国金练习5

CHAPTER 5 TARIFFS

MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. The imposition of tariffs on imports results in deadweight welfare losses for the home economy. These

losses consist of the:

a. Protective effect plus consumption effect b. Redistribution effect plus revenue effect c. Revenue effect plus protective effect

d. Consumption effect plus redistribution effect 2. Suppose that the United States eliminates its tariff on steel imports, permitting foreign-produced steel to

enter the U.S. market. Steel prices to U.S. consumers would be expected to: a. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase b. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would increase c. Increase, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease d. Decrease, and the foreign demand for U.S. exports would decrease 3. A $100 specific tariff provides home producers more protection from foreign competition when:

a. The home market buys cheaper products rather than expensive products b. It is applied to a commodity with many grade variations

c. The home demand for a good is elastic with respect to price changes d. It is levied on manufactured goods rather than primary products 4. A lower tariff on imported aluminum would most likely benefit:

a. Foreign producers at the expense of domestic consumers b. Domestic manufacturers of aluminum c. Domestic consumers of aluminum

d. Workers in the domestic aluminum industry

5. When a government allows raw materials and other intermediate products to enter a country duty free, its

tariff policy generally results in a (an):

a. Effective tariff rate less than the nominal tariff rate b. Nominal tariff rate less than the effective tariff rate c. Rise in both nominal and effective tariff rates d. Fall in both nominal and effective tariff rates

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

6. Of the many arguments in favor of tariffs, the one that has enjoyed the most significant economic

justification has been the:

a. Infant industry argument

b. Cheap foreign labor argument c. Balance of payments argument d. Domestic living standard argument 7. The redistribution effect of an import tariff is the transfer of income from the domestic:

a. Producers to domestic buyers of the good b. Buyers to domestic producers of the good c. Buyers to the domestic government d. Government to the domestic buyers 8. Which of the following is true concerning a specific tariff?

a. It is exclusively used by the U.S. in its tariff schedules

b. It refers to a flat percentage duty applied to a good’s market value

c. It is plagued by problems associated with assessing import product values d. It affords less protection to home producers during eras of rising prices 9. The principal benefit of tariff protection goes to:

a. Domestic consumers of the good produced b. Domestic producers of the good produced c. Foreign producers of the good produced d. Foreign consumers of the good produced

10. Which of the following policies permits a specified quantity of goods to be imported at one tariff rate and

applies a higher tariff rate to imports above this quantity? a. Tariff quota b. Import tariff c. Specific tariff d. Ad valorem tariff 11. Assume the United States adopts a tariff quota on steel in which the quota is set at 2 million tons, the

within-quota tariff rate equals 5 percent, and the over-quota tariff rate equals 10 percent. Suppose the U.S. imports 1 million tons of steel. The resulting revenue effect of the tariff quota would accrue to: a. The U.S. government only b. U.S. importing companies only c. Foreign exporting companies only

d. The U.S. government and either U.S. importers or foreign exporters 12. When the production of a commodity does not utilize imported inputs, the effective tariff rate on the

commodity:

a. Exceeds the nominal tariff rate on the commodity b. Equals the nominal tariff rate on the commodity c. Is less than the nominal tariff rate on the commodity d. None of the above

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

13. Developing nations often maintain that industrial countries permit raw materials to be imported at very low

tariff rates while maintaining high tariff rates on manufactured imports. Which of the following refers to the above statement? a. Tariff-quota effect b. Nominal tariff effect c. Tariff escalation effect d. Protective tariff effect 14. Should the home country be “large” relative to the world, its imposition of a tariff on imports would lead to

an increase in domestic welfare if the terms-of-trade effect exceeds the sum of the: a. Revenue effect plus redistribution effect b. Protective effect plus revenue effect

c. Consumption effect plus redistribution effect d. Protective effect plus consumption effect 15. Should Canada impose a tariff on imports, one would expect Canada’s:

a. Terms of trade to improve and volume of trade to decrease b. Terms of trade to worsen and volume of trade to decrease c. Terms of trade to improve and volume of trade to increase d. Terms of trade to worsen and volume of trade to increase 16. A beggar-thy-neighbor policy is the imposition of:

a. Free trade to increase domestic productivity

b. Trade barriers to increase domestic demand and employment c. Import tariffs to curb domestic inflation

d. Revenue tariffs to make products cheaper for domestic consumers

17. A problem encountered when implementing an “infant industry” tariff is that:

a. Domestic consumers will purchase the foreign good regardless of the tariff b. Political pressure may prevent the tariff’s removal when the industry matures c. Most industries require tariff protection when they are mature d. Labor unions will capture the protective effect in higher wages 18. Tariffs are not defended on the ground that they:

a. Improve the terms of trade of foreign nations b. Protect jobs and reduce unemployment

c. Promote growth and development of young industries

d. Prevent overdependence of a country on only a few industries 19. The deadweight loss of a tariff:

a. Is a social loss since it promotes inefficient production

b. Is a social loss since it reduces the revenue for the government

c. Is not a social loss because society as a whole doesn’t pay for the loss d. Is not a social loss since only business firms suffer revenue losses

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

20. Which of the following is a fixed percentage of the value of an imported product as it enters the country?

a. Specific tariff b. Ad valorem tariff c. Nominal tariff d. Effective tariff 21. A tax of 20 cents per unit of imported cheese would be an example of: a. Compound tariff b. Effective tariff c. Ad valorem tariff d. Specific tariff 22. A tax of 15 percent per imported item would be an example of: a. Ad valorem tariff b. Specific tariff c. Effective tariff d. Compound tariff 23. Which type of tariff is not used by the American government? a. Import tariff b. Export tariff c. Specific tariff d. Ad valorem tariff

24. Which trade policy results in the government levying a “two-tier” tariff on imported goods?

a. Tariff quota b. Nominal tariff c. Effective tariff d. Revenue tariff

25. If we consider the impact on both consumers and producers, then protection of the steel industry is: a. In the interest of the United States as a whole, but not in the interest of the state of Pennsylvania b. In the interest of the United States as a whole and in the interest of the state of Pennsylvania c. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, but it might be in the interest of the state of

Pennsylvania

d. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, nor in the interest of the state of Pennsylvania 26. If I purchase a stereo from South Korea, I obtain the stereo and South Korea obtains the dollars. But if I

purchase a stereo produced in the United States, I obtain the stereo and the dollars remain in America. This line of reasoning is:

a. Valid for stereos, but not for most products imported by the United States b. Valid for most products imported by the United States, but not for stereos c. Deceptive since Koreans eventually spend the dollars on U.S. goods

d. Deceptive since the dollars spent on a stereo built in the United States eventually wind up overseas

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

27. The most vocal political pressure for tariffs is generally made by:

a. Consumers lobbying for export tariffs b. Consumers lobbying for import tariffs c. Producers lobbying for export tariffs d. Producers lobbying for import tariffs

28. If we consider the interests of both consumers and producers, then a policy of tariff reduction in the U.S.

auto industry is:

a. In the interest of the United States as a whole, but not in the interest of auto-producing states b. In the interest of the United States as a whole, and in the interest of auto-producing states c. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, nor in the interest of auto-producing states d. Not in the interest of the United States as a whole, but is in the interest of auto-producing states 29. Free traders point out that:

a. There is usually an efficiency gain from having tariffs b. There is usually an efficiency loss from having tariffs c. Producers lose from tariffs at the expense of consumers d. Producers lose from tariffs at the expense of the government 30. A decrease in the import tariff will result in:

a. An increase in imports but a decrease in domestic production b. A decrease in imports but an increase in domestic production c. An increase in price but a decrease in quantity purchased d. A decrease in price and a decrease in quantity purchased

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

Figure 5.1 illustrates the demand and supply schedules for pocket calculators in Mexico, a “small” nation that is unable to affect the world price. Answer the next 11 questions on the basis of this figure.

Figure 5.1. Import Tariff Levied by a “Small” Country

31. Consider Figure 5.1. In the absence of trade, Mexico produces and consumes:

a. 10 calculators b. 40 calculators c. 60 calculators d. 80 calculators

32. Consider Figure 5.1. In the absence of trade, Mexico’s producer surplus and consumer surplus respectively equal:

a. $120, $240 b. $180, $180 c. $180, $320 d. $240, $240

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

33. Consider Figure 5.1. With free trade, Mexico imports:

a. 40 calculators b. 60 calculators c. 80 calculators d. 100 calculators

34. Consider Figure 5.1. With free trade, the total value of Mexico’s imports equal: a. $220 b. $260 c. $290 d. $300

35. Consider Figure 5.1. With free trade, Mexico’s producer surplus and consumer surplus respectively equal:

a. $5, $605 b. $25, $380 c. $45, $250 d. $85, $195 36. Consider Figure 5.1. With a per-unit tariff of $3, the quantity of imports decreases to: a. 20 calculators b. 40 calculators c. 50 calculators d. 70 calculators 37. According to Figure 5.1, the loss in Mexican consumer surplus due to the tariff equals: a. $225 b. $265 c. $285 d. $325 38. According to Figure 5.1, the tariff results in the Mexican government collecting:

a. $100 b. $120 c. $140 d. $160 39. According to Figure 5.1, Mexican manufacturers gain __________ because of the tariff.

a. $75 b. $85 c. $95 d. $105 40. According to Figure 5.1, the deadweight cost of the tariff totals:

a. $60 b. $70 c. $80 d. $90

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

41. Consider Figure 5.1. The tariff would be prohibitive (i.e., eliminate imports) if it equaled:

a. $2 b. $3 c. $4 d. $5

Assume the United States is a large consumer of steel that is able to influence the world price. Its demand and supply schedules are respectively denoted by DU.S. and SU.S. in Figure 5.2. The overall (United States plus world) supply schedule of steel is denoted by SU.S.+W. Answer the next six questions on the basis of this information.

Figure 5.2. Import Tariff Levied by a “Large” Country

42. Consider Figure 5.2. With free trade, the United States achieves market equilibrium at a price of $_______.

At this price, __________ tons of steel are produced by U.S. firms, __________ tons are bought by U.S. buyers, and __________ tons are imported. a. $450, 5 tons, 60 tons, 55 tons b. $475, 10 tons, 50 tons, 40 tons c. $525, 5 tons, 60 tons, 55 tons d. $630, 30 tons, 30 tons, 0 tons

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

43. Consider Figure 5.2. Suppose the United States imposes a tariff of $100 on each ton of steel imported. With

the tariff, the price of steel rises to $_______ and imports fall to __________ tons. a. $550, 20 tons b. $550, 30 tons c. $575, 20 tons d. $575, 30 tons 44. Consider Figure 5.2. Of the $100 tariff, $_______ is passed on to the U.S. consumer via a higher price, while $_______ is borne by the foreign exporter; the U.S. terms of trade __________. a. $25, $75, improve b. $25, $75, worsen c. $75, $25, improve d. $75, $25, worsen 45. Refer to Figure 5.2. The tariff’s deadweight welfare loss to the United States totals: a. $450 b. $550 c. $650 d. $750 46. According to Figure 5.2, the tariff’s terms-of-trade effect equals:

a. $300 b. $400 c. $500 d. $600

47. According to Figure 5.2, the tariff leads to the overall welfare of the United States:

a. Rising by $250 b. Rising by $500 c. Falling by $250 d. Falling by $500

48. Suppose that the production of $500,000 worth of steel in the United States requires $100,000 worth of iron ore. The U.S. nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 15 percent for steel and 5 percent for iron ore. Given this information, the effective rate of protection for the U.S. steel industry is approximately: a. 6 percent b. 12 percent c. 18 percent d. 24 percent 49. Suppose that the production of a $30,000 automobile in Canada requires $10,000 worth of steel. The Canadian nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 25 percent for automobiles and 10 percent for steel. Given this information, the effective rate of protection for the Canadian automobile industry is approximately: a. 15 percent b. 32 percent c. 48 percent d. 67 percent

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

Answer the next two questions on the basis of the following information. Assume that the

United States imports automobiles from South Korea at a price of $20,000 per vehicle and that these vehicles are subject to an import tariff of 20 percent. Also assume that U.S. components are used in the vehicles assembled by South Korea and that these components have a value of $10,000.

50. In the absence of the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, the price of an imported vehicle to

the U.S. consumer after the tariff has been levied is: a. $22,000 b. $23,000 c. $24,000 d. $25,000 51. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, the price of an imported vehicle to the U.S.

consumer after the tariff has been levied is: a. $22,000 b. $23,000 c. $24,000 d. $25,000 52. Suppose an importer of steel is required to pay a tariff of $20 per ton plus 5 percent of the value of steel.

This is an example of a (an): a. Specific tariff b. Ad valorem tariff c. Compound tariff d. Tariff quota 53. A compound tariff is a combination of a (an): a. Tariff quota and a two-tier tariff b. Revenue tariff and a protective tariff c. Import tariff and an export tariff

d. Specific tariff and an ad valorem tariff

Using the data of Table 5.1, answer Questions through 59.

Table 5.1. Production Costs and Prices of Imported and Domestic VCRs

Imported VCRs Domestic VCRsComponent parts $150 Imported component parts$150 Assembly cost/profit 50 Assembly cost 50 Nominal tariff 25 Profit 25Import price after tariff$225 Domestic price after tariff$225

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

. Consider Table 5.1. Prior to the tariff, the total price of domestically-produced VCRs is:

a. $150 b. $200 c. $225 d. $250 55. Consider Table 5.1. Prior to the tariff, the total price of imported VCRs is:

a. $150 b. $200 c. $225 d. $235 56. Consider Table 5.1. The nominal tariff rate on imported VCRs equals:

a. 11.1 percent b. 12.5 percent c. 16.7 percent d. 50.0 percent 57. Consider Table 5.1. Prior to the tariff, domestic value added equals: a. $25 b. $50 c. $75 d. $100 58. Consider Table 5.1. After the tariff, domestic value added equals:

a. $25 b. $50 c. $75 d. $100 59. Consider Table 5.1. The effective tariff rate equals:

a. 11.1 percent b. 16.7 percent c. 50.0 percent d. 100.0 percent

60. If the domestic value added before an import tariff for a product is $500 and the domestic value added after the tariff is $550, the effective rate of protection is: a. 5 percent b. 8 percent c. 10 percent d. 15 percent

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS

T

F

1. To protect domestic producers from foreign competition, the U.S. government levies both import tariffs and export tariffs. 2. With a compound tariff, a domestic importer of an automobile might be required to pay a duty T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

of $200 plus 4 percent of the value of the automobile. 3. With a specific tariff, the degree of protection afforded domestic producers varies directly with changes in import prices. 4. During a business recession, when cheaper products are purchased, a specific tariff provides domestic producers a greater amount of protection against import-competing goods. 5. A ad valorem tariff provides domestic producers a declining degree of protection against import-competing goods during periods of changing prices. 6. With a compound duty, its “specific” portion neutralizes the cost disadvantage of domestic manufacturers that results from tariff protection granted to domestic suppliers of raw materials, and the “ad valorem” portion of the duty grants protection to the finished-goods industry. 7. The nominal tariff rate signifies the total increase in domestic productive activities compared to what would occur under free-trade conditions. 8. When material inputs enter a country at a very low duty while the final imported product is protected by a high duty, the result tends to be a high rate of protection for domestic producers of the final product. 9. According to the tariff escalation effect, industrial countries apply low tariffs to imports of finished goods and high tariffs to imports of raw materials. 10. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, U.S. import duties apply only to

the value added in the foreign assembly process, provided that U.S.-made components are used by overseas companies in their assembly operations. 11. Bonded warehouses and foreign trade zones have the effect of allowing domestic importers to

postpone and prorate over time their import duty obligations. 12. A nation whose imports constitute a very small portion of the world market supply is a price

taker, facing a constant world price for its import commodity. 13. Graphically, consumer surplus is represented by the area above the demand curve and below

the product’s market price. 14. Producer surplus is the revenue producers receive over and above the minimum necessary for

production.

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

T F

15. For a “small” country, a tariff raises the domestic price of an imported product by the full

amount of the duty. 16. Although an import tariff provides the domestic government additional tax revenue, it benefits

domestic consumers at the expense of domestic producers. 17. An import tariff reduces the welfare of a “small” country by an amount equal to the

redistribution effect plus the revenue effect.

18. The deadweight losses of an import tariff consist of the protection effect plus the consumption

effect. 19. The redistribution effect is the transfer of producer surplus to domestic consumers of the

import-competing product. 20. As long as it is assumed that a nation accounts for a negligible portion of international trade, its

levying an import tariff necessarily increases its overall welfare. 21. Changes in a “large” country’s economic conditions or trade policies can affect the terms at

which it trades with other countries. 22. A “large” country, that levies a tariff on imports, cannot improve the terms at which it trades

with other countries. 23. For a “large” country, a tariff on an imported product may be partially absorbed by the

domestic consumer via a higher purchase price and partially absorbed by the foreign producer via a lower export price. 24. If a “large” country levies a tariff on an imported good, its overall welfare increases if the

monetary value of the tariff’s consumption effect plus protective effect exceeds the monetary value of the terms-of-trade effect. 25. If a “small” country levies a tariff on an imported good, its overall welfare increases if the

monetary value of the tariff’s consumption effect plus protective effect is less than the monetary value of the terms-of-trade effect. 26. A tariff on steel imports tends to improve the competitiveness of domestic automobile

companies. 27. If a tariff reduces the quantity of Japanese autos imported by the United States, over time it

reduces the ability of Japan to import goods from the United States. 28. A compound tariff permits a specified amount of goods to be imported at one tariff rate while

any imports above this amount are subjected to a higher tariff rate. 29. A tariff can be thought of as a tax on imported goods.

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

T F

30. Although tariffs on imported steel may lead to job gains for domestic steel workers, they can

lead to job losses for domestic auto workers. 31. Relatively low wages in Mexico make it impossible for U.S. manufacturers of labor-intensive

goods to compete against Mexican manufacturers. 32. According to the infant-industry argument, temporary tariff protection granted to an infant

industry will help it become competitive in the world market; when international competitiveness is achieved, the tariff should be removed.

T F

T F

In the absence of international trade, assume that the equilibrium price and quantity of

motorcycles in Canada is $14,000 and 10 units respectively. Assuming that Canada is a small country that is unable to affect the world price of motorcycles, suppose its market is opened to international trade. As a result, the price of motorcycles falls to $12,000 and the total quantity demanded rises to 14 units; out of this total, 6 units are produced in Canada while 8 units are imported. Now assume that the Canadian government levies an import tariff of $1,000 on motorcycles. Answer the next six questions on the basis of this information.

T

F

33. As a result of the tariff, the price of imported motorcycles equals $13,000 and imports total 4

cycles. 34. The tariff leads to an increase in Canadian consumer surplus totaling $11,000. 35. The tariff’s redistribution effect equals $7,000. 36. The tariff’s revenue effect equals $6,000.

37. All of the import tariff is shifted to the Canadian consumer via a higher price of motorcycles. 38. The tariff leads to a deadweight welfare loss for Canada totaling $1,000.

39. Unlike a specific tariff, an ad valorem tariff differentiates between commodities with different

values. 40. A limitation of a specific tariff is that it provides a constant level of protection for domestic

commodities regardless of fluctuations in their prices over time. 41. A tariff quota is a combination of a specific tariff and an ad valorem tariff.

42. A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed percentage of the total value of an imported product. 43. The protective effect of a tariff occurs to the extent that less efficient domestic production is

substituted for more efficient foreign production. 44. A tariff can increase the welfare of a “large” levying country if the favorable terms-of-trade

effect more than offsets the unfavorable protective effect and consumption effect.

T T T T T T

F F F F F F

T F

T T T

F F F

T F

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

T F

45. If the world price of steel is $600 per ton, a specific tariff of $120 per ton is equivalent to an ad

valorem tariff of 25 percent. 46. An import tariff will worsen the terms of trade for a “small” country but improve the terms of

trade for a “large” country. 47. Suppose that the tariff on imported steel is 40 percent, the tariff on imported iron ore is 20

percent, and 30 percent of the cost of producing a ton of steel consists of the iron ore it contains. The effective rate of protection of steel is approximately 49 percent. 48. There is widespread agreement among economists that import tariffs increase overall

employment in the levying country.

49. Assume that the United States imports VCRs from South Korea at a price of $200 per unit and

that these VCRs are subject to an import tariff of 20 percent. Also assume that U.S.

components are used in the VCRs assembled by South Korea and that these components have a value of $100. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, the price of an imported VCR to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has been levied is $220. 50. Assume that the United States imports televisions from Taiwan at a price of $300 per unit and

that these televisions are subject to an import tariff of 25 percent. Also assume that U.S.

components are used in the televisions assembled by Taiwan and that these components have a value of $100. Under the Offshore Assembly Provision of U.S. tariff policy, the price of an imported television to the U.S. consumer after the tariff has been levied is $375.

T F

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T F

T F

T F

TERM EXPLANATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17.

Trade or commercial policies Import tariff Export tariff

Ad valorem tariff Specific tariff Compound tariff

Consumption effect of a tariff Production effect of a tariff Trade effect of a tariff Revenue effect of a tariff Consumer surplus

Rent or producer surplus

Protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff Nominal tariff

Rate of effective protection Domestic value added Prohibitive tariff

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

18. Stolper –Samuelson theorem 19. Metzler paradox 20. Optimum

ANSWER QUESTIONS

1.

Draw a figure similar to Figure 8.1 for Nation 1 but with the quantity of commodity Y on the horizontal axis and the dollar price of Y on the vertical axis. Draw Sy for Nation 1, identical to Sx for Nation 2 in Figure 8.1, but draw Dy for Nation 1 crossing the vertical axis at Py=$8 and the horizontal axis at 80Y. Finally, assume that Py=$1 under free trade and that Nation 1 then imposes a 100 percent ad valorem import tariff on commodity Y.With regard to your figure, indicate the following for Nation1:

The level of consumption, production, and imports of commodity Y at the free trade price of Py=$1

The level of consumption, production, and imports of commodity Y after Nation 1 imposes the 100 percent ad valorem tariff on commodity Y.

What are the consumption, production, trade, and revenue effects of the tariff? For the statement of Problem 1:

Determine the dollar value of the consumer surplus before and after the imposition of the tariff.

Of the increase in the revenue of producers with the tariff (as compared with their revenues under free trade), how much represents increased production costs? Increased rent, or producer surplus? What is the dollar value of the protection cost, or deadweight loss, of the tariff?

Suppose that a nation reduces import tariffs on raw materials and intermediate products but not on finished products. What effect will this have on the rate of effective protection in the nation?

Explain the forces at work that lead to the redistribution of income in your answer to Problem 8, in a way analogous to the explanation given in Section 8.4c for the redistribution of income in Nation 2 when that nation imposed an import tariff on commodity X.

How would the result in Problem 8 be affected if Nation 1 were instead assumed to be a large nation?

Intensive commodities? Why? What effect is this likely to have on the distribution of income between labor and capital in India?

Sta India more likely to restrict its imports of L-intensive or K-i rting with the free trade offer curve of Nation 1 and Nation 2 in Figure 8.6 and building on your figure in Problem 1, draw a figure analogous to Figure 8.6 showing the general equilibrium effects of the 100 percent ad valorem import tariff on commodity Y imposed by Nation 1, now assumed to be a large nation.

Draw a figure analogous to Figure 8.7 for Nation 1 showing that with the optimum tariff Nation 1 will trade 25X for 40Y and also showing the effect of Nation 2 retaliating with an optimum tariff of its own. What happens if the two nations retaliate against each other’s optimum tariff several times?

What is meant by an ad valorem, a specific, and a compound tariff? Are import or export tariffs more common in industrial nations? in developing nations?

What is meant by the consumption, production, trade, revenue, and redistribution effects of a tariff? Describe a specific tariff, an ad valorem tariff and a compound tariff. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each?

What are the methods that customs appraisers use to determine the values of commodity imports?

Under what conditions does a nominal tariff applied to an import product overstate or understate the actual, or effective, protection afforded by the nominal tariff?

Less-developed nations sometimes argue that the industrialized nations’ tariff structures discourage the less-developed nations from undergoing industrialization, Explain.

(a) (b) (c) 2. (a) (b) (c) 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

16. Distinguish between consumer surplus and producer surplus. How do these concepts relate to a country’s

economic welfare?

17. When a nation impose tariff on the importation of a commodity, economic inefficiencies develop that

detract from the nation welfare. Explain.

18. What factors influence the size of the revenue, protective, consumption, and retributive effects of a tariff? 19. A nation that imposes tariffs on imported goods may find its welfare improving should the tariff result in

favorable shift in the terms of trade. Explain.

20. Which of the argument for tariffs do you feel are most relevant in today’s world?

21. Although tariffs may improve the welfare of a single nation, the world’s welfare may decline. Under what

conditions would this be true?

22. What impact does the imposition of a tariff normally have on a nation’s terms of trade and volume of trade? 23. Suppose that the production of $1 million worth of steel in Canada requires $100,000 worth of taconite.

Canada’s nominal tariff rates for importing these goods are 20 percent for steel and 10 percent for taconite. Given this information, calculate the effective rate of protection for Canada’s steel industry.

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

ANSWERS

ANSWERS TO MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. a 13. c 25. c 2. b 14. d 26. c 3. a 15. a 27. d 4. c 16. b 28. a 5. b 17. b 29. b 6. a 18. a 30. a 7. b 19. a 31. c 8. d 20. b 32. b 9. b 21. d 33. d 10. a 22. a 34. d 11. a 23. b 35. a 12. b

24. a

36. b

ANSWERS TO TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS

1. F 24. F 47. T 2. T 25. F 48. F 3. F 26. F 49. T 4. T 27. T 50. F

5. F 28. F 6. T 29. T 7. F 30. T 8. T 31. F 9. F 32. T 10. T 33. T 11. T 34. F 12. T 35. T 13. F 36. F 14. T 37. T 15. T 38. F 16. F 39. T 17. F 40. F 18. T 41. F 19. F 42. F 20. F 43. T 21. T 44. T 22. F 45. F 23. T

46. F

18

c 49. 38. b 50. 39. a 51. 40. d 52. d 53. 42. b . 43. a 55. 44. c 56. d 57. 46. c 58. 47. c 59. 48. c

60. b c a c d b b b b c c c

37. 41. 45. Chapter 5: Tariffs 19

ANSWERS TO TERM EXPLANATION

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Trade or commercial policies：omit Import tariff: levied on imports

Export tariff: levied on exported goods as they leave the country Ad valorem tariff: Levied as a percentage of the value of the product Specific tariff: Fixed monetary fee per unit of the product

Compound tariff: A combination of the above, often levied on finished goods whose components are also subject to tariff if imported separately

Consumption effect of a tariff: The residual not accounted for elsewhere, which arises from the decrease in consumption resulting from the increase in price due to the tariff. Production effect of a tariff: omit.

Trade effect of a tariff: the analysis of both the consumption effect and production effect. to the government.

11. Consumer surplus: The difference between the price buyers would be willing to pay and what

they actually pay

12. Rent or producer surplus: The revenue producers receive above the minimum amount required to

induce them to produce a good

13. Protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff: The real costs to society, not a transfer to other

sectors of the economy 14. Nominal tariff: omit

15. Rate of effective protection: omit 16. Domestic value added: omit 17. Prohibitive tariff:omit

18. Stolper –Samuelson theorem: omit 19. Metzler paradox:omit 20. Optimum: omit

10. Revenue effect of a tariff: The loss of consumer surplus, in monetary terms, which is transferred

ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS

1-8: omit. 9: economic loss. 10: developing country.

11: redistributive effect: The transfer of consumer surplus, in monetary term, to the domestic producers

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Chapter 5: Tariffs

of the import-competing product. revenue effect.The loss of consumer surplus, in monetary terms, which is transferred to the government. consumption effect:The residual not accounted for elsewhere, which arises from the decrease in consumption resulting from the increase in price due to the tariff. 12: Specific tariff:Fixed monetary fee per unit of the product. Ad valorem tariff: Levied as a percentage of the value of the product. Compound tariff: A combination of the above, often levied on finished goods whose components are also subject to tariff if imported separately 13-14: omit.

15: tariff increases the production costs.

16: Consumer surplus: The difference between the price buyers would be willing to pay and what they actually pay. Producer surplus: The revenue producers receive above the minimum amount required to induce them to produce a good.

17: The transfer of consumer surplus, in monetary term, to the domestic producers of the import-competing product. 18-20: omit.

21: Other nations may retaliate, further restricting trade 22-23: omit.

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