考研英语(一)模拟试卷185(题后含答案及解析)

考研英语（一）模拟试卷185 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Use of English 2. Reading Comprehension 3. Writing

Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D. (10 points)

Culture is activity of thought, and receptiveness to beauty and humane feeling. Scraps of information have【B1】______ to do with it. A【B2】______ well-informed man is the most useless bore on God’s earth. What we should aim at【B3】______ is men who possess both culture and expert knowledge in some【B4】______ direction. Their expert knowledge will give them the ground to start【B5】______, and their culture will【B6】______ them as deep as philosophy and as high as art. We have to remember that the【B7】______ intellectual development is self-development, and that it【B8】______ takes place between the ages of sixteen and thirty. As to training, the most important part is given by mothers【B9】______ the age of twelve. In training a child to activity of thought,【B10】______ all things we must be【B11】______ of what I will call “inert ideas” — that is to say, ideas that are merely【B12】______ into the mind without being utilized, or tested, or thrown into【B13】______ combinations. In the history of education, the most striking phenomenon is that schools of learning, which at one epoch are【B14】______ with a craze for genius, but in a succeeding generation exhibit merely【B15】______. The reason is that they are overladen with inert ideas.【B16】______ at rare intervals of intellectual motivation, education in the past has been radically infected with inert ideas. That is the reason why uneducated clever women, who have【B17】______ much of the world, are in middle life so much the most cultured part of the community. They have been【B18】______ from this horrible burden of inert ideas. Every intellectual revolution which has【B19】______ stirred humanity into greatness has been a passionate protest【B20】______ inert ideas.

1． 【B1】 A．everything B．nothing C．anything D．something

正确答案：B

解析：原文中have nothing to do的意思为“与……无关”，该空含义与下文相关：“一个知识多的人仅仅是无用之人”(a useless bore)。另外，nothing的否定意义也符合作者的在理行间表露出的态度，为下文对惰性思想的批判埋下了伏笔。[D]something也可以构成have something to do with(与……有关)搭配，但不符合上下文的否定态度。选项[A]everything和[C]anything既不符合搭配和不符合

原文内容。

2． 【B2】 A．merely B．rarely C．barely D．properly

正确答案：A

解析：空缺的副词修饰well—informed(有见识，消息灵通)一词。上文指出“零散信息与文化无关”(第1段：Scraps of information)，文章最后一段又强调说“聪明女性虽未受过教育，却有文化”(第3段：cultured part)。这些语句说明了information本身没有什么价值。此外，从英文解释看，[A]merely意思为“to emphasize that something or someone is no more important，useful，or valuable than you say they are”，merely与上下文的useful，valuable等词项照应。[B]rarely侧重于频度not very often，选项[C]barely侧重于判断indicating that the thing you are talking about is only just true or is only just the case，[B]和[C]显然不如[A]符合原文上下文的含义——原文侧重的是“实用和价值”。选项[D]properly(正确地，恰当地)脱离文章。

3． 【B3】 A．supplying B．producing C．creating D．developing

正确答案：B

解析：这是一个巧妙的措辞。首先，producing的宾语是what，而生产的是表语的men。其次，produce侧重于large quantities，在这表达出了讽刺之意，即教育培养出大量无用之人，与上文照应。选项[A]supplying(供给)明显不可取。选项[C]creating(创造)可以接what作宾语，但creating men(教育创造人)的说法有失偏颇。同样的道理，选项[D]developing(发展，开发)也不可选。

4． 【B4】 A．unique B．normal C．common D．special

正确答案：D

解析：空缺上下文主要谈论expert knowledge(专业知识)，换言之，作者谈论的是special direction。选项[A]unique(独特的)侧重于独有无偶，表达太过绝对。选项[B]normal (正常的)侧重“没有惊奇”。选项[C]common(通常的，共有的)侧重于in large numbers，happening often，三个干扰项显然不如[D]符合上下文含义。

5． 【B5】 A．across B．from C．along D．towards

正确答案：B

解析：根据原文，start from与ground相关联，即：“他们的专业知识给他们搭建了一个初始平台”。选项[A]across(横跨)，[C]along(沿着)和[D]towards(朝向)均不符合原文意思。

6． 【B6】 A．keep B．lead C．take D．shape

正确答案：B

解析：从语法角度看，语法结构为lead…deep…and high(其中，deep，high为宾语补足语)，即“引领他们走到哲学的深度和艺术的高度”。从语义角度看，上下文谈论发展的direction(方向)，以及对人们的education(教育)，比如，原文第3段谈到了uneducated一词，而education的词根一duc一本身就有lead的含义。因此选项[B]正确。选项[A]keep(保持)侧重维持现有状况，[C]take(拿，带)，这两个选项虽然符合空缺语法结构，但不符合上下文的意义。选项[D]shape(使成形，把……塑成……形)既不符合语法结构，也不符合上下文。

7． 【B7】 A．precious B．worthy C．valuable D．progressive

正确答案：C

解析：本词与上下文的useless，merely，utilized等照应。选项[A]precious(宝贵的，珍贵的)，侧重于“稀少(rare)”，由于原文未涉及“稀少”而侧重于“有用性”，因此[A]不如[C]恰当。选项[B]worthy虽与价值有关，但作development的修饰语不太通顺，而且该词含有诙谐和戏谑的语气。选项[D]progressive(进步的，先进的)显然不符合上下文。

8． 【B8】 A．partially B．largely C．roughly

D．broadly

正确答案：B 解析：根据本句中的between the ages of sixteen and thirty和第3段的in middle life so much the most…，可见这种情况“主要”发生在16岁到30岁之间。选项[A]partially(部分地)正好表达了相反的含义。选项[C]roughly(大约，大概)填入空缺虽然意义通顺，但原文侧重于学习主要发生的时期。选项[D]broadly(一般上，大致上)侧重的是宽泛，而非主次。

9． 【B9】 A．since B．after C．until D．before

正确答案：D

解析：这个空缺需要推测上下文含义：有价值的教育是自我发展，下文说需要培养孩子的智力。既然是孩子，培养过程理应发生在16岁之前。选项[B]after正好做出了相反的判断。选项[A]since和[C]until显然不符合原文内容。

10． 【B10】 A．above B．excluding C．among D．unlike

正确答案：A

解析：Above all things是一个固定搭配。选项[B]excluding(除……外，不包括)，[C]among(在……中间)，[D]unlike(不像)都不恰当。

11． 【B11】 A．aware B．capable C．thoughtful D．sure

正确答案：A 解析：就上下文内容来看，作者从认知的角度进行了话题的分析，we have to remember、ideas、mind等词项都说明aware的合理性。选项[D]sure侧重心理方面。选项[C]thoughtful(考虑周到的，体贴的)虽然可以与介词of搭配，但不如[A]贴切。选项[B]capable(有能力的)不符合上下文内容。

12． 【B12】 A．absorbed

B．received C．integrated D．conceived

正确答案：B

解析：根据文章一致性原则，receive与上文提到的receptiveness(接受)构成一致性。而选项[A]absorbed(融入，同化)，侧重于融为一体，而“知识与大脑融为一体，，的说法不恰当。同理，选项[C]integrated(加入，融为一体)也不恰当。选项[D]conceived(想象；怀孕)不符合空缺部分的含义。

13． 【B13】 A．fresh

B．fundamental C．logical D．equivalent

正确答案：A

解析：空缺部分修饰combination。首先，从英文喜新厌旧的文化价值观来看，选项[A]恰当。其次，作者在文中批判了惰性思想，与惰性思想相对的便是fresh combinations；创新正是作者支持的做法。其余三个干扰项从全文谈论的话题一致性来看，都不恰当。三个干扰项的含义分别是：[B]fundamental(根本的)，[C]logical(符合逻辑的)，[D]equivalent(同等的)。

14． 【B14】 A．popular B．bored C．content D．alive

正确答案：D

解析：短语alive with意为“热闹的，充满的，活跃的”，本题较难。根据文意，“某个时期吹捧天才”，而“其他时期炫耀中规中矩”，语句间流露出了作者的讽刺语气。其他三个干扰项虽然可以和介词with搭配，但不符合文章：[A]popular(喜爱的)，[B]bored(厌倦的)，[C]content(满意的)。

15． 【B15】 A．routine B．practice C．frame D．custom

正确答案：A

解析：本题与上一题的思路如出一辙。routine与上文的“genius”构成了对比关系。选项[B]practice(惯例，常规)侧重normal，standard，[C]frame(讨论或思

考问题的框架或背景范围)，[D]custom(习俗)，三个干扰项都不恰当。

16． 【B16】 A．except B．despite C．even D．only

正确答案：A

解析：本题难度较大。空缺的主句内容是：在过去的教育中，基本充斥着惰性思想。从radically(全然，根本地，彻底地)的含义来看，空缺的部分陈述那些例外的情况，因此选项[A]最佳，即at intervals与radically构成对比关系。选项[C]even和[D]only填入后表达与[A]相反的内容。而[B]despite(尽管)是介词，后接名词。

17． 【B17】 A．visited B．missed C．wandered D．seen

正确答案：D

解析：本题从两个角度审视：英语文化侧重于认知和感知世界，选项[D]的表达符合文化观；原文说“没有受过教育的女性，同样是有文化的，原因就是她们不受惰性思想的影响，受到所感知世界的影响。选项[B]missed(错过)正好做出了相反的理解。而选项[A]visited(参观)和[C]wandered(漫游)表述太具体，不如[D]有概括力。

18． 【B18】 A．freed B．saved C．relieved D．protected

正确答案：B

解析：虽然四个备选(过去分词形式)都可以和介词from搭配，但需要从空缺句子含义和全文的文风考虑。[B]saved侧重免受某种危害、失败或困境，而原文的惰性思想就是某种危害或困境。选项[A]freed(，自由)，侧重于不受规章(rules)的(restrict)或控制(control)，不如[B]恰当。选项[C]relieved(缓和，减轻)和[D]protected(保护)，显然脱离了句子含义。

19． 【B19】 A．then B．rather

C．ever D．instead

正确答案：C 解析：ever用于加强语气，与空缺句子中的现在完成时配合使用。选项[A]then可表达时间先后川页序，但原文侧重于“一直”的状态，选项[B]rather(非常，颇)加强语气，不如[C]恰当。[D]instead(作为代替，而，却)表对比关系。

20． 【B20】 A．upon B．against C．under D．as

正确答案：B

解析：既然惰性思想有害，那么我们需要表达强烈的。选项[A]upon常指与特定情境或行动有关的人或事。[C]under的本意是“在……下面(但有一段距离)”，可引申为“根据，依照(法律、协议、体系、规定)”。选项[D]as的意思为“作为”。

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part ADirections: Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. (40 points)

Transparency has hit the headlines. In the wake of evidence that many research findings are not reproducible, the scientific community has launched initiatives to increase data sharing, transparency and open critique. As with any new development, there are unintended consequences. Many measures that can improve science —shared data, post-publication peer review and public engagement on social media —can be turned against scientists. Endless information requests, complaints to researchers’ universities, online harassment, distortion of scientific findings and even threats of violence: these were all recurring experiences shared by researchers from a broad range of disciplines at a Royal Society-sponsored meeting last year that we organized to explore this topic. Orchestrated and well-funded harassment campaigns against researchers working in climate change and tobacco control are well documented. Some hard-line opponents to other research, such as that on nuclear fallout, vaccination, chronic fatigue syndrome or genetically modified organisms, although less resourced, have employed identical strategies. Such attacks place scientists in a difficult position. Good researchers do not turn away when confronted by alternative views. However, their openness can be exploited by opponents who are keen to stall inconvenient research. When people object to science because it challenges their beliefs or jeopardizes their interests, they are rarely committed to informed debate. The progress of research demands transparency.

But as scientists work to boost rigour, they risk making science more vulnerable to attacks. Awareness of tactics is paramount. Scientists should ignore critics who are abusive or illogical and those that make the same points repeatedly despite refutations. Internet trolling has been associated with sadism and psychopathy. Engagement with such bad-faith actors can endanger scientists’ well-being in a way that university ethics committees would never condone in research on human subjects. All who participate in post-publication review should identify themselves. The drawbacks of anonymity ( its encouragement of bad behaviour) outweigh its advantages (for example, it allows junior people to criticize senior academics without fear of redress). What’s more, the scientific community should not indulge in games of ‘gotcha’ (intentionally turning small errors against a person). Minor corrections and clarifications after publication should not be a reason to stigmatize fellow researchers. Scientific publications should be seen as “living documents,” with corrigenda an accepted — if unwelcome — part of scientific progress. Similar attention must be devoted to stressors and threats to science that arise in response to research that is considered inconvenient. The same institutions and bodies that have scrutinized science must also start a conversation about how to protect it.

21． The direct reason for transparency in doing science is A．the improvement of scientific knowledge. B．the popularity of social media.

C．the irresproducibility of research findings. D．the prejudice against scientists.

正确答案：C

解析：(1)根据题目顺序，本题出处可定位至第1段。(2)根据文章，“由于证据表明，许多研究发现无法复制”(第1段：In the wake of)，“科研团体发起了科研透明性数据分享的创意”(第1段：initiatives)。据此，确定选项[C]为最佳答案。

22． We learn from Paragraph 2 that various attacks against scientists are launched

A．secretly and momentarily. B．constantly and aggressively. C．voluntarily and violently. D．verbally and spiritually.

正确答案：B

解析：(1)根据题干关键词定位至第2段。(2)根据文章，“没完没了的(请求、抱怨、骚扰、扭曲甚至暴力)”(第2段：Endless)，“这些是反复发生的”(第2段：recurring)。“(针对科学家的运动)精心安排、资金雄厚”(第2段：Orchestrated，well—funded)。“(持有强硬路线的反对者)使用了相同的手段”(第2段：identical strategies)。综合和概括这些信息，确定选项[B]为最佳答案。

23． The word “condone” (Para. 5) is closest in meaning to A．disregard. B．condemn. C．reaffirm. D．defame.

正确答案：A

解析：(1)根据题干关键词本题出处定位至第5段。(2)从构词法看，前缀con加强语气，词根done含义为give，donate(给予)，该词本义与“宽容”(forgive)相关。(3)根据语境分析，“对于无理取闹者，科学家们应该不予理睬”(第5段：ignore)，“与不怀好意者纠缠，会损害科学家的福祉”(第5段：Engagement)，“就人文科目的研究，大学伦理委员绝不会condone这些纠缠的”(第5段：would never condone)。从句子之间的连贯性来看，condone与上文的ignore照应，即科学家们应该采取的策略是什么。故选项[A]正确。

24． The author believes that, in face of the challenge from opponents, researchers should

A．realize the importance of subtle tactics. B．feel no shame for their noble cause. C．have their names removed from papers. D．remain silent on sensitive issues.

正确答案：A

解析：(1)本文第1、第2段指出了科学家面对的各种攻击，从第3段开始为科学家们提出了解决问题的建议。所以，本题需要概括原文内容。(2)根据第4段，“具备策略意识是非常重要的”(第4段：tactics)。(3)第5段介绍“忽视那些反对者的策略”，第6段介绍“匿名审核方面的策略”，第7段介绍“关注施压因素和威胁的策略”。综合这些内容，确定选项[A]是原文内容的概括。

25． Which of the following is the best title of the text? A．Openness Is What Is Essential to the Progress of Science. B．A Frank Conversation: Protect Researchers from Attacks. C．The Prestige of the Scientific Community Is Often Stained. D．Research Integrity: Don’t Let Transparency Damage Science.

正确答案：D

解析：(1)本题的思考角度与上题一致。(2)文章第1、第2段介绍了“透明”(transparency)给研究者带来的麻烦，第3段介绍“攻击给研究者造成的困境”(第3段：difficult position)，也许危害到研究的进步。(3)第5、6、7段涉及面对“无理、匿名和偏激的攻击”(illogical，stressors and threats)，科学家们应该如何应对。最后，文章说“科学团体必须就如何保护科研展开对话”(第7段：must also start)。概括全文内容并理解了作者的言外之意后，可知选项[D]为最佳答案。

The NHS remains one of the reasons why people are proud to be British. It

provides outstanding care to more than a million of us every day, despite huge pressure caused by tight finances and an ageing population. At the last election, the British people were clear—a strong NHS needs a strong economy. So those who back Brexit need to explain what that would mean for the NHS. I am not someone who believes we could not survive economically outside the EU. Nor do I believe that—as the world’s fifth largest economy—we would not eventually negotiate new trade deals. But we know that would involve years of economic uncertainty and that no country outside the EU has ever secured full, unfettered access to the single market. Even the most bullish Brexiteers concede that the short-term impact on the British economy would be a period of uncertainty and volatility. The independent Office for Budget Responsibility has said that “there appears to be a greater consensus that a vote to leave would result in a period of potentially disruptive uncertainty while the precise details of the UK’s new relationship with the EU were negotiated”. And therein lies the risk to the NHS of leaving. Those wishing to leave might say this uncertainty is a price worth paying, but my concern is more practical. The NHS consumes the second biggest budget in Whitehall. Next year, thanks to this government’s success in turning around the economy, it will have the sixth biggest increase in its history. Investing in the NHS will always be a priority for this government, but the simple fact is this: an economic shock would put pressure on our finances. According to the OECD, Greece, Portugal, Spain and Italy all cut health spending per head following the economic crisis. Of course, our economy is stronger and more resilient, but only in the last two weeks a series of studies from the likes of the London School of Economics, Oxford Economics and the CBI have shown that the impact of an exit could cost the UK more than 5% of the size of our economy.This would inevitably mean less money for public services like the NHS. Those who want to leave need to explain how they could protect the NHS from this economic shock. It is not just a question of the risk to the pounds in our pocket, but to the pounds in the NHS budget as well. We should not take that risk.

26． According to Paragraph 1, what is the author’s attitude toward Brexit? A．Contemptuous. B．Appreciative. C．Critical. D．Indifferent.

正确答案：C

解析：(1)根据题干关键词定位至第1段。注意，题干中的Brexit应理解为“英国退出欧盟”。(2)根据文章，“NHS(国民医疗保健体系)在面对压力和人口老龄化时，为人们提供卓越的服务”(第l段：outstanding)，“人们清醒地认识到，强大的NHS需要强大的经济”(第l段：strong)，“那些支持退出欧盟的人们需要认识到这一点”(第1段：back)。这些语句的言外之意便是：退出欧盟会损害英国经济，因而损害NHS。因此，选项[C]为最佳答案。

27． The word “bullish” (Para. 3) is closest in meaning to A．aggressive. B．feverish. C．optimistic. D．reserved.

正确答案：C

解析：(1)根据题干关键词定位至第3段，该词修饰Brexiteers(支持英国退出欧盟的人)。(2)从构词看，bullish的词根为bull(牛，公牛)，后缀为ish，含义为“牛脾气的；看涨的；乐观的”。(3)从上下文语境看，“即便是最……(bullish)的支持退出欧盟的人也承认，英国经济短期内会充满变数”(第3段：concede，uncertainty)。本文作者观点与这些支持者相悖，作者持有的是慎重的态度，认为退出欧盟会影响英国经济，充满不确定性，从而影响了NHS。综合这些分析，选项[C]为最佳答案。

28． The author believes that Brexit will

A．help UK achieve economic recovery in a long term. B．throw British economy into an unpredictable state. C．retain global competitiveness in a single market. D．guarantee the normal operation of the NHS.

正确答案：B

解析：(1)本题需要从多个出处综合考虑。(2)根据第2段，作者说，“我并不认为退出欧盟英国经济不能生存，我也不认为英国最终不能进行贸易……但是，经济会经历多年的不确定性”(第2段：years of economic uncertainty)。(3)根据第3段，作者重申了经济将会出现许多不确定因素。综合这些内容，选项[B]为最佳答案。

29． To which of the following will the author be most likely to agree? A．A strong NHS is necessarily related to a strong economy. B．Economic boom will mean less money for the health service. C．A vote to leavethe EU will create economic prosperity. D．The budget for the NHS requires further investigation.

正确答案：A

解析：(1)本题的解题思路与上题一致。其实，本题与全文的中心议题相关。(2)第1段作者就表明“强大的NHS需要强大的经济”(第1段：strong)。(3)第4段，“那些支持英国退出欧盟者认为，对NHS的影响是我们值得付出的代价”(第4段：worth)，但是，“NHS在预算中占很大的比重”(第4段：consumes)。言外之意便是，只有经济强大，我们引以为豪的NHS才会强大。故选项[A]正确。

30． The author seems to be mainly concerned with the impact of leaving the EU on

A．the budget of the NHS.

B．the income of families. C．the size of the economy. D．the role of public services.

正确答案：A

解析：(1)根据题目顺序，可将出处定位至篇末。需要综合最后三个段落的内容。(2)根据第5段，“对NHS的投资是的优先考虑”(第5段：priority)。根据第6段，“退出欧盟会给英国经济造成损失”(第6段：cost)，会影响NHS预算。最后，作者得出的结论便是：疲软的经济肯定会给NHS的预算造成风险。因此，选项[A]是作者关注的重点。

Restoring the world’s fisheries is really a no-brainer, says a new study published Monday in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). A team of scientists from the University of California compiled a database of over 4,500 fisheries around the world, and after using various bioeconomic models, the authors found that health and productivity are not mutually exclusive when it comes to the world’s fisheries. “It is not a tradeoff between the needs of fishermen and the needs of fish,” Douglas Rader, chief oceans scientist at the Environmental Defense Fund, tells The Christian Science Monitor in a phone interview Monday. “To have our fish and eat them too—it’s remarkable.” “Applying sound management reforms to global fisheries in our dataset could generate annual increases exceeding 16 million metric tons (MMT) in catch, $ 53 billion in profit, and 619 MMT in biomass relative to business as usual,” the authors explain in their study. “We also find that, with appropriate reforms, recovery can happen quickly, with the median fishery taking under 10 [years] to reach recovery targets. Our results show that commonsense reforms to fishery management would dramatically improve overall fish abundance while increasing food security and profits.” Rights-based fishery management (RBFM) optimizes economic value. In this approach, fishing quotas are set to ensure healthy population levels, and then in turn product prices increase (because of higher quality and demand) and fishing costs decrease (because of a reduced race to fish). And RBFM is realized through approaches like cooperatives, territorial rights, and individual transferable quotas. All of these approaches give fishermen secure fishing rights. Under most current management systems, fisherman practice a “race to fish” competing with one another to catch as many fish as possible, taking fish at a faster rate than they can reproduce. Some governments have instituted individual quotas, but this creates a tense relationship between fisherman and regulators, and the men and women on the water lack a financial incentive to preserve the overall ecosystem. “In contrast, in a catch share system (also called a fishing rights system) , each fisherman is entitled to a percentage of the total allocated haul,” explains National Geographic’s Brian Clark Howard after his conversation with study author Amanda Leland. “ If the number of fish in the ocean rises, the number that can be caught can quickly be revised. That gives all fishermen an incentive to use best practices and patrol their own waters, says Leland, so everyone’ s piece of the pie gets bigger.” And this

isn’t exactly a new concept, says Rader. We’ve known the fates of fisheries and fisherman are interconnected, but this study proves that both financial and reproductive success, respectively, are possible.

31． What used to be the relationship between health and productivity concerning the world’s fisheries?

A．Fragile.

B．Harmonious. C．Casual.

D．Incompatible.

正确答案：D

解析：(1)根据题目顺序，本题可定至第1段。(2)根据文章，“世界渔场恢复有望”，(研究发现)“世界渔场的健康和生产率之间的关系不会再是相互排斥的”(第l段：not mutually exclusive)。根据第2段，“渔民需要和渔场需要，并非鱼和熊掌”(第2段：not a tradeoff)。其言外之意便是，过去长时期内两者之间的关系是排斥的，即“鱼和熊掌不可兼得”。(3)从全文来看，本文就是从“渔民”和“渔场”双赢的角度进行分析的。据此，选项[D]正确。

32． It seems that the recovery of fisheries depends much on A．the use of fishing technologies. B．the catch sizes in fisheries. C．the improvement of biomass. D．the amount of investment.

正确答案：C

解析：(1)根据题干关键词recovery(恢复)，定位至第3段。注意题干中much一词的。(2)根据文章，“若进行管理改革．捕捞量会增加、利润会增加、生物量也会增加”(第3段：increases，biomass)。“改革后，渔场可迅速恢复，总体上可以改进整体的鱼类数量”(第3段：fish abundance)。这里的abundance是重复上文的biomass，生物量的增多是作者主要关心的问题。据此，选项[C]为最佳答案。

33． What can be the critical element in the rights-based fishery management? A．Territorial defence. B．Fishing quotas. C．Fund allocation. D．Close cooperation.

正确答案：B

解析：(1)关于rights-based fishery management这一概念，是第4段的话题。注意题干中critical的。(2)第4段主要围绕着“改革”展开，根据文意：“改革优化经济价值”(第4段：optimizes)，“规定捕捞配额，以保证健康的种群水平”

(第4段：fishing quotas)。(3)在第5段，作者重复道，“这些方案给渔民有保障的捕鱼权利”(第5段：secure fishing rights)，“有些已经制定了捕捞配额”(第5段：quotas)。据此，可以肯定“捕捞配额”是渔业管理的关键要素，故答案为选项[B]。

34． The author’s attitude towards the current practices of fishermen seems to be that of

A．disapproval. B．appreciation. C．indulgence. D．understanding.

正确答案：A

解析：(1)根据题干关键词current practices定位至第5段。(2)根据文章，“在现行做法下，渔民们争强斗胜，大肆捕捞，速度超过了鱼类繁殖的速度”(第5段：rate)。(3)按照文章的写作思路，这正是渔业需要解决的问题。所以，答案为选项[A]。

35． The text is intended to answer the question of A．Is Rights-based fishery management rewarding? B．Will fishermen make more money in the world? C． Can we rescue both fisheries and fishermen?

D．May underwater populations worldwide be restored?

正确答案：C

解析：(1)本题是考查对全篇文章中心议题的理解。(2)文章第l段是点出话题，“恢复世界各地的渔场”(第1段：Restoring)，“渔场健康和生产率是可以兼顾的”(第1段：not mutually exclusive)。之后，第2、第3段通过引用阐释了具体内容。(3)第4、5、6、7段针对现在渔场存在的问题，介绍了“渔场和渔民管理方案的优势”，可以挽救渔民和渔场。对比四个备选，只有选项[C]最佳表达了全文的中心。

Ah, the naivety of the older generation. Nearly 500 eminent astronomers, biologists, chemists, physicists and earth scientists have been surveyed to identify the “core traits of exemplary scientists”. Their answer? Honesty is critical, second only to curiosity, and we ought to do more to instil it in those considering science careers. Ironically, they are deceiving themselves. Researchers have never been whiter than white. Here are a couple of revealing numbers. About 2 per cent of scientists admit to at least one act of research misconduct. But as a whole, researchers say that around 14 per cent of their colleagues are involved in such behaviour. Someone’s not being straight. Those figures come from a 2009 meta-analysis (far more scientifically reliable than a single sample of “ honoured” academics) , that also found one-third of scientists confessed to “questionable research practices” such as cooking data, mining it for a significant result that is then presented as the original target of the study,

selective publication or concealing conflicts of interest. We may never know for sure how widespread such behaviour is. According to another meta-analysis published in October, scientists are becoming less likely to admit to fabrication, falsification or plagiarism. That study also found that researchers see plagiarism as more heinous than making results up. They are more likely to report a colleague they catch in an act of plagiarism than one fabricating or falsifying data. How can this be so, when honesty is supposedly such an essential attribute? Because it gets the job done. Raymond De Vries at the University of Michigan and colleagues have argued that data manipulation based on intuition of what a result should look like is “normal misbehaviour.” They see such common misbehaviours as having “a useful and irreplaceable role” in science. Why? Because of “the ambiguities and everyday demands of scientific research.” In other words, data isn’t often as clean as you would like. According to Frederick Grinnell, an ethicist at the University of Texas, intuition is “ an important, and perhaps in the end a researcher’ s best, guide to distinguishing between data and noise.” Sometimes you just know that data point was an anomaly to be ignored. Should we do something to make science more virtuous? Probably not. Those eminent academics questioned for the survey by Michigan State University, which was released today at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, are hopelessly optimistic when it comes to improving ethical standards: 94 per cent of them said students can learn scientific values and virtues from “exemplary scientists.”

36． The author believes that researchers of the older generation should A．set an example for newcomers. B．face up to new challenges. C．give priority to honesty.

D．bring their creativity to full play,

正确答案：A

解析：(1)根据题目顺序，本题可定位至第1段。(2)根据文章，“老一代很天真”(第l段：naivety)，“当被问及模范科学家的核心品质时”(第l段：exemplary)，“回答是：第二位的是诚实”(第1段：Honesty)。作者认为，“应该把这种特点灌输给后来人”(第1段：ought to…instil)。言外之意便是：为后来人树立诚实的榜样。其中，ought to照应题干的should。故答案为选项[A]。

37． It can be inferred from Paragraphs 2 and 3 that A．researchers may dishonor their vague promises. B．malpractices will be accepted on certain occasions. C．scientists are compelled by peers to reveal truths.

D．there may be more dishonest behaviors in doing science.

正确答案：D

解析：(1)根据题干关键词定位至第2、3段。(2)根据文章，“有些令人警醒

的数据”(第2段：revealing numbers)，“研究者们承认有不端行为”(第2段：misconduct)，“有些人还不是那么的坦诚”(第2段：straight)。言外之意便是：不端行为比人们承认的要多。(3)再根据第3段，后续研究发现，“不端行为”普遍存在。根据这些内容，确定选项[D]最佳推测。

38． The word “heinuous” (Para. 4) is closest in meaning to A．highly acceptable. B．extremely wicked. C．potentially rewarding. D．fairly abnormal.

正确答案：B

解析：(1)根据题干关键词定位至第4段。(2)从构词来看，词根hein的含义为hate(憎恶)。(3)从原文语境看，“根据分析，科学家们不大可能承认捏造、伪造和抄袭”(第4段：admit to)。之后，作者又进行了细致的对比分析。“研究者把抄袭看做比捏造更为heinous”，“他们更可能揭露抄袭，而非捏造或编造数据”。那么，heinous肯定与研究者对某些行为的判断有关，即对科研中某些行为的评判。(4)此外，本文作者谈论的是科研中的道德和伦理评判。综合这些内容，确定选项[B]符合微观和宏观语境的含义。

39． According to Frederick Grinnell, intuition can serve as A．a judge. B．a critic. C．a guide. D．a challenger.

正确答案：C

解析：(1)根据题干关键词Frederick Grinnell定位至第6段。其实，第5、6段都在分析“研究者对捏造或编造数据持有宽容态度的原因”。(2)根据文章，Frederick Grinnell认为“直觉是重要的，也许最终是最佳向导”(第6段：guide)。其实，有关直觉的作用在第5段就已经提到了(第5段：intuition，normal misbehavious)。故答案为选项[C]。

40． The author’ s attitude towards the present situation is A．optimistic. B．puzzled. C．carefree. D．pessimistic.

正确答案：D 解析：(1)根据题目顺序，可定位至全文最后一段，题干中的“现状(the present situation)”指现在科研中的不诚实现象。(2)根据文章，“我们可以提升科研中的德行吗?也许不行”(第7段：Probably not)。“那些受到质疑的学者们对现状持有乐观态度，这令人失望”(第7段：hopelessly optimistic)。(3)此外，文章第l段和

最后一段都提到了“模范科学家”，而在examplary scientists上都使用了引号，表达出了反讽的语气。综合这些信息，可知答案为选项[D]。

Part B (10 points)

“Of the people, by the people, and for the people.” That’s how Abraham Lincoln described the American government in his Gettysburg Address. These simple phrases capture the essence of American democracy. Instead of ruling over U. S. citizens, the government is ruled by them.【C1】______ . Each American citizen has a vested interest in how he or she is governed. Former President Theodore Roosevelt expressed the American view of government well: “The government is us.” At first glance, it might seem that the U.S. president, as “leader of the free world,” is the “ruler” of America.【C2】______ . Even as far back as George Washington, who once rejected a suggestion to become “King of America,” people have sought to ascribe far-reaching powers to the president. But the Constitution ensures that the president will not become an all-powerful ruler. The U. S. government, as outlined by the Constitution, is divided into three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The legislative branch passes the laws, the executive enforces the laws and the judicial interprets the laws. The legislative branch is comprised of the two houses of Congress, the Senate and the House of Representatives. Thanks to CNN, C/SPAN and the nightly news, many lawmakers have almost become celebrities in their own right.【C3】______. Besides that, as commander in chief of the armed forces, the president carries more than a little clout in world affairs. The judicial branch is made up of the Supreme Court and about 100 other federal courts. The nine Supreme Court justices hold office for life. In order to prevent any one branch of government from becoming more powerful than the other two, the Constitution has established a system of “checks and balances.” For instance, when Congress passes a bill, it must have the signature of the president in order to become law. But even if the president rejects the bill, Congress can override his veto with a two-thirds majority vote in both the House and the Senate. The Supreme Court, as final arbiter of the Constitution, can overturn legislative acts or executive orders if it finds them to be unconstitutional. In this way, the powers of government are balanced, or held in check. 【C4】______. The English political theorist Thomas Paine wrote in 1776, “Government, even in its best state, is but a necessary evil; in its worst state, an intolerable one.” The American government, like every government, has its share of thorny problems. An increasing number of governmental agencies and government workers has created the problem of bureaucracy, where a mountain of paperwork stifles efficiency.【C5】______.[A] The presidency has formal powers deriving from the Constitution, acts of Congress, and judicial opinions interpreting them. Thus the Constitution charges presidents with nominating federal judges and members of their administrations, an act of Congress directs them to submit annual budget requests, and judicial decisions have directed presidents to spend money appropriated by Congress. [B] Elected officials are known as public servants who represent their constituents. Americans can get involved in government by voting, by writing letters to their representatives and even by

organizing peaceful demonstrations to make their voices heard. [C] In many countries, power rests with a strong centralized government. In contrast, under the American federal system, the national government shares its power with the state governments. The federal government possesses only those powers clearly delineated in the Constitution; all remaining powers are reserved for the states. [D] On Inauguration Day, the swearing of President Bill Clinton for his second term will reflect the pomp and circumstance of a coronation ceremony, with dignitaries from around the world in attendance. [E] Today questions about the relations between the national government and the states have again become a hot issue for Americans. This debate was one of the central themes of the 1994 congressional and the 1996 presidential elections. [F] Lobbyists make appeals to Congress on behalf of special interest groups. As a result, those with the biggest lobby—and the most money—tend to have the loudest voice in Washington. [G] The executive branch is represented by the president, who is called the chief executive or chief of state.

41． 【C1】

正确答案：B

解析：此处应保持与上文意思的连贯，也可考虑与下文的衔接。前后都在讨论美国人民自己管理自己的。因此，选项[B]最符合此处大意。[B]项意为，被推选上的称为公务员，代表了他们的选民。美国公民可以通过选举，给代表写信，甚至组织和平等方式来参加管理。

42． 【C2】

正确答案：D

解析：此处可考虑与上段意思的衔接，也可从下文的例子来判断。从上一句可以得知，此处开始谈论美国总统。选项[D]就是一个例子，同时符合此处表达出总统的权威性。克林顿总统就职演说那天，世界各国知名人士纷纷光临现场，他的第二届宣誓反映出就职仪式的奢华。

43． 【C3】

正确答案：G

解析：根据本段句首可以得知，本段主要讲美国的三权分立，即立法、行政和司法。可以看到此处的前后分别都谈到了立法和司法。因此，此处最佳的选项应为[G]，因为它谈到行政职能。

44． 【C4】

正确答案：C

解析：此题空的是整个一段，需要承上启下，段落间要有很好的衔接，意思还要连贯。上段已经谈到了美国的三权分立，而下段开始表明尽管美国政治

如上所述，仍存在一些不可避免的问题。可见，此处选项[C]最为合适，因为它讨论美国联邦和各州之间的关系。

45． 【C5】

正确答案：F

解析：从本段主题句可以看出，本段是关于存在的负面问题。选项[F]列举出的问题正是一个典型的例子，故此处应选[F]。

Part CDirections: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. (10 points)

People in the United States in the 19th century were haunted by the prospect that unprecedented change in the nation’s economy would bring social chaos. In the years following 1820, after several decades of relative stability, the economy entered a period of sustained and extremely rapid growth that continued to the end of the 19th century.【F1】Accompanying that growth was a structural change that featured increasing economic diversification and a gradual shift in the nation’s labor force from agriculture to manufacturing and other nonagricultural pursuits. Although the birth rate continued to decline from its high level of the 18th and early 19th century, the population roughly doubled every generation during the rest of the 19th centuries. As the population grew, its makeup also changed.【F2】Massive waves of immigration brought new ethnic groups into the country. Geographic and social mobility — downward as well as upward — touched almost everyone. Local studies indicate that nearly three-quarters of the population — in the North and South, in the emerging cities of the Northeast, and in the restless rural counties of the West — changed their residence each decade.【F3】As a consequence, historian David Donald has written, “Social atomization affected every segment of society,” and it seemed to many people that “all the recognized values of orderly civilization were gradually being eroded.” Rapid industrialization and increased geographic mobility in the 19th century had special implications for women because these changes tended to magnify social distinctions. As the roles men and women played in society became more rigidly defined, so did the roles they played in the home.【F4】In the context of extreme competitiveness and dizzying social change, the household hosted many of its earlier functions and the home came to serve as a harbor of peace and order. As the size of families decreased, the roles of husband and wife became more clearly differentiated than ever before. In the middle class especially, men participated in the productive economy while women ruled the home and served as the custodians of civility and culture.【F5】The intimacy of marriage that was common in the earlier periods was disrupted, and a gulf that at times seemed unbridgeable was created between husbands and wives.

46． 【F1】

正确答案：伴随着经济增长，社会结构发生了变化，其特点是日益增加的经济多样性，以及美国劳动力从农业向制造业和其他非农业活动的逐渐转移。

47． 【F2】

正确答案：一批批移民大潮给美国带来了新的族群。地理流动性和社会流动性——不论从北到南还是从南到北——几乎涉及每一个人。

48． 【F3】

正确答案：因此，历史学家David Donald写道：“社会散乱影响了社会的各个环节，”并且许多人似乎都认为“有序文明的公认价值观正慢慢受到侵蚀。”

49． 【F4】

正确答案：在充满激烈竞争和令人眩晕的社会变化的时代背景下，大家庭集聚了许多早期的功能，家园逐渐充当了安宁的港湾。

50． 【F5】

正确答案：早期普遍存在的亲昵夫妻关系出现了裂痕，从而在夫妻之间产生了有时似乎不可逾越的鸿沟。

Section III Writing

Part ADirections: Write a composition/letter of no less than 100 words on the following information. (10 points)

51． Suppose you received an invitation letter from Li Hua, and write a letter to accept the invitation. Your letter should include: 1) state your purpose, 2) express your feelings, and 3) give your gratitude. You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.(10 points)

正确答案：Dear Li Hua, I have been thinking of paying a visit to Lijiang, but I could not decide until I received your letter. I feel so pleased to accept your invitation gladly. I am looking forward to seeing you and your family. I do miss you since we have not seen each other for such a long time. I am counting the days. I will be in your city from June 18 to 28 to achieve my visit and I appreciate your assistance very much. Thank you for your invitation. Sincerely yours, Li Ming

Part BDirections: Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following information. (20 points)

52． Study the following drawing carefully and write an essay in which you should 1) describe the drawing, 2) interpret its intended meaning, and 3) give your comments. You should write about 160—200 words neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. ( 20 points)

正确答案： As is vividly depicted in the cartoon, literary works of the western world have been intensively and extensively developed, while those of China still remain unexploited. Regrettably, the Chinese outstanding traditional culture has been greatly ignored and even reduced to oblivion. The provocative cartoon conveys a profound message, pointing to a lack of confidence in China’s outstanding cultural elements. Not surprisingly, some long-held traditional values and cultural gems are being marginalized and even are quickly threatened to extinction. This worrying situation stems from a host of reasons. For one thing, some people hold on to the belief that traditional cultures have become obsolete and unnecessary. For another, it is a common sign that culture-related industries largely lag behind social progress, because Chinese people, especially the younger generation, tend to have little confidence in the cultural values of their motherland. Consequently, the whole society should take on the responsibility of the mission to revitalize Chinese outstanding traditional cultures. Traditional cultures in our country are waiting to be thoroughly explored and fully developed.