Elmer Bobst
While taking my boat down the inland waterway to Florida a few weeks ago, I decided to tie up at Georgetown, South Carolina, for the night and visit with an old friend. As we approached the Esso dock, I saw him through my binoculars standing there awaiting us. Tall and straight as an arrow he stood, facing a cold, penetrating wind—truly a picture of a sturdy man, even though his next birthday will make him eighty-two. Yes, the man was our elder statesman, Bernard Baruch.
He loaded us into his station wagon and we were off to his famous Hobcaw Barony for dinner. We sat and talked in the great living room where many notables and statesmen, including Roosevelt and Churchill, have sat and taken their cues. In his eighty-second year, still a human dynamo, Mr. Baruch talks not of the past but of present problems and the future, deploring our ignorance of history, economics, and psychology. His only reference to the past was to tell me, with a wonderful sparkle in his eye, that he was only able to get eight quail out of the ten shots the day before. What is the secret of this great man’s value to the world at eighty-one? The answer is his insatiable desire to keep being productive. Two of the hardest things to accomplish in this world are to acquire wealth by honest effort and, having gained it, to learn how to use it properly. Recently I walked into the locker room of a rather well-known golf club after finishing a round. It was in the late afternoon and most of the members had left for their homes. But a half-dozen or so men past middle age were still seated at tables talking aimlessly and drinking more than was good for them. These same men can be found there day after day and, strangely enough, each one of these men had been a man of affairs and wealth, successful in business and respected in the community.
If material prosperity were the chief requisite for happiness, then each one should have been happy. Yet, it seemed to me, something very important was missing, else there would not have been the constant effort to escape the realities of life through Scotch and soda. They knew, each one of them, that their productivity had ceased. When a fruit tree ceases to bear its fruit, it is dying. And it is even so with man. What is the answer to a long and happy existence in this world of ours? I think I found it long ago in a passage from the book, Genesis, which caught my eyes while I was thumbing through my Bible. The words were few, but they became indelibly impressed on my mind: ―In the sweat of thy face shalt thou eat thy bread.‖
To me, that has been a challenge from my earliest recollections. In fact, the battle of life, of existence, is a challenge to everyone. The immortal words of St. Paul, too, have been and always will be a great inspiration to me. At the end of the road I want to be able to feel that I have fought a good fight-I have finished the course-I have kept the faith.
１
精品语法---混合式虚拟语气
主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，这时主，从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这叫做混合条件句。 If you had asked him yesterday, you would know what to do now. （从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）
If it had rained last night (过去), it would be very cold today (现在).
这里有必要提到真实条件句和非真实条件句。
1 真实条件句
真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况可能发生，其中 if 是如果的意思。
时态关系
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般现在时 shall/will + 动词原形 If he comes, he will bring his violin. 典型例题
The volleyball match will be put off if it ___. A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained 答案B。真实条件句主句为将来时，从句用一般现在时。
注意：
1） 在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will. (错) If you leave now, you are never going to regret it. (对) If you leave now, you will never regret it.
经典例题：
I'm going to Europe on vacation together with John if I ___ find the money. A．can B．might C．would D．need
这里用了 be going to 寓意打算，不属于虚拟语气的范畴，因此根据句义选can。翻译为，如果我能筹到钱的话，我就会和约翰去欧洲度假。
2） 表示真理时，主句谓语动词便不用shall (will) +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。
2 非真实条件句
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1）时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。 a. 同现在事实相反的假设。 句型 ： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should( would) +动词原形 If they were here, they would help you.
b. 表示于过去事实相反的假设。
句型： 条件从句 主句
过去完成时 should(would) have+ 过去分词 If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.
The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.
If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.
If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.
If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress. 含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.
c. 表示对将来的假想
句型： 条件从句 主句
一般过去时 should+ 动词原形 were+ 不定式 would + 动词原形 should+ 动词原形
If you succeeded, everything would be all right. If you should succeed, everything would be all right. If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.
拔高词汇
Penetrate ['penitreit]：渗透；穿透；洞察，penetrating：有洞察力的，穿透力的，尖锐的。 Statesman ['steitsmən]：政治家，同politician, statesman,褒义词。 Notables ['nəutəbəlz]：要人
Dynamo ['dainəməu]: [口]精力充沛的人 Deplore [di'plɔ:] 悲悼；哀叹；对…深感遗憾 Sparkle ['spɑ:kl]：使闪耀, 闪耀，发光 Insatiable [in'seiʃjəbl] 贪得不厌的，不知足的 Requisite ['rekwizit]: 必备的，必不可少的 Cease ['si:z]: 停止，终了
３
Thumb [θʌm]: vt. 翻阅；以拇指拨弄; n 拇指 Indelible [in'deləbl] adj. 难忘的；擦不掉的
音标小练习
Sound /u:/
该音是个后元音，是字母oo或ou在单词中的发音。它是长元音。
发音时舌后部尽量抬起，舌位比/u/即美式读音//英式读音//高。双唇收圆并突出。口形比/u/////稍小，如左图所示。
The two rudest students in the school
Practice reading the dialogue aloud. Record your voice to compare your production of the target sound with the recording.
MISS LUKE: Good afternoon girls.
GIRLS: Good afternoon, Miss Luke.
MISS LUKE: This afternoon we’re going to learn how to cook soup. Turn on your computers and look at unit twenty-two
LUCY: Excuse me, Miss Luke MISS LUKE: Yes, Lucy
LUCY: There’s some chewing gum on your shoe.
MISS LUKE: Who threw their chewing gum on the floor? Was it you, Lucy?
LUCY: No, Miss Luke. It was Susan. MISS LUKE: Who?
４
LUCY: Susan Duke.
SUSAN: It wasn’t me, stupid. It was Julie. JULIE: It was you!
SUSAN: It wasn’t me! My mouth’s full of chewing gum. Look, Miss Luke! JULIE: Stop pulling my hair, Susan, it was you. SUSAN: YOU! JULIE: YOU!
MISS LUKE: Excuse me! If you two continue with this rudeness, you can stay after school instead of going to pool.
５
Steve Introduction
Born in 1955 Los Altos CA, he, along with Steve Wozniak, co-founded Apple Computer Corporation and became a multimillionaire before the age of 30. Subsequently he started the Next Corporation to provide an educational system at a reasonable price, but found that software was a better seller than hardware. Apple Computer
Jobs and Wozniak put together their first computer, called Apple I. They marketed it in 1976 at a price of $666. Apple I was the first single-board computer with built-in video interface, and on-board ROM, which told the machine how to load other programs from an external source. Jobs was marketing Apple I at hobbyists like members of the Homebrew Computer Club who could now perform their own operations on their personal computers. The Next Step
Jobs sold over $20 million of his Apple stock, spent days bicycling along the beach, feeling sad and lost, toured Paris, and journeyed on to Italy. It was not until late August that he began to catch his breath. Then Jobs thought back on his experience at Apple. Though he is not an engineer, he felt his greatest talent had been spearheading development of new products. Jobs also recalled with special pride that he had helped introduce personal computers into education. To collect his thoughts one day, he took up pen and paper and began to write down the things that were important to him. Along with the development of Macintosh, he listed three educational projects he had launched: Kids Can't Wait, Apple Education Foundation, and the Apple University Consortium. A Software Company
After leaving Apple, Jobs' new revolutionary ideas were not in hardware but software of the computer industry. In 1989 Jobs tried all over again with a new company called NextStep. He planned to build the next generation of personal computers that would put Apple to shame. It failed. After eight long years of struggle and after spending some $250 million, NextStep closed down its
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Jobs
hardware division in 1993. Jobs realized that he was not going to revolutionize the hardware industry. He turned his attention to the software side of the computer industry. Honors
He was awarded the National Medal of Technology from President Ronald Reagan in 1985 with Steve Wozniak (the first people to ever receive the honor), and the Jefferson Award for Public Service in the category \"Greatest Public Service by an Individual 35 Years or Under\" in 1987. On November 27, 2007, Jobs was named the most powerful person in business by Fortune Magazine. On December 5, 2007, California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver inducted Jobs into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts.
精品语法---强调句
It is /was +强调部分+that/who/whom +其他成分
这个句型用来强调除谓语以外的各种句子成分,被强调部分必须放在it is/was 后面，如果强调的部分是人，可以who/whom 来代替that. It was in the house that he was born.
They will have a meeting in the hall tomorrow. 可以对此例句中的主语，宾语，地点状语，时间状语分别强调。如下所示：
强调主语:
It is they that/who will have a meeting in the hall tomorrow. 强调宾语:
It is a meeting that they will have in the hall tomorrow. 强调地点状语:
It is in the hall that they will have a meeting tomorrow. 强调时间状语:
It is tomorrow that they will have a meeting in the hall.
一般疑问句的强调：只需将is/was移至句首, 且that从句中不用倒装语序,即“Is/Was it…..that…”
（1）Did you meet your brother at Mc Donald ?
Was it your brother that you met at Mc Donald?(强调宾语) （2）Has Tom borrowed your money recently?
Is it Tom that has borrowed your money recently? (强调主语)
特殊疑问句的强调：疑问词(被强调部分)+is/was+it+that+句子其余部分
７
(1) Where did you see her cellphone yesterday ?
Where was it that you saw her cellphone yesterday? （强调特殊疑问词where） (2)How will you go to visit her tomorrow?
How is it that you will go to visit her tomorrow? （强调特殊疑问词how）
小练习：
（1）Who was it ____ wanted to see me just now ?
A. that B. who C. when D. when （2）_____ you met the foreigner from Canada?
A. Where it was that B. Who it was that C. Where was it that D. Where was that
答案 （1）A （2） C
强调部分为疑问代词或疑问副词时，该强调句句型结构 与特殊疑问句句型相 同，即：“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”
从句的强调：
（1）I came home late because it was raining hard.
It was because it was raining hard that I came home late.(强调状语从句) (2) What you said really made us sad.
It was what you said that really made us sad.(强调主语从句)
重点 not until 结构的强调:It is/was not until…that...
We did not get off the bus until it stopped .
It was not until it stopped that we got off the bus.(注意：强调该结构时not until不能分开) 注意 \" not ... until \" 句型的变化。比较下列三个句子：
She didn't remember her appointment with the doctor until she had arrived home.
It was not until she had arrived home that she remembered her appointment with the doctor. Not until she had arrived home did she remember her appointment with the doctor .
强调时间状语和地点状语时与定语从句的区别：
（1）It was in 1921 that our Party was founded.(强调句式) （2）It was 1921 when our Party was founded.(定语从句)
即：强调时间或地点时有介词置于其前时，则连接词用that。其前面应有介词而被省去时，则用连接词when（时间）或where(地点)。又如： (3) It was on the farm that we practised planting crops. (4) It was the farm where we learned a lot .
但是应注意，有些表示时间或地点的词汇及短语本身不需要在其前面加介词，故其连词也只能是that,而不是when或where。再如： (5) It was yesterday that we chatted a lot on line. (6) It was there that Mike was drowned yesterday.
８
区分强调句和定语从句
It was in the house that he was born. 强调句 It was the house where he was born. 定语从句 It was at midnight that he got sick. 强调句 It was midnight when he got sick. 定语从句 区分方法：
将句子中的“It was… that( when/ where)…” 结构去掉： 如若还能成完整的句子，则为强调句； 如若不能成完整的句子，则为定语从句。
其他表达倒装的方式：
1. 用助动词―do/ does/ did+动词原形‖表强调 e.g.:
(1).--- Did you come yesterday? --- Yes, I did come.
(2). He did finish his task this month.
改错： He do work hard.
does
助动词随人称的数、时态变化
2. 用very, just, the only, at all 等词表强调 e.g.:
(1). This is the just book that I’m looking for. (2). Have you read any of the report at all?
3. in the world, on earth, ever等用于疑问词后表强调 e.g.:
(1). What on earth are you doing?
(2). How in the world did she manage that? (3). When ever did you lost it?
3. 用感叹词表强调
e.g.:
９
What a life!
这过的是什么日子啊！ 5. 用倒装句表强调 e.g.:
(1). On the table are some bowls.
(2). Only in this way can you work out the problem. (3). Hardly had he left when it began to rain. No sooner… than…
6. so作―确实‖表强调 e.g.:
(1). --- You were invited to the party, weren’t you? --- So I was. I’d forgotten.
(2). --- He won the championship ten years ago. --- So he did.
拔高词汇
Multimillionaire [,mʌltɪmɪljə'neə]: 千万富翁，大富翁 Subsequently ['sʌbsikwəntli]: . 随后，其后；后来
Build-in:内置，内建；插入，嵌固
Hobbyist ['hɒbɪɪst]: 业余爱好者；沉溺于某嗜好之人
Spearhead ['spɪəhed] vt. 带头；做先锋
Induct [ɪn'dʌkt]: 引导；感应；使…就职；征召入伍
音标小练习 Sound //
//美式读音符号 //英式读音符号
//传统的国际音标的读音符号
读音是个中元音，是字母组合er，ir，or和ur在单词中的发音。//是长元音。
发音时舌中部比发//音时略高。双唇扁平。
The worst nurse
Practice reading the dialogue aloud. Record your voice to compare your production of the target sound with the recording.
１０
SIR HERBERT: Nurse！
COLONEL BURTON: Nurse, I’m thirsty!
SIR HERBERT: Nurse! My head hurts.
COLONEL BURTON: Nurse Sherman always wears such dirty shirts.
SIR HERBERT: He never arrives at work early.
COLONEL BURTON: He and … er … nurse turner weren’t at work on Thursday, were they?
SIR HERBERT: No, they weren’t.
COLONEL BURTON: Nurse Sherman is the worst nurse in the ward, isn’t he, Sir Herbert?
SIR HERBERT: No, he isn’t, Colonel Burton. He’s the worst nurse in the world!
１１
To be kind-hearted
One evening, it was raining and the wind was blowing hard. An old couple came to an inn and prepared to put up for the night there. A young man received them with open arms, but said ―I’m sorry! Our guest rooms here are all full and the inns nearby are all full, too, for there will be an important meeting to be held here tomorrow.‖
Hearing the young man’s words, the old couple felt very disappointed, and turned around to leave.
Just as they were leaving, the young man came up to them and stopped them: ―Madam and sir, if you don’t mind, you can sleep in my bedroom for a night…….‖
The next evening, the old couple took out lots of money to give it to the young man, but he refused to take it.
―No！You needn’t pay me any money, for I only lend my room to you.‖ said the young man with a smile on his face.
―You’re great, young man! It’s very kind of you. Maybe one day, I’ll build a hotel for you!‖ said the old man gratefully.
With these words, the old couple left.
Gazing at their receding figures, the young man only laughed and went on working.
Several years later, the young man suddenly received a letter from the old couple, inviting him to go to Manhattan.
The young man met the old couple in front of a luxury hotel.
―Do you still remember what I said to you several years ago? Look! This is the hotel that I built for you!‖ said the old man.
Soon, the young man became the manager of the hotel.
(T)True or (F) False
1. The young man accepted it happily when the old couple gave the money to him.
2. The young man had thought the old man was only joking about building a hotel for him, but the old man kept his word. Keys: 1. F. 2. T.
精品语法---动词不定式和动名词的句法功能比较：
一、作主语
⒈不定式作主语
动词不定式作主语时，句子的谓语动词常用单数，其位置有以下两种： (1)把不定式置于句首。如：
To get there by bike will take us half an hour.
１２
(2)用it作形式主语，把真正的主语不定式置于句后，常用于下列句式中。 如： ①It＋be＋名词＋to do
It„s our duty to take good care of the old. ②It takes sb+some time+to do
How long did it take you to finish the work? ③It＋be＋形容词＋for sb＋to do
It is difficult for us to finish writing the composition in a quarter of an hour. ④It＋be＋形容词＋of sb＋to do
It is stupid of you to write down everything the teacher says. ⑤It seems(appears)＋形容词＋to do It seemed impossible to save money. 在句型③中，常用表示客观情况的形容词，如：
difficult,easy,hard,important,impossible,necessary 等；在句型④中，常用careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise等 表示赞扬或批评的词。在不定式前的sb，可看作其逻辑主语。这一句式有时相当于Sb is＋形容词＋to do句式 ，如：It‟s kind of you to help me with my English. =You are kind to help me with my English. ⒉动名词作主语
Learning without practice is no good. 动名词作主语时，也常用It句式。如：
①It‟s +no good(no use,fun,a pleasure,a waste of time)+doing… It‟s no good reading in dim light. It„s no use sitting here waiting. ②It‟s＋形容词＋doing
It„s dangerous swimming in the sea in windy days.
这样用的形容词有expensive,nice,tiring等，但important,necessary则 不适用于这种结构，应用不定式 代替，如：It‟s important for you to keep fit.
１３
③There is no+doing
There is no saying what will happen next.
在这一结构中，动名词后常带宾语，相当于\"It‟s impossible to…\"结构。 ⒊动词不定式和动名词作主语的区别
①不定式作主语经常表示具体动作，常与特定的动作执行者联系在一起；而 动名词作主语经常表示抽象动 作，经常不与特定的动作执行者联系在一起。如： It‟s no good eating too much fat. It„s no good for you to eat so much fat.
②动名词结构作主语，可以用名词或代词属格形式作逻辑主语。如： It‟s no use your pretending that you didn‟t know the rules. 二、作宾语 ⒈不定式作宾语
①以下动词后，只能跟不定式作宾语。如：
agree,ask,aim,arrange,choose,decide,demand,expect,fail ,help,hope,lea
n,long,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,wish等，这些词大部分可接that引导的从句。如：
I decided to ask for my money back.
I decided that I would ask for my money back.
When our visit to the farm was over, we expected to start back on foot. When our visit to the farm was over, we expected that we would start back on foot.
②当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式时，先用形式宾语it代替不定式，把不定 式置于补语之后，即：主语＋动 词＋it＋补语＋to do句式。如：
We think it quite important for us to learn a foreign language well. He feels it his duty to help the poor.
１４
③介词but,except,besides+to do(do)
在这种句型中，如介词前有动词do，后面应接不带to的不定式；如无do， 则接to不定式，即带do不带to， 带to不带do。如： The enemy soldiers had no choice but to give in. On Sunday afternoon I had nothing to do but watch TV. ⒉动名词作宾语
① 下动词后，只能接动名词作宾语，如：
admit,appreciate,consider,delay,enjoy,finish,keep,imagine,mind,miss,practise,resist,risk,save,suggest,don‟t mind, give up, insist on, put off等。如： I suggest spending our summer vacation in a seaside town.
You must give up smoking, for it does too much harm to your health. ②动名词作介词的宾语
I should go to attend the birthday celebration instead of staying at home. What about inviting Li Jun to make a speech?
动名词前的介词有时可以省略，如：have difficulty (in) doing, have no trouble(in) doing, lose no time(in)doing, prevent/stop…(from) doing, there is no use(in)doing等。 ⒊部分动词后面，既可接动词不定式，也可接动名词作宾语，意义不变。如：begin,continue,start,hate,like,love,need,require,want等。
在need,require,want后接-ing形式，表示被动意义，也可接不定式，但要用被动形式，如：Your hand writing needs improving (to be improved).
hate,love,like接不定式表示特定的未来事件，接动名词表示目前 正在进行的活动或一般的行为。
在下列情况下，一般要用不定式：
① hate,like,love前有would(should)时，如：I‟d like to have a cup of coffee.
②当谓语动词begin,continue,start等是进行式时，如：The students are starting to work on the difficult maths problem.
③begin,continue,start与know,understand等状态动词连用时，如：I soon began to understand what was happening.
１５
⒋advise,allow,encourage,forbid,permit等动词后接动名词作宾语，或带不定式作宾语补足语。如：
Our teachers don‟t permit our swimming in the lake. Our teachers don„t permit us to swim in the lake.
⒌部分动词后接不定式或动名词时，意义差别较大，应根据句子语境选择使用。
①forget,remember,regret后接不定式，表示现在或未来的动作，接动名词表示动作已经发生。如：
Don‟t forget to post the letter for me.
Have you forgotten meeting her in Beijing Airport? Remember to close the windows before you leave. I remember writing him a letter a year ago.
We regret to tell you that all of you are not invited to attend the meeting. They regretted ordering these books from abroad. ②mean to do 打算做某事; doing 意味着…… I meant to catch up with the early bus. This means wasting a lot of money. ③try to do 设法尽力做某事; doing 试着做某事 You should try to overcome your shortcomings. Try working out the physics problem in another way.
④stop to do 停下一件事去做另一件事（不定式作目的状语; doing 停止做某事 On the way to the airport, I stopped to buy a paper. You„d better stop arguing and do as you are told. ⑤can‟t help doing 禁不住…… Can‟t help to do不能帮助干……
They couldn‟t help jumping up at the news.
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Sorry I have lots of work to do. So I can‟t help to make up the room for you.
⑥go on to do 做不同的事或不同内容的事 doing 继续不停地做某事，指同一动作的继续
He went on to talk about world situation.他接着又谈了世界形势。 We„ll go on fighting so long as there is oppression inthe world. ⑦leave off to do 离开某地去干什么（目的状语） leave off doing停下某事
It‟s time to leave off talking and to start acting. They left off to go fishing. 三、做表语
不定式作表语表示具体动作或将来动作；动名词作表语表示抽象的一般行 为。
② To be kind to the enemy is to be cruel to the people.
②My chief purpose is to point out the difficulties of the matter. ③What I would suggest is to put off the meeting.
当主语和表语都是不定式时，其含义一是条件，一是结果（例①）。当主语是aim,duty,hope,idea,mista ke,plan,purpose,suggestion等为中心词的名词词组（例②）时，或以what引导的名词性分句（例③），不定 式说明主语的内容。 ④Our work is serving the people.
⑤What he likes is taking a walk after supper. ⑥The story told by Mr. Wang is interesting.
④⑤句动名词作表语，与主语部分可以转换，如Serving the people is out work,而⑥句中是现在分词作 表语，说明主语的性质、状态，现在分词具有形容 词的各种特征，另外，动名词作表语还应与进行时态区别开 来。 四、作定语 ⒈不定式作定语
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不定式在句中作定语，置于被修饰的名词或代词之后。如： ①The next train to arrive is from Washington. ②Have you anything to be taken to your sister? ③Do you have anything to say on the question? ④Would you please give me some paper to write on? ⑤My wish to visit France has come true at last. 不定式短语作定语和被修饰词之间表示以下关系： (1)表示将来的动作（例①）。
(2)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，如是不及物动词，则需加介词（例④）。
(3)与被修饰词之间有动宾关系，同时与句中其它词之间又有逻辑上的主谓关系时，尽管有被动含义，却仍 用主动语态（例③）；如只有动宾关系，而无逻辑上的主谓关系，则需用被动语态（例②）。
(4)不定式作定语时，一般可转换为定语从句，例①to arrive=that will arrive。 ⒉动名词作定语
①This passage can be used as listening materials.
②The reading room of our school library can hold 800people. ③All moving bodies have energy.
①②句动名词作定语说明一种性能，即：用来……的；第③句为现在分词作定语，单个分词作定语常置于 被修饰词之前，与被修饰词之间，可构成逻辑上的主谓关系，分词短语作定语常置于被修饰词之后。如：The man standing at the school gate is Professor Hua. 五、不定式作补足语 ⒈作宾语补足语
一些及物动词除要求按宾语外，有时还需要有宾语补足语，说明宾语的行为、 状态、特征，这时意思才相对完整。
(1)常要求不定式作宾补的动词有：allow,ask,advise,beg,cause,drive（强迫），encourage,expect,forbid,force,get,wouldlike(love,hate),order,permit,persuade,teach,tell,w ant,warn,wish等。如：
①Would you like me to give your regards to Mary?
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②I want you to understand the whole passage clearly.
(2)部分动词后常接to be＋形容词、名词短语等形式，有时to be可省略，如：believe,consider,discover,find(=consider),feel(=think),imagine,judge,know,prove,think,suppose,see(=understand),understand等。
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We all believe John (to be) honest.
②I consider him(to be)one of the best biology teachers of No.1 Middle School. 但当不定式是完成式时，to不能省略，如：We consider him to have been foolish. (3)感觉动词和使役动词后用作宾补的不定式须省略to。 ①I didn‟t hear anyone say anything about it.
②They make the students do too much homework every day.
这种句式在变为被动语态时，to不能省略，如第②句：The students are made to do too much homework every day.
(4)help,know后面的\"to\"可有可无。如：
Would you please help me(to) fill in the taxform?
I‟ve never known her(to)be late before.但：He was known to have been to France before.
(5)部分短语动词后，常接不定式作宾补，如： You may depend on them to be there early.
The Party calls on us to increase production and practice economy.
常这样用的短语动词有：ask for,care for,call on,count on,depend on,wait for,long for（渴望）， prepare for,wish for等。 ⒉作主语补足语
不定式作主语补足语，和主语构成一种逻辑上的主谓关系。如： ①He was not allowed to enter the classroom for being late.
②The young university student is considered to have great promise. 六、不定式作状语 ⒈作目的状语
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(1) ①I stayed there to see what would happen.
②Henry has decided to go to the hospital to be examined by the doctor. (2)有时为了强调，不定式前可加in order或so as。如：
Bob took down my telephone number so as(in order)not to forget it.
有时为强调目的状语可把in order to或不定式置于句首，但so as to不能这样用。在这种句式中不定式部 分可转换为so that, in order that,成为目的状语从句，如：
I stayed there so that (in order that)I could see what would happen.
(3)在部分表示感情色彩的形容词、过去分词或动词之后可接不定式，如：astonished,glad,happy,laugh ,pleased, sad,smile,sorry,surprised等。 ①We are glad to hear the news.
②I was surprised to see that a three-year-old baby could write so well.
在部分形容词后接不定式，用主动形式表示被动意义，这种句型中的主语是不定式的逻辑宾语。如：The question raised by the student is difficult to answer. The room is really comfortable to live in.
常这样用的形容词有：comfortable,easy,dangerous,difficult,expensive,fit,impossible等。
⒉作结果状语
We came home after our holiday to find our garden neat and tidy. 不定式作结果状语还常用在下列句式中。如：
① so…as to; such…as to
I‟m not so stupid(a fool) as to put it in writing.我不至于愚蠢到会把它写下来。 I‟m not such a stupid fool as to put it in writing. ②enough…to
The speed is high enough for us to catch up with the first liner. ③only to
Jane hurried back only to find her mother dying in the hospital.
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④too…to
I„m too tired to stay up longer.
但在下列结构中，too…to并非是\"太……而不能……\"之意。如：
①I‟m only too glad to have passed the exam.考试及格我太高兴了。（too 修饰glad to have…，相当 于very）
②We have too much to learn.我们要学的太多了（不定式作定语）。 ⒊不定式短语还可作独立成分，用于句首、句中或句末。如： To tell the truth, the play was a great disappointment tome.
常见的短语有to be exact（确切地说），to begin with（首先），to do him justice（说句对他公道的 话），to be sure（真的）等等。 七、动词不定式、动名词的其它用法 ⒈疑问词＋不定式结构
疑问词who,what,which,when,where,whether,how后可接不定式构成不定 式短语，在句中作主语、宾语、表 语等。如：
② When to leave for London has not been decided yet.
②Mr. Smith didn‟t know whether to leave or stay there. ③I asked Professor Xu how to learn English well. ④The question was where to get the medicine needed.
以上例句中疑问词＋不定式部分，均可转换为相应的从句形式。如：①When we shall leave…③…how I could learn…
经常在这种结构中使用的动词有：
consider,decide,discover,explain,finout,forget,hear,know,learn,observe,understand,wonder等。
⒉动词不定式的时态、语态 (1)时态
①一般式：动词不定式一般式表示的动作发生在谓语动词之后，有时表示同时发生。如：
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I hope to become a university student this year.（to be come发生在 hope之后） We often hear Dick play the piano in the next room.（play和hear 同时发生） ②完成式：表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。如： I‟m sorry to have kept you waiting.
We are too young to have seen the old society. ③进行式：表示的动作与谓语动词同时发生。如：
The teacher happened to be correcting our papers when I came in. They seemed to be discussing something important. (2)语态
如果动词不定式的逻辑主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者，不定式一般要用被动语态形式。如：
It‟s a great honour to be invited to Mary‟s birthday party.（不定式作主语） It was impossible for lost time to be made up.（不定式作主语） I wish to be sent to work in the country.（不定式作宾语） Can you tell me which is the car to be repaired?（不定式作定语） He went to the hospital to be examined.（不定式作状语）
在There be结构中，修饰主语的不定式可用被动，也可用主动。如：There are still many things to take care of (to be taken care of).但有时两种形式表达的意思不同，如：These is nothing to do now.( We have nothing to do now.) There is nothing to be done now.(We can do nothing now.)
⒊动名词的时态、语态 (1)时态
①一般式：动名词的一般式所表示的动作可以是泛指，也可与谓语动词同时发生，或发生在谓语动作之前 、之后。如：
We are interested in collecting stamps.
I shall never forget seeing the Great Wall for the first time. We are not afraid of dying.
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②完成式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词之前。如： I imagine having travelled on the moon.
We were praised for having finished the work ahead of time. (2)被动语态
①如果动名词的逻辑主语为动名词所表示的动作的承受者，动名词要用被动语态，动名词的被动语态有一 般式与完成式之分。如：
The young man came in without being noticed.
He prided himself on having never been beaten in class. ②有些动词后的动名词用主动形式，但表示被动意义。如： The bike needs repairing.
If a thing is worth doing, it is worth doing well.
⒋在口语中，为避免重复，常用\"to\"代替不定式结构，有时甚至可以把to省略。如： ①—Did you go to visit the Great Wall?
—No, I wanted to, but there wasn„t enough time. ②—Would you like to come to a party? —I‟d love to.
③—Don‟t make any mistakes in your homework, will you? —I‟ll try not to.
④—Try to be back by 12,won‟t you? —OK, I‟ll try.
另外，be going to, ought to, used to等也常用于这一结构中。 ⒌在why引起的问句中，省略\"to\"。如： Why spend such a lot of money? Why not wait for a couple of days?
⒍当两个或更多作用相同的不定式并列使用时，只在第一个不定式前加 \"to\"。如：
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It„s quite necessary for us to read more and have more practice. ⒎\"to\"在下列短语中是\"介词\"，后接动名词或名词形式。如：
devote…to, face up to（勇敢地面对），look forward to（盼望），object to（反对），take to（养 成习惯，对……感兴趣；开始从事某种活动），be used to（习惯于）等。
拔高词汇
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Albert Einstein
Every day I remind myself that my inner and outer life are based on the labors of other men, living and dead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving - Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was an amazing physicist. He figured out so many universal principles and equations that he was way ahead of his fellow scientists at any point of time. But he is also remembered for another thing; a quality which made people call him a genius: his words. Prof. Einstein was a philosopher who clearly understood the laws of success and explained them like the way he did with his equations. Here is a list of 10 things out of the numerously wonderful things he had said; 10 golden lessons that you can put to use in your everyday life.
1. A person who never made a mistake never tried anything new.
Most people don’t try new things because of their fear of failure. Failing is not something to be afraid of. It is often the losers who learn more about winning than the winners. Our mistakes always give us opportunities to learn and grow.
2. Education is what remains after one has forgotten what one has learned in school. 30 years from now, you won’t possibly remember what chapters you had in your science book; you’d only remember what you learn on your way. Life lessons stay with you forever. Real education starts from within.
3. I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. Imagination is more important than knowledge. Knowledge is limited. Imagination encircles the world.
When you reflect on how far we humans have come from the prehistoric caves to mind-blowing technological advancements, you would feel the power of imagination. What we have now was built from the imagination of our forefathers. What we will have in future will be built from our imagination.
4. The secret to creativity is knowing how to hide your sources.
Creativity and uniqueness often depends on how well you hide your sources. You can get inspired and influenced by other great people; but when you are on stage with the whole world watching, you must become a unique, individual force that learnt different values from different people.
5. The value of a man should be seen in what he gives and not in what he is able to receive. Try not to become a man of success, but rather try to become a man of value.
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If you think of all the top people in the world, they would have added something of value to the world. You must give in order to take. When your purpose is contributing or adding value to the world, you will be elevated to a higher level of living.
6. There are two ways to live: you can live as if nothing is a miracle; you can live as if everything is a miracle.
When nothing is a miracle, you gain the power of doing anything you want and you have no limits. And when everything is a miracle, you stop by to appreciate even the smallest of beautiful things in the world. Thinking both ways will give you a productive and happy life.
7. When I examine myself and my methods of thought, I come to the conclusion that the gift of fantasy has meant more to me than any talent for abstract, positive thinking. Dreaming about all the great things that you can achieve is the key to a life filled with positivity. Let your imagination run amuck and create the world that you would wish to be in.
8. In order to be an immaculate member of a flock of sheep, one must above all be a sheep oneself.
If you want to become a very successful entrepreneur, you must start a business right away. Wishing to become one, but fearing the consequences will not help. The same applies to everything – in order to win a game, one must above all play the game.
9. You have to learn the rules of the game. And then you have to play better than anyone else.
Learn the rules of your game and start playing it best. Keep competing like your life depended on it. And after a while you will have no one else but you
The third industrial revolution
The digitisation of manufacturing will transform the way goods are made—and change the politics of jobs too
THE first industrial revolution began in Britain in the late 18th century, with the mechanisation of the textile industry. Tasks previously done laboriously by hand in hundreds of weavers‟ cottages were brought together in a single cotton mill, and the factory was born. The second industrial
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revolution came in the early 20th century, when Henry Ford mastered the moving assembly line and ushered in the age of mass production. The first two industrial revolutions made people richer and more urban. Now a third revolution is under way. Manufacturing is going digital. As this week‟s special report argues, this could change not just business, but much else besides. A number of remarkable technologies are converging: clever software, novel materials, more dexterous robots, new processes (notably three-dimensional printing) and a whole range of web-based services. The factory of the past was based on cranking out zillions of identical products: Ford famously said that car-buyers could have any colour they liked, as long as it was black. But the cost of producing much smaller batches of a wider variety, with each product tailored precisely to each customer‟s whims, is falling. The factory of the future will focus on mass customisation—and may look more like those weavers‟ cottages than Ford‟s assembly line.
Towards a third dimension
The old way of making things involved taking lots of parts and screwing or welding them together. Now a product can be designed on a computer and “printed” on a 3D printer, which creates a solid object by building up successive layers of material. The digital design can be tweaked with a few mouseclicks. The 3D printer can run unattended, and can make many things which are too complex for a traditional factory to handle. In time, these amazing machines may be able to make almost anything, anywhere—from your garage to an African village.
The applications of 3D printing are especially mind-boggling. Already, hearing aids and high-tech parts of military jets are being printed in customised shapes. The geography of supply chains will change. An engineer working in the middle of a desert who finds he lacks a certain tool no longer has to have it delivered from the nearest city. He can simply download the design and print it. The days when projects ground to a halt for want of a piece of kit, or when customers complained that they could no longer find spare parts for things they had bought, will one day seem quaint. Other changes are nearly as momentous. New materials are lighter, stronger and more durable than the old ones. Carbon fibre is replacing steel and aluminium in products ranging from aeroplanes to mountain bikes. New techniques let engineers shape objects at a tiny scale. Nanotechnology is giving products enhanced features, such as bandages that help heal cuts, engines that run more efficiently and crockery that cleans more easily. Genetically engineered viruses are being developed to make items such as batteries. And with the internet allowing ever more designers to collaborate on new products, the barriers to entry are falling. Ford needed heaps of capital to build his colossal River Rouge factory; his modern equivalent can start with little besides a laptop and a hunger to invent.
Like all revolutions, this one will be disruptive. Digital technology has already rocked the media and retailing industries, just as cotton mills crushed hand looms and the Model T put farriers out of work. Many people will look at the factories of the future and shudder. They will not be full of grimy machines manned by men in oily overalls. Many will be squeaky clean—and almost deserted. Some carmakers already produce twice as many vehicles per employee as they did only a decade or so ago. Most jobs will not be on the factory floor but in the offices nearby, which will be full of designers, engineers, IT specialists, logistics experts, marketing staff and other professionals. The manufacturing jobs of the future will require more skills. Many dull, repetitive tasks will become obsolete: you no longer need riveters when a product has no rivets.
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The revolution will affect not only how things are made, but where. Factories used to move to low-wage countries to curb labour costs. But labour costs are growing less and less important: a $499 first-generation iPad included only about $33 of manufacturing labour, of which the final assembly in China accounted for just $8. Offshore production is increasingly moving back to rich countries not because Chinese wages are rising, but because companies now want to be closer to their customers so that they can respond more quickly to changes in demand. And some products are so sophisticated that it helps to have the people who design them and the people who make them in the same place. The Boston Consulting Group reckons that in areas such as transport, computers, fabricated metals and machinery, 10-30% of the goods that America now imports from China could be made at home by 2020, boosting American output by $20 billion-55 billion a year.
The shock of the new
Consumers will have little difficulty adapting to the new age of better products, swiftly delivered. Governments, however, may find it harder. Their instinct is to protect industries and companies that already exist, not the upstarts that would destroy them. They shower old factories with subsidies and bully bosses who want to move production abroad. They spend billions backing the new technologies which they, in their wisdom, think will prevail. And they cling to a romantic belief that manufacturing is superior to services, let alone finance.
None of this makes sense. The lines between manufacturing and services are blurring. Rolls-Royce no longer sells jet engines; it sells the hours that each engine is actually thrusting an aeroplane through the sky. Governments have always been lousy at picking winners, and they are likely to become more so, as legions of entrepreneurs and tinkerers swap designs online, turn them into products at home and market them globally from a garage. As the revolution rages, governments should stick to the basics: better schools for a skilled workforce, clear rules and a level playing field for enterprises of all kinds. Leave the rest to the revolutionaries.
附录
英语中“一群”的表达方法
“群”的表达方法
\"群\"含有\"多\"的意思,在英语中常用\"a group of...\"来表示\"一群......\".实际上,因为文体不同、搭配不同及感情色彩的不同,\"群\"也有多种不同的表达.下面就介绍一些较为常用的含有\"群\"意思的词.
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1. gang: n. a group of people working together, such as prisoners or building workers; (often derog) a group of friends who are against other groups 人群;(贬义)一帮人,一伙人.例如:
Let's ask the rest of the gang instead of going alone. 让我们问问其他伙伴,不要单个儿去. A gang of criminals raided the bank. 一群犯罪分子抢劫了银行.
2. cloud: n. a large number of small things moving through the air as a mass (尤指飞行中的大批小动物,如昆虫等)一大群,一团.例如:
Birds are flying in dense clouds. 鸟密密麻麻地飞着.
A cloud of locusts is approaching the forests. 一大群蝗虫正飞近森林.
3. clump: n. a group of trees, bushes, plants, etc. growing together 树丛,灌木丛,草丛等.例如: There is a big clump of grasses on the hill. 山上有一大片草丛.
4. cluster: n. a number of things of the same kind growing or being close together in a group (人或动物的)群集,(东西的)聚集.例如:
A cluster of bees is flying among the flowers. 一群蜜蜂在花丛中飞舞.
a cluster of houses/ spectators/ islands/ diamonds/ stars etc. 密密匝匝的房子/观众/岛屿/钻石/星星等 5. collection: n. a group of objects collected as hobby, for study, etc.; group of people (一批)收集物;人群.例如:
Janet has a very good collection of foreign coins. 珍妮收集了不少外国硬币. An odd collection of people attended the party. 一群稀奇古怪的人参加了舞会. 6. batch: n. (infml) a group (非正式)一批;一组.例如:
Our company has got a batch of orders. 我们公司拿到了一批定单. Tom has received several batches of letters. 汤姆收到了好几堆信.
7. crew: n. a group of people working together 一起工作的一群人.例如: They form a train track repair crew. 他们组成一组铁轨维修人员.
We were such a happy crew on our day in London. 我们一群人在伦敦的那天都很快活. 8. crowd: n. a large number of people gathered together 人群;群众.例如: There were crowds of people at the theatre. 剧院里满是人. He pushed his way through the crowd. 他在人群里挤来挤去.
9. bunch: n. (infml , often humor or derog) a group (非正式,常用于幽默或贬义中)一群,一帮,一伙.例如: John has a bunch of friends and often gets their help. 约翰有一帮子朋友并且经常得到他们的帮助. A bunch of children surrounded the ice-cream man. 一群孩子围住了那个卖冰淇淋的人.
10. band: n. a group of people formed for some common purpose and often with a leader; a group of animals 一伙人,一帮人;一群(动物).例如:
We were set upon by a band of robbers. 一群强盗袭击了我们. A band of ducks is swimming in the lake. 一群鸭子游在湖面上.
11. flock: n. a group of sheep, goats, or birds; (infml) a crowd, large number of people 羊群,鸟群;(非正式)人群.例如:
A flock of people poured into the hall. 一群人涌进了大厅.
A flock of sheep were straying all over the road and causing confusion among the traffic. 路上到处是跑散的绵羊,造成交通混乱.
12. herd: n. (derog) people generally thought of as acting alike with no person having his own thoughts or opinions; a group of animals of one kind which live and feed together (贬义)人群,群众(无主见者);兽群.例如:
The common herd suffered a lot in those days. 当时一般群众的生活都很苦. A herd of cows was grazing in the field. 一群牛在地里吃草.
13. group: n. a number of people or things placed together(常用词)群;组.例如: A group of little girls are playing in the park. 一群小女孩正在公园里玩.
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There are a group of beautiful islands along the sea. 沿着海边有一群美丽的岛屿. 14. host: n. a large number 大群,大数目.例如:
A host of people spread out on the hillside in all directions. 一大群人在山坡上四处分散开来. He has a host of friends. 他有很多朋友.
15. lot: n. a group of people or things of the same type; amount of a substance or material 一批(人或物),一群(人或物).例如:
Another lot of students is arriving soon. 另一群(或批)学生马上就到.
This wine is no good but I hope the next lot will be better. 这批酒不好,但我希望下一批会好些.
16. mass: n. (often pl. with sing. meaning, infml) a large number (of people) (非正式,常用复数形式表示单数意思)许多人,人群.例如:
There are masses of people here. 这里有许多人.
A mass of people jammed into the arena. 人群涌进了赛场.
17. pack: n. group of wild animals that hunt together or group of dogs kept for hunting, esp. with horses; (derog) number of people or things (野兽的)一群,(猎狗的)一群;(贬义)(人或动物的)一帮,一伙.例如: A pack of angry shoppers demanded their money back. 一群顾客愤怒地要求退款. A pack of dogs were chasing the fox. 一群猎狗正在追捕那只狐狸.
18. party: n. a group of people doing something together 一群人,一伙人,团体.例如: A party of schoolchildren is going to France. 一个小学生团体要到法国去.
Forest rangers sent out a rescue party to bring back the injured hiker. 森林守护员派出了一支救援队去救回那位受伤的远足者.
15. knot: n. a small group of people close together 一小群聚在一起的人.例如:
I can hear a knot of people whisper in the next room. 我能听见一小群人在隔壁低声细语. A knot of people waited on the platform for the train. 一小群人在站台上等火车.
19. swarm: n. a crowd ( of people) or moving mass (of animals) 一群(人);一群(移动中的动物).例如: a swarm of ants /bees /locusts 一群蚂蚁/蜜蜂/蝗虫
There are swarms of children in the parks. 公园里有一群群的孩子.
20. team: n. a group of people who work, play or act together (一起工作、游戏、行动的)一群人.例如: The operation was done by an able team of surgeons. 这手术由一组技术高超的外科医师进行. The government is led by an able team of skilled politicians. 政府由一批干练的政治家领导着. 21. throng: n. a large crowd (of people or things) (人或物)一大群,一大堆.例如: There are throngs of passengers at the railway station. 火车站游客成群.
The pre-Christmas sale attracted throngs of shoppers. 圣诞节前的促销吸引了大批的购物者.
22. troop: n. a band of people or wild animals, esp. when moving (行动中的)一群(人或野生动物).例如: A troop of elephants was moving toward the lake. 一群大象正向湖边走去. There were troops of friends to see him off. 有很多朋友为他送行.
23. school: n. a large group of one kind of fish or certain other sea animals swimming together (鱼及某种海洋动物的)群;队.例如:
There is a large school of fish swimming near the surface of the water. 有一群鱼在贴近水面的地方游动. Sometimes we can see schools of fish pass by the sampan. 有时我们可以看到成群的鱼儿从舢板旁边游过.
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