是具体细节题。题干中的关键词Radesky和still face experiment定位到倒数第三段大写R处，题目问实验一定要找实验结论，结论在本段最后一句的but之后，这里提到了parents need be to responsive ...to...emotional need，父母需要对情感需求做出回应。正确答案D是原文的原词复现。干扰项A的blank expressions是原文实验里面的具体内容，非实验表明；选项B是最后一句的个别词干扰；选项C偷换概念，不是children are insensitive，而是parents。

29.【题干】The oppressive ideology mentioned by Tronick requires parents to_______. 【选项】

A．protect kids from exposure to wild fantasies B．teach their kids at least 30,000 words a year C．ensure constant interaction with their children D．remain concerned about kid's use of screens 【答案】C

【解析】本题目为具体细节题。根据题干的关键词oppressive ideology和大写字母Tronick定位到最后一段的第一句话that之后。本句that后的demands对应题干的requires，说道“父母应该总是要交流”。正确选项C的constant interaction对应原文的always interacting。干扰项A的fantasies是定位句下一句中的个别词干扰；选项B的30000words同样是定位句之后的句子中提到的，而且是if的一个条件句；选项D的concerned是末

段首句的concerned，但是偷换概念。

30.【题干】According to Tronick, kid’s use of screens may_______. 【选项】

A．give their parents some free time B．make their parents more creative C．help them with their homework D．help them become more attentive 【答案】A

【解析】本题目为文中人物观点的细节题。根据题干中的大写字母Tronick及关键词kid定位到最后一段的倒数第三句，破折号后面解释了kid’s use of screens的具体目的。“it gives parents time to...”与正确选项A完全一致，属于原文的原词复现。干扰项B的creative并未提及；选项C的homework根据原文的housework进行干扰，原文是父母有时间做家务，而选项是帮助孩子做作业；选项D的attentive并未提及。 Text 3

Today, widespread social pressure to immediately go to college in conjunction with increasingly high expectations in a fast-moving world often causes students to completely overlook the possibility of taking a gap year. After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn't it? And after going to school for 12 years, it doesn't feel natural to spend a year doing something that isn’t academic.

But while this may be true, it’s not a good enough reason to condemn gap years. There's always a constant fear of falling behind everyone else on the socially perpetuated “race to the finish line,” whether that be toward graduate school, medical school or lucrative career. But despite common misconceptions, a gap year does not hinder the success of academic pursuits－in fact, it probably enhances it.

Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not. Rather than pulling students back, a gap year pushes them ahead by preparing them for independence, new responsibilities and environmental changes－all things that first-year students often struggle with the most. Gap year experiences can lessen the blow when it comes to adjusting to college and being thrown into a brand new environment, making it easier to focus on academics and activities rather than acclimation blunders.

If you're not convinced of the inherent value in taking a year off to explore interests, then consider its financial impact on future academic choices. According to the National Center for Education Statistics, nearly 80 percent of college students end up changing their majors at least once. This isn’t surprising, considering the basic mandatory high school curriculum leaves students with a poor understanding of themselves listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes. It’s not necessarily a bad thing, but depending on the school, it can be costly to make up credits after switching too late

in the game. At Boston College, for example, you would have to complete an extra year were you to switch to the nursing school from another department. Taking a gap year to figure things out initially can help prevent stress and save money later on.

31.【题干】One of the reasons for high-school graduates not taking a gap year is that_____. 【选项】

A．they think it academically misleading B．they have a lot of fun to expect in college C．it feels strange to do differently from others D．it seems worthless to take off-campus courses 【答案】C

【解析】题目问的是高中毕业生不选择间隔年原因之一是什么。根据题目中的high-school和gap year和定位到第一段第一句话。这句话后面一句的after all可以知道后面应该是解释理由了，After all, if everyone you know is going to college in the fall, it seems silly to stay back a year, doesn't it?这句话是说如果大家秋天都上大学去了，你要是晚了一年看起来有点傻。这个句子等同于C选项中的feel strange to do differently from others，因此选C。

32.【题干】Studies from the US and Australia imply that taking a gap year helps_____. 【选项】

A．keep students from being unrealistic B．lower risks in choosing careers C．ease freshmen’s financial burdens D．relieve freshmen of pressures 【答案】D

【解析】根据题目中的study from the Australia and US可以定位到第三段第一句话Studies from the United States and Australia show that students who take a gap year are generally better prepared for and perform better in college than those who do not.。这句话明确说了有间隔年的学生比没有的要好，好在准备和表现上。所以A：unrealistic和B：choosing career不对。第二句在表现好的更细致地方面进行了描述：preparing them for independence性, new responsibilities责任感 and environmental changes环境变化。紧随的破折号后总结说了这是 first-year students一年级学生 often struggle with the most常常有苦恼的。说明最受益的是大学一年级学生，而整段都没提过financial burdens，所以C不对。而D中的pressure是对前面内容的概括性描述，因此答案是D。

33.【题干】The word “acclimation”（Line 8, Para. 3） is closest in meaning to_____. 【选项】 A．adaptation B．application C．motivation D．competition

【答案】A

【解析】这题根据题干中给的信息，到第三段最后一句中去找答案，Gap year experiences can...when it comes to adjusting to college..., making it easier to...rather than acclimation blunders.这个句子分两部分，逗号+making分词作状语，从功能上是解释补充说明前面半句，所以间隔年的好处是能帮助新生调节适应大学，而不用担心acclimation 问题，所以acclimation当然就是适应的意思了。因此A为正确答案。

34.【题干】A gap year may save money for students by helping them_____. 【选项】

A．avoid academic failures B．establish long-term goals C．switch to another college D．decide on the right major 【答案】D

【解析】文章最后一段第一句提到了consider its financial impact on future academic choices。Financial 对应题干中的save money，而academic choices学术选择可以排除A和B。根据最后一段第三句...students...listing one major on their college applications, but switching to another after taking college classes.所以第一句中的academic choices指的就是转专业的事儿，因此选D。

35.【题干】The most suitable title for this text would be_____. 【选项】

A．In Favor of the Gap Year B．The ABCs of the Gap Year C．The Gap Year Comes Back D．The Gap Year: A Dilemma 【答案】A

【解析】第二段第一句话But while this may be true, it's not a good enough reason to condemn gap years.就用but句说明了全文就是想说间隔年你值得拥有。而选项中只有A选项in favor of是持正面积极态度的，因此选A。 Text 4

Though often viewed as a problem for western states, the growing frequency of wildfires is a national concern because of its impact on federal tax dollars, says Professor Max Moritz, a specialist in fire ecology and management.

In 2015, the US Forest Service for the first time spent more than half of its $5.5 billion annual budget fighting fires－nearly double the percentage it spent on such efforts 20 years ago. In effect, fewer federal funds today are going towards the agency's other work－such as forest conservation, watershed and cultural resources management, and infrastructure upkeep－that affect the lives of all Americans.

Another nationwide concern is whether public funds from other agencies are going into construction in fire-prone districts. As Moritz puts it, how often are federal dollars building homes that are likely to be lost to a wildfire?

“It’s already a huge problem from a public expenditure perspective for the whole country,” he says. We need to take a magnifying glass to that. Like, “Wait a minute, is this OK?”“Do we want instead to redirect those funds to concentrate on lower-hazard parts of the landscape?” Such a view would require a corresponding shift in the way US society today views fire, researchers say.

For one thing, conversations about wildfires need to be more inclusive. Over the past decade, the focus has been on climate change－how the warming of the Earth from greenhouse gases is leading to conditions that worsen fires.

While climate is a key element, Moritz says, it shouldn’t come at the expense of the rest of the equation.

“The human systems and the landscapes we live on are linked, and the interactions go both ways,\" he says. Failing to recognize that, he notes, leads to \"an overly simplified view of what the solutions might be. Our perception of the problem and of what the solution is becomes very limited.”

At the same time, people continue to treat fire as an event that needs to be wholly controlled and unleashed only out of necessity, says Professor Balch at the University of Colorado. But acknowledging fire's inevitable presence in human life is an attitude crucial to developing the laws, policies, and practices that make it as safe as possible, she says.

“We’ve disconnected ourselves from living with fire,” Balch says. “It is really important to understand and try and tease out what is the human connection with fire today.” 36.【题干】More frequent wildfires have become a national concern because in 2015 they_____. 【选项】

A．exhausted unprecedented management efforts B．consumed a record-high percentage of budget C．severely damaged the ecology of western states D．caused a huge rise of infrastructure expenditure 【答案】B

【解析】本题目是原因细节题。根据题干的关键词wildfires和national concern，以及时间词2015，定位到第二段首句。本句提到US花费了大量的budget，与选项B中的budget原词复现，high是原文more than的同义转化，consume同义替换原文spent。干扰项A的management是首段末句的人物Max Moritz的职位；选项C的western states是首段首句的though从句内容，和题干无关，属于答非所问；选项D的infrastructure是原文末尾的破折号里such as的内容，两个破折号里面一定不选。

37.【题干】Moritz calls for the use of \"a magnifying glass\" to _____. 【选项】

A．raise more funds for fire-prone areas B．avoid the redirection of federal money C．find wildfire-free parts of the landscape D．guarantee safer spending of public funds 【答案】D

【解析】本题目为具体细节题。根据题干的关键词a magnifying glass和大写字母Moritz定位到第四段第二句，目的就是最后一句。本句提到“to redirect those funds”，基金重新引导，本段首句也提及a huge problem from...public expenditure。正确答案D的guarantee safer spending是对这两句的完全概括，讨共基金更好的花费问题。干扰项A提到fund，但未说raise more，添加无关内容；选项B与原文刚好相反，不是avoid避免；选项C是对原文lower-hazard parts of the landscape的偷换概念。

38.【题干】While admitting that climate is a key element, Moritz notes that _____. 【选项】

A．public debates have not settled yet B．fire-fighting conditions are improving C．other factors should not be overlooked D．a shift in the view of fire has taken place 【答案】C

【解析】本题是文中人物观点的细节题。根据题干的关键词climate is a key element及大写字母Moritz定位到第7段的内容。本句中Moritz提到“should not come at the expense of the equation”，不以平等的代价而来。正确答案A中的不应该忽视其他因素是对本句的同义转化与概括。干扰项A的public debates来自第6段的the focus但未提及settle的话题，也非本题定位句；干扰项B的conditions是第6段的最后一句conditions that worsen fires，偷换动词worsen与improving；选项D的a shift in the view of是出现在第五段，时态错误，原文是would require，选项是has taken place。

39.【题干】The overly simplified view Moritz mentions is a result of failing to _____. 【选项】

A．discover the fundamental makeup of nature B．explore the mechanism of the human systems C．maximize the role of landscape in human life D．understand the interrelations of man and nature 【答案】D

【解析】本题目为原因细节题。根据题干关键词simplified view Moritz定位到第8段的首句，“the human systems and the landscapes... are linked and the interactions go both ways”,人类与环境是相联系的，并且是相互作用的。正确答案D的interactions是原文的原词复现，man and nature同义替换原文的human... and landscapes。干扰项A原文未提及；选项B的human systems是原词，但是并无mechanism偷换概念；选项C的landscape和human是原词出现，但添加无关信息maximize。

40.【题干】Professor Balch points out that fire is something man should _____. 【选项】 A．do away with B．come to terms with C．pay a price for D．keep away from 【答案】B

【解析】本题目为文中人物观点的细节题。根据题干的大写字母Professor Balch和fire，man定位到最后一段的最后一句，“important to understand...human connection with fire”，人与火之间的联系。正确答案B的意思是达成协议，符合原文。干扰项A的do away with是废除；选项C的pay a price for是付出代价；选项D的keep away from远离。 Part B Directions：

Read the following text and match each of the numbered items in the left column to its corresponding information in the right column. There are two extra choices in the right column. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. （10 points）

The decline in American manufacturing is a common refrain, particularly from Donald Trump. \"We don't make anything anymore,\" he told Fox News, while defending his own made-in-Mexico clothing line.

Without question, manufacturing has taken a significant hit during recent decades, and further trade deals raise questions about whether new shocks could hit manufacturing. But there is also a different way to look at the data.

Across the country, factory owners are now grappling with a new challenge: instead of having too many workers, they may end up with too few. Despite trade competition and outsourcing, American manufacturing still needs to replace tens of thousands of retiring boomers every years. Millennials may not be that interested in taking their place, other industries are recruiting them with similar or better pay.

For factory owners, it all adds up to stiff competition for workers－and upward pressure on wages. \"They're harder to find and they have job offers,\" says Jay Dunwell, president of Wolverine Coil Spring, a family-owned firm, \"They may be coming [into the workforce], but they've been plucked by other industries that are also doing an well as manufacturing,\" Mr. Dunwell has begun bringing high school juniors to the factory so they can get exposed to its culture.

At RoMan Manufacturing, a maker of electrical transformers and welding equipment that his father cofounded in 1980, Robert Roth keep a close eye on the age of his nearly 200 workers, five are retiring this year. Mr. Roth has three community-college students enrolled in a

work-placement program, with a starting wage of $13 an hour that rises to $17 after two years.

At a worktable inside the transformer plant, young Jason Stenquist looks flustered by the copper coils he's trying to assemble and the arrival of two visitors. It's his first week on the job. Asked about his choice of career, he says at high school he considered medical school before switching to electrical engineering. \"I love working with tools. I love creating.\" he says.

But to win over these young workers, manufacturers have to clear another major hurdle: parents, who lived through the worst US economic downturn since the Great Depression, telling them to avoid the factory. Millennials \"remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession,\" says Birgit Klohs, chief executive of The Right Place, a business development agency for western Michigan.

These concerns aren't misplaced: Employment in manufacturing has fallen from 17 million in 1970 to 12 million in 2013. When the recovery began, worker shortages first appeared in the high-skilled trades. Now shortages are appearing at the mid-skill levels.

\"The gap is between the jobs that take to skills and those that require a lot of skill,\" says Rob Spohr, a business professor at Montcalm Community College. \"There're enough people to fill the jobs at McDonalds and other places where you don't need to have much skill. It's that gap in between, and that's where the problem is.\"

Julie Parks of Grand Rapids Community points to another key to luring Millennials into manufacturing: a work/life balance. While their parents were content to work long hours, young people value flexibility. \"Overtime is not attractive to this generation. They really want to live their lives,\" she says. [A] says that he switched to electrical engineering because he loves working with tools。 [B] points out that there are enough people to fill the jobs that don’t need much skill。 [C] points out that the US doesn’t manufacture anything anymore。 [D] believes that it is important to keep a close eye on the age of his workers。 [E] says that for factory owners， workers are harder to find because of stiff competition。 [F] points out that a work/life balance can attract 41。 Jay Deuwell 42。 Jason Stenquist 43。 Birgit Klohs 44。 Rob Spohr 45.Julie Parks

young people into manufacturing。 [G] says that the manufacturing recession is to blame for the lay-off the young people’s parents。

41.根据题干人名Jay 定位文中“They’re harder to find and they have job offers,”他们很难发现他们有工作邀请。harder对应选项 stiff(艰难地)

42.根据题干人名Jason Stenquist对应文中“I love working with tools. I love creating,” he says.我爱与工具打交道，我喜欢创新，tool对应选项tool

43.根据题干人名Birgit Klohs，定位文中“remember their father and mother both were laid off. They blame it on the manufacturing recession,”记住他们的爸爸妈妈都下岗了，他们归因于生产萧条。文中blame对应选项blame

44.根据人名Rob Spohr,对应文中 The gap is between the jobs that take no skills and those that require a lot of skill,” says Rob Spohr, 工作之间的差距是那个不需要技能，而那些需要很多技能。文中skill对应选项skill（技能）

45.题干问Julie的观点，对应文中“We’ve never had so much attention from

manufacturers.”我从没有得到过这么多来自制造商的注意，attraction对应选项attract（吸引）

Section III Translation Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into

Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points) 46.【题干】My Dream

My dream has always been to work somewhere in an area between fashion and publishing. Two years before graduating from secondary school, I took a sewing and design course thinking that I would move on to a fashion design course. However, during that course I realised that I was not good enough in this area to compete with other creative personalities in the future, so I decided that it was not the right path for me. Before applying for university I told everyone that I would study journalism, because writing was, and still is, one of my favourite activities. But, to be absolutely honest, I said it, because I thought that fashion and me together was just a dream - I knew that no one, apart from myself, could imagine me in the fashion industry at all!

2017年英语二的翻译题是一篇关于梦想的小短文，全文共5句话，前两句话比较简短且简单，后三句较长，但难度也都不大。第一句话是个简单句，“我的梦想一直是在时装

设计和出版领域找寻一份职业”。第二句话中，secondary school 是“中学”短语move on to是“继续做某事，转移到”，全句的意思是“在我中学毕业的两年前，我曾选修了一门“缝纫和设计”的课程，thinking that 做了非谓语动词的结构并且起到伴随状语的作用，翻译为“并以为我能再继续去修一门”时装设计“的课程”第三句话中，前半句是主语，谓语加宾语从句，后面是so引导的结果状语从句，during that course 是时间状语，I 是主语，realised是谓语动词，that引导宾语从句，其中personalities不能理解为个性，品格，在文中应该指名人，精英，人才，so引导的结果状语从句中也是主语，谓语加宾语从句的结构，全句的意思是“然而，就在整个学习过程中，我意识到，我将来在这个领域是无法与那些富于创新精神的精英人才相比的。于是，我断定这条路行不通”。第四句话中，Before applying for university是时间状语，that引导宾语从句，because引导原因状语从句，本句的难点在于writing was, and still is, one of my favorite activities这一部分中was 和is的翻译方法，表示过去和将来的状态，apply for是申请的意思，journalism要翻译成“新闻学”不能直译为“新闻业，新闻工作”，本句的意思是“在申请上大学之前，我对所有人讲:我想学新闻学，因为，写作曾经是并且现在也一直是我最喜欢的事情之一。”最后一句主句是主谓宾结构I said it，后面是because引导原因状语从句，从句中是I thought that主谓加宾从结构，此句难点在于fashion and me together was just a dream的译法，不能直译，要意译为“我认为从事时装设计不过是一个梦想”， apart from是“除了”的意思，结合上文fashion industry也可意译为“时装设计”，所以全句的意思是“但是，说实话，我之所以这样说，是因为我认为从事时装设计不过是我的一个梦想，我也知道，除了我之外，没有人能想象出我会从事时装设计的工作。”

我的梦想

我的梦想一直是在时装设计和出版领域找寻一份工作。在我中学毕业的两年前，我选修了一门“缝纫和设计”课程，并且以为我能再继续学习一个时装设计的课程。然而，就在这个课程的学习过程中，我意识到，将来在这个领域，我是无法与那些富于创新精神的精英们相比的。于是，我断定这条路行不通。在申请上大学之前，我对所有人都讲，我想学新闻学，因为，写作曾经是并且现在也一直是我最喜欢的事情之一。但是，说实话，我之所以这样说，是因为我认为从事时装设计不过是我的一个梦想，我也知道，除了我之外，没有人能想象出我会从事时装设计的工作。

Section IV Writing

Part A 51 Directions:

Suppose you are invited by Professor Williams to give a presentation about Chinese culture to a group of international students. Write a reply to 1）Accept the invitation, and

2）Introduce the key points of your presentation. You should write neatly on the ANWSER SHEET.

Do not sign you own name at the end of the letter, use “Li Ming ” instead. Do not write the address .(10 points) 范文：

Dear Professor Williams,

I feel really delighted and honored to be invited by you to give a presentation to the foreign students, and I will certainly be careful to prepare for the making of it.

To let the overseas students know much about our Chinese culture, I think that my presentation is supposed to include at least two key points. On the one hand, I will put much stress on the history of China. You must know that our China is an ancient country with a pretty long history. On the other hand, my second strong point should be put on the main diet in China. The reason is that Chinese people in different regions have totally different inclination to choose food and Chinese food everywhere is quite delicious.

Those two points are what I would like to emphasize, and I would like to know of your opinions on this and I wish you could give me some further ideas on it. I am looking forward to your reply. Thank you.

Yours sincerely, Li Ming 真题解析

今年的小作文可谓既特别又不特别。特别之处在于历史上真题从来没有提及过presentation写法相关的话题被提到且并非直接考察邀请，而是考察对于邀请的回复；而

并不特别的地方在于考察形式非常稳定，依然是书信，这个类别是平时考生除了拿出10%的精力在告示类题目上之外依然需要90%的精力去复习的内容。

此书信从内容上看与2012年英语一真题小作文的写法如出一辙，2012年的真题是要求给留学生提出一些校园生活的建议。而2017年的这一篇非常技巧性地拐了两个小弯，一个是邀请信不直接考而考察回复的句型，另一个是表面上是做presentation的准备而实质上在表达上完全是建议信的套路。

从该书信的称呼来看，属于知道对方姓名且知其职业或身份，那么如果写成Dear Sir or Madam, 或者To Whom It May Concern，是不合理的，而且直呼其名不加头衔也同样不合适，因此要使用Dear Professor Williams. 注意这几个单词全部都需要大写开头字母。尤其大家直接用笔来写的时候，一定要尽量突出首字母。

该书信首段需要表达对于威廉姆斯教授的邀请的接受，由于考纲明文规定除关键词外任何字词都最好不要照抄，因此如果为了避免照抄accept这个词，可以首先表达高兴和荣幸的心情，然后直接说自己一定会好好准备。

第二自然段实际上就是建议信，一般大家都会写对别人的建议，而这封信相当于给自己写建议，分条列款写出presentation的内容，但是千万不要忘记分别解释原因，因为如果单纯写内容会是什么而不写原因，会让内容显得非常没有逻辑，且更加现实的一个理由是，不解释原因很可能导致文章的字数会不够。而考生在思考具体内容落脚点的时候，应该尽量选取比较简单的词汇和比较好扩展原因的方面，比如中国的历史文化、饮食文化等等，这样一来我们的文章会更加有话可说。

而第三段则可以作一个小总结。最后期待一下对方的建议和回复即可。 落款： Yours sincerely, 特别提醒sincerely后面逗号不能丢；

签名： Li Ming特别注意 Ming 后面一定不能出现句点。 落款和前面左、右对齐都可以。

52. Directions:

Write your essay on ANSWER SHEET. (15 points) You should

1) interpret the chart, and 2) give your comments.

You should write about 150 words on the ANSWER SHEET. (15points)

The chart shows great changes in the number of museums and their visitors during the period from 2013 to 2015. According to the data given, what we cannot fail to see is that there is a sharp growth in the amounts of museums from 4165 to 4697 over the period from 2013 to 2015, while it is also pronounced that the number of their visitors increased sharply from 637.8 million to 781.1 million during this period.

At least two fundamental factors could be identified to contribute to this phenomenon. To begin with, it is widely admitted that with the rapid economic development in the whole social climate has been the dramatically upgraded living standard, which results in the common phenomenon that people in growing numbers can afford the once-deemed-expensive experience. In addition, there is no denying that the authorities concerned have issued a series of preferential policies to protect and promote the development of cultural industry, which encourages a widespread extension of visitors.

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that this trend will certainly maintain for quite a while in the near future, which will be of great benefits to our country and individual as well. 解析：

第一、出题形式。2015年和2016年连续两年考到的是饼状图，所以预测中我们已经讲到今年第一备选题型为柱状图和折线图（这两种图形属于同一种描述方式），而今年考得是折线图。

第二、考试内容：英语二的考试内容一般为社会正向风气的拓展和人数的增加而今年又正中下怀。此外今年的话题方向其实和真题的出题方向也是一致的，如2010年发展中-发达国家手机订阅量发展、2011年2008 、2009年国内轿车市场品牌市场份额以及2015年我国某市居民春节假期花销比例的出题方向完全相同。

第三、下面我们来解析今年的大作文这一部分

首先，拿到图表，我们应该观察其主要特征。在以往课堂中我们讲到柱状图和折线图主要描写事物变化趋势。所以，第一段第一句话总写图表是关于什么的，第二三句分写细

节。

其次，第二段我们一般进行分析原因论述，为什么会有上图现象。一般会包含两到三点。 最后一段一般是三种情况，包括总结，解决措施和预测趋势。其中预测趋势最为简单明了。

具体范文如上，大家可以参考。