希腊罗马神话课程讲义

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话

课程教案

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

★ Introduction of Greece I. Objectives Students will be able to :

1. get to know something about Greece

II. Lesson Plan Greece is the southeasternmost region on the European continent. It is defined by a series of mountains, surrounded on all sides except the north by water, and endowed with countless large and small islands. The Ionian (爱奥尼亚) and Aegean seas and the many deep bays and natural harbors along the coastlines allowed the Greeks to prosper in maritime commerce（海上贸易）and to develop a culture which drew inspiration from many sources, both foreign and indigenous. Greece has a history stretching back almost 4000 years. The people of the mainland, called Hellenes(古希腊人), organised great naval and military expeditions, and explored the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, going as far as the Atlantic Ocean and the Caucasus Mountains（高加索山脉）. One of those expeditions, the siege of Troy, is narrated in the first great European literary work, Homer's Iliad. During the Classical period (5th century B.C.), Greece was composed of city-states (古希腊的城邦), the largest being Athens, followed by Sparta（斯巴达）and Thebes（底比斯）. In the second half of the 4th century B.C., the Greeks, led by Alexander the Great①, conquered most of the then known world and sought to Hellenize it. In 146 BC Greece fell to the Romans.

During the Hellenistic period, the Greek world was reaching as far east as India. At length its culture became one of the oldest and the most resplendent ancient civilizations in history---Hellenic culture. From this moment on, I will do my best to present you the culture from mythology stories.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Chapter1 Introduction

I. Objectives Students will be able to :

1. get to know the Beginning of the World 2. get to know the Olympian Gods

II. Learning Difficulties different names of the gods and goddesses

III. Lesson Plan ★ 1.1 The Beginning of the World

Before earth and sea and heavens became known, the face of nature was one crude, formless mass. Land and sea and air were mingled together. The universe was a uniform darkness, without sun, moon, let alone the earth. In the middle of the darkness sat Chaos and his wife---Nyx [niks], the goddess of Night, who reigned but did not rule. So the whole space was lifeless. Centuries later, with the birth of Light and Day, earth and sea and air came into being. And also Chaos and Nyx gave birth to Gaea 盖亚 (Earth), and Gaea gave birth to Uranus (Heaven) and married him. Still later, the union of Gaea and Uranus gave birth to the Titans (The Titans of Greek mythology were the twelve children of Gaea and Uranus), the Cyclopes and the Centimani. Afraid that his own gigantic children might usurp his throne, Uranus drove them all back to the earth, and this roused the resentment of the mother Gaea. At her instigation one of her sons, Cronus (one Titan) attacked and wounded Uranus with a sickle given by Gaea. Thus Cronus got the crown and became the supreme ruler of the universe.

He married his own sister Rhea and entrusted the management of the sun to his brother Hyperion and the moon to his sister Phoebe. Cronus ruled his realm peacefully until an oracle prophesied that he would one day be dethroned/overthrown by one of his own children. To avoid the disaster he took the excessive precaution of swallowing up all his five children one by one after their birth. These were HesiaThe goddess of the hearth (赫斯提：女灶神) Demeter (The goddess of the harvest得墨忒耳：主管收获的女神), Hera, Poseidon (The god of the waters, earthquakes, and horses), Hades (The god of the netherworld). When Rhea bore the last child, Zeus (Jupiter), Cronus wanted to get rid of him in the same fashion. But the mother wrapped up a piece of stone in the infant’s swathes and handed it over to the unsuspecting father. Thus Zeus was saved and sent to Mt Ida (艾达峰：克里特岛中部一山峰), where the mountain nymphs (宁芙女神：以美丽女子形象出现，有时化身为树、水和山等自然之物的小女神) did all in their power to protect him from any harm. By the time Cronus became aware of the deception, it was too late, for young Zeus suddenly appeared before him and easily deposed/dethroned him.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

With the help of a nauseous potion, Zeus forced his father to disgorge his five brothers and sisters. But Cronus and his Titans were not reconciled to their defeat. They made war on Zeus and his brothers and sisters. Acting on the advice of his mother Rhea, Zeus released the Cyclopes from under the earth and armed himself with their thunderbolts, for the Cyclopes were thunderbolt-makers. Soon Cronus and Titans were forced to submission and cast down into Tartarus (The regions below Hades where the Titans were confined塔尔塔罗斯：冥府下面的深渊). Thus Zeus became the ruler of the Olympus. He made his sister Hera his queen, and distributed power among his brothers and sisters and his sons and daughters. Among them, Poseidon ruled over the vast expanse of seas and oceans, and Pluto was assigned as the lord to the lower world.

★ 1.2 The Olympian Gods

On Mt Olympus, the overlord of gods---Zeus---was not an autocrat; he led a council of twelve members (i.e. there were twelve major gods on Mt Olympus).

There were twelve Olympians, although you may run across fourteen different names. Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are variable. The remaining ten are: Apollo, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Poseidon, and Zeus, among the gods; Aphrodite, Athena, Artemis, and Hera, among the goddesses.

Zeus（宙斯 天王）: Zeus is the ruler of the Olympian gods. He is also known as Jupiter in Roman. His attributes in iconography include the lightning bolt, the eagle, and the scepter. Hera（赫拉 天后婚姻神）: As the wife (and sister) of Zeus, Hera is the patron of marriage. She is also known as Juno (Roman). She has no unique attributes in iconography and so can only be identified by context or inscription.

Poseidon（波塞冬 海神）: Poseidon is the god of the sea. He is also known as Neptune (Roman) and the Earth-shaker. His attributes in iconography include the trident and the fish.

Hades（哈得斯 冥神阎王）: Hades is the god of the underworld. He is also known as Pluto(Roman). His attributes in iconography are the cornucopia and the sceptre.

Ares（阿瑞斯 战神）: Ares is the god of war and conflict and is the husband of Aphrodite. He is also known as Mars (Roman). Ares is depicted as a warrior but, as he has no unique attributes in iconography, he can only be identified by context or inscription. Hephaestus (赫菲斯托斯 火和锻冶之神) : The god of fire and metalworking.

Hermes（赫耳墨斯 商神幸运神）: Hermes' main role is as a messenger but he has many other functions as well. He is also known as Mercury (Roman). His attributes in iconography include the kerykeion (messenger's staff), winged boots, and petassos (cap). Apollo（阿波罗 太阳神）: Apollo is associated principally with music, prophecy, sickness, and medicine. He is also known as Phoebus Apollo and is called the Far Shooter and the Pythian. (He has no separate Roman name.) His attributes in iconography are the cithara, or sometime the lyre, the bow, the fawn, and the tripod. He is often depicted with his sister, Artemis.

Artemis（阿耳忒弥斯 月神狩猎神）: Artemis is the goddess of the hunt and animals, as well as of childbirth. She is also known as Diana (Roman). Her attributes in iconography include the bow and the fawn. She often appears with her brother, Apollo.

Athene（雅典娜 智慧神）: Athene (also spelled Athena) is the patron of wisdom, military

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

victory, and women's crafts. She is the one who leaped up from the top of Zeus’s head. She is also known as Tritogeneia and Minerva (Roman) and is also called Pallas Athene. Her attributes in iconography include the aegis (a fringed cloak, sometimes decorated with a Gorgon's head), the helmet, and the spear.

Demeter（得墨忒耳 农神）: Demeter is the giver of grain. She is also known as Ceres (Roman) and sometimes Deo. Her attributes in iconography can include a torch, a crown, a sceptre, and stalks of grain. She is often portrayed with her daughter, Persephone/Kore. Aphrodite（阿芙罗蒂德 爱欲之神）: Aphrodite governs desire and sexuality. She is also known as Cytherea, Cypris, and Venus (Roman). She is often pictured with a sceptre or a mirror.

Hestia The goddess of the hearth, daughter of Cronus and Rhea.(赫斯提：女灶神，克罗诺斯与瑞亚之女)

Dionysus The god of wine and of an orgiastic religion celebrating the power and fertility of nature.Also called Bacchus狄俄尼索斯(酒神, 即罗马神话中的Bacchus)酒神和宗教狂欢庆祝大自然权力与丰产之神

Gods assembled: In the line behind and from left to right is first Hades, holding his two-forked scepter, the mother of the gods Rhea 1, and between her and Hera is Hera's peacock. Zeus sits in the middle with the eagle at his feet holding the thunderbolt in his hand.

To his right sits Cronos and standing are Athena and Apollo. Under the latter Artemis, with a half-moon adorning his head, is seen holding her bow. In the first line and from left to right Dionysus 2 is seen reclining. Ares in armour sits close to Aphrodite who looks at Eros as he comes towards her. In the far right sits Poseidon holding his trident.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Chapter2 Prometheus and Pandora's Box

I. Objectives Students will be able to :

1. get to know something about Prometheus 2. get to know something about Pandora

II. Learning Difficulties The relation between Prometheus and Pandora

III. Lesson Plan ★ 2.1 Prometheus

Prometheus was one of the Titans, a gigantic race, who inhabited the earth before the creation of man. Prometheus was called the benefactor of mankind.

To him and his brother Epimetheus was committed the office of making man, and providing him and all other animals with the faculties necessary for their preservation. Epimetheus undertook to do this, and Prometheus was to overlook his work, when it was done. Epimetheus accordingly proceeded to bestow upon the different animals the various gifts of courage, strength, swiftness, sagacity; wings to one, claws to another, a shelly covering to a third, etc. But when man came to be provided for, who was to be superior to all other animals, Epimetheus had been so prodigal of his resources that he had nothing left to bestow upon him. In his perplexity he resorted to his brother Prometheus, who, with the aid of Minerva (The goddess of wisdom, invention, the arts, and martial prowess. 密涅瓦：掌管智慧、发明、艺术和武艺的女神), went up to heaven, and lighted his torch at the chariot of the sun. and brought down fire to man. With this gift man was more than a match for all other animals. It enabled him to make weapons wherewith to subdue them; tools with which to cultivate the earth; to warm his dwelling, so as to be comparatively independent of climate; and finally to introduce the arts and to coin money, the means of trade and commerce.

Zeus sent most of the Titans to Tartarus to punish them for fighting against him in the Titanomachy, but since the second generation Titan Prometheus had not sided with his aunts, uncles, and brother Atlas, Zeus spared him. Zeus then assigned Prometheus the task of forming man from water and earth, which he did, but in the process, became fonder of men than Zeus had anticipated. Zeus didn't share Prometheus' feelings and wanted to keep men from having power, especially of fire. So Zeus deprived mankind of the gift of fire. Prometheus cared more for man than for the wrath of the increasingly powerful and autocratic king of the gods, so he stole fire from Zeus' lightning, concealed it in a hollow stalk of fennel, and brought it to man. He also stole skills from Hephaestus and Athena to give to man. Then, when Zeus and he were discussing the ceremonial forms for

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

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希腊罗马神话 课程教案

animal sacrifice, Prometheus devised a way to help man. He divided the slaughtered animal parts into two packets. In one was the ox meat and innards wrapped up in the stomach lining. In the other packet were the ox bones wrapped up in its own rich fat. Prometheus presented Zeus with a choice between the two, and Zeus took the richer appearing. As a result of this trick, man would thereafter be able to feast on the meat whenever it sacrificed (burned bones) to the gods.

Prometheus was still not awed by the might of Zeus and continued to defy him, refusing to warn him of the dangers of the nymph Thetis (future mother of Achilles). Zeus had tried punishing Prometheus through his loved ones, but this time he decided to punish him more directly. He bade Hephaestus (or Hermes) chain Prometheus to Mount Caucasus, where an eagle ate his ever-regenerating liver each day.

Eventually Hercules rescued Prometheus, and Zeus and the Titan were reconciled. ★ 2.2 Pandora’s Box

Pandora, was crafted by Hephaestus in his forge. Athena provided Pandora with skills in the womanly arts and made her dangerous. Zeus, who ordered her creation, gave her as a gift and a curse to mankind. Thus Pandora can be said to have had three parents. Pandora is better known as the woman whose curiosity got the best of her when she opened the forbidden box out of which came all the evils of the world and one good, hope.

Aphrodite (Venus) gave her beauty, Hermes (Mercury) persuasion, Apollo music, etc. Thus equipped, she was conveyed to earth, and presented to Epimetheus, who gladly accepted her, though cautioned by his brother to beware of Zeus and his gifts. When he was preoccupied with teaching men the art of living, Prometheus had left a big cask in the care of Ephimetheus. He had warned his brother not to open the lid. Pandora was seized with an eager curiosity to know what this jar contained; and one day she slipped off the cover and looked in. Forthwith there escaped a multitude of plagues and sickness, theft and violence, grief and sorrow and all the other evils that human world was henceforward to experience. Pandora hastened to replace the lid! But the whole contents of the jar had escaped, one thing only excepted, which lay at the bottom, and that was hope. So we see at this day, whatever evils are abroad, hope never entirely leaves us; and while we have that, no amount of other ills can make us completely wretched/miserable/despaired..

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Chapter3 The Four Ages and The Flood

I. Objectives Students will be able to :

1. get to know something about the four ages 2. get to know something about the flood

II. Learning Difficulties The two characters in the story of the flood

III. Lesson Plan ★ 3.1 the Four Ages

Golden Age

The Golden Age was a mythical first period of man when everything was happy and easy, and mortals lived like gods, although they died, but only as if falling asleep. No one worked or grew unhappy. Spring never ended. It is even described as a period in which people aged backwards. When they died, they became ghosts and roamed the earth. The people of the Golden Age were formed by or for the titan Cronus. When Zeus overcame the titans the Golden Age ended.

First of all the deathless gods who dwell on Olympus made a golden race of mortal men who lived in the time of Cronos when he was reigning in heaven. And they lived like gods without sorrow of heart, remote and free from toil and grief: miserable age rested not on them; but with legs and arms never failing they made merry with feasting beyond the reach of all evils. When they died, it was as though they were overcome with sleep, and they had all good things; for the fruitful earth unforced bare them fruit abundantly. They dwelt in ease and peace upon their lands with many good things, rich in flocks and loved by the blessed gods.

Silver Age

During the Silver Age the Olympian god Zeus was in charge. Zeus caused this generation of man to be created inferior in appearance and wisdom to the last. He divided the year into four seasons. Man had to plant grain and seek shelter, but still, a child could play for a hundred years before growing up. The people wouldn't honor the gods, so Zeus caused them to be destroyed. When they died, they became \"blessed spirits of the underworld.\"

Bronze Age

The third Age was of bronze. Zeus created men from ash trees. They were strong and warlike. They did not eat bread. Their armor and homes were of bronze. It was this generation of men that was destroyed by the flood in the time of Deucalion and Pyrrha. When they died they went to the Underworld.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

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希腊罗马神话 课程教案

These were destroyed by their own hands and passed to the dank house of chill Hades, and left no name: terrible though they were, black Death seized them, and they left the bright light of the sun.

Our race is the Iron Race in the Iron Age. Iron Age

Zeus placed a fourth race of men on earth during the present, Iron Age. All manner of evils came into being during this age. Piety and other virtues disappeared and most of the gods who were left on Earth, abandoned it. Zeus will destroy this race some day.

The father will not agree with his children, nor the children with their father, nor guest with his host, nor comrade with comrade; nor will brother be dear to brother as aforetime. Men will dishonour their parents as they grow quickly old, and will carp at them, chiding them with bitter words, hard-hearted they, not knowing the fear of the gods. They will not repay their aged parents the cost their nurture, for might shall be their right: and one man will sack another's city. There will be no favour for the man who keeps his oath or for the just or for the good; but rather men will praise the evil-doer and his violent dealing. Strength will be right and reverence will cease to be; and the wicked will hurt the worthy man, speaking false words against him, and will swear an oath upon them. Envy, foul-mouthed, delighting in evil, with scowling face, will go along with wretched men one and all. And then Aidos and Nemesis (7), with their sweet forms wrapped in white robes, will go from the wide-pathed earth and forsake mankind to join the company of the deathless gods: and bitter sorrows will be left for mortal men, and there will be no help against evil.

★ 3.2 The Flood

Towards the end of the Age of Bronze the human world became very wicked. Men grew greed, and impious. Neither right nor law was respected any longer, and the rule of hospitality (殷勤待客的风俗) was forgotten. Disguised in human form, Zeus visited Arcadia (A region of ancient Greece in the Peloponnesus. Its inhabitants, relatively isolated from the rest of the known civilized world, proverbially lived a simple, pastoral life. 阿卡迪亚：古希腊的一区域，位于伯罗奔尼撒，其居民与其它著名文明世界相对隔绝，以过着简朴和田园式的生活著称。) and Thessaly (A region of east-central Greece between the Pindus Mountains and the Aegean Sea. 塞萨利：希腊中东部一地区，位于屏达思山和爱琴海之间。) and was disgusted with the deadly sins of men. He decided to clear the earth of them all. Without hesitation he released the rainy south wind and called upon the merciless Poseidon to help. Soon the whole world was submerged in a boundless ocean. And the entire human race perished in the unprecedented flood, all but two humble men.

These were an old childless couple, kind and pious and contented with life. The man was called Deucalion (丢卡利翁) and his wife Pyrrha (皮拉). Deucalion was the son of Prometheus and Pyrrha was his cousin, the daughter of Epimetheus and Pandora. Deucalion had been forewarned by his father of the forthcoming flood and had made himself a huge chest (a sturdy box with a lid). When the roaring deluge (flood) came the couple took refuge in it and floated for nine days until it touched land again in Mt Parnassus (帕那萨斯山，位于希腊南部，希腊神话称之为太阳神和司掌诗文九女神的圣山，相传九女神常在这里谈论诗赋音乐。). The once bustling world presented an unnerving

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

sight (曾经一度熙熙攘攘生机勃勃的大地，望去已经是一片使人落魄失魂的景象。). It was now death and devastation (白骨遍野，一片荒芜。).

Feeling lonely and insecure, the old couple prayed to the gods for help. An oracle instructed them to cast behind them the bones of their mother (i.e., the stones of the earth). The son of the wise Titan, having divined the true meaning of the mysterious command, started throwing stones behind him. Pyrrha followed suit. The stones that the man cast became men; those that the woman threw were turned into women. To Deucalion a son was born later, Hellene by name after whom the Greeks were named Hellenes. , who had three sons, Aeolus (ancestor of the Aeolians，伊奥利亚人的始祖), Dorus, and Xuthus. Aeolus and Dorus became the ancestors respectively of the Aeolians and Dorians (多利安人：古希腊民族). Xuthus (The ancestor of the Ionian Greeks. 苏托斯 希腊爱奥尼亚人的祖先) The land was repeopled and the Heroic Age had begun.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

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希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Chapter4 Legends of some gods and goddesses

I. Objectives Students will be able to :

get to know something about Athena, Poseidon and some gods and goddesses

II. Lesson Plan ★4.1 Athena

On one occasion Zeus suffered a racking headache. When all the gods, including Apollo, the god of medicine, had tried in vain to offer a hand, the father of gods and men summoned Hephaestus to split open his head. The god of fire did this. To the wonder of all the Olympians, a goddess, full-grown and full armed, issued from the cleavage, radiating light and splendor(使奥林匹斯山诸神惊讶的是，他们看到一位体态丰满，披坚执锐的女神从裂口中走出来，光彩照人，仪态万方。). She was Athena, goddess of wisdom and knowledge and patroness of Athens.

Why was Athena the patroness of Athens?

When the city of Athens was first built by a Phoenician(腓尼基人), both Poseidon and Athena competed for the honor of naming it. It was then agreed that whoever offered the most useful object for men would become the patron of the city. Poseidon struck the ground with his trident (三叉戟) and produced a horse, whereas Athena had an olive tree to present, an emblem of peace and plenty. As the horse was deemed as signifying strife and sorrow, Athens was named after the goddess, who therefore took the city under her protection.

Athena was the goddess of arts, crafts, woman’s handiwork and military victory. 4.2 Apollo

Among the crowd of Olympian gods the one most widely worshipped was Apollo, who was the son of Zeus and Leto (Latona) (A consort of Zeus and the mother of Apollo and Artemis (勒托：宙斯的一个妻子，也是阿波罗和阿耳特弥斯的母亲). According to Greek mythology, Leto was driven by Hera from land to land until at last Poseidon took pity on her and brought the island of Delos (得洛斯岛：位于南爱琴海的希腊东南部的一个岛屿) out of water for her to live on. There she gave birth to the twins, Apollo and Artemis. By the way, Zeus had many mates (mortal and immortal):

Metis Titaness who was a consort of Zeus Offspring: Horai (Dike [justice], Eirene [peace], Eunomia [lawful government]), Moirai.

Eurynome Offspring: Charites (Aglaia, Euphrosyne, Thalia).

Mnemosyne Offspring: The Muses (Kleio, Euterpe, Thaleia, Melpomene, Terpsichore, Erato, Polymnia, Ourania, Kallioe).

Hera Offspring: Ares, Hebe, Eileithuia, (Hephaistos) Demeter Offspring: Persephone.

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希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Leto Offspring: Artemis and Apollo.

Maia (daughter of Atlas) Offspring: Hermes.

Apollo was the sun god. Dressed in a purple robe, he sat in his bright eastern palace at dawn and made ready to start his daily journey across the sky. During the day he rode in his chariot of gold and ivory, and brought light, life and love to the vast world below. At dusk he came to the end of his journey in the far western sea and got on his golden boat to return to his eastern palace.

Apollo was the god of music and poetry. The music from his lyre (古琴) was so inspiring that stones marched into their places in rhythmic time voluntarily (石头有节奏自动地各就其位) when he helped Poseidon build up the walls of Troy. His son, Orpheus (俄耳甫斯：歌手,善弹竖琴) inherited sun skill from the father.

Apollo was the god of prophecy. Men turned to him for advice and guidance in cases of perplexity. Though seldom in direct intercourse with mortals, he granted a special communication of counsel through oracles. His oracle at Delphi was the most renowned because the most stoutly believed of all.

As far as Apollo is concerned, we will mention the derivation of sunflower: Clytie (克丽泰) was a nymph (水泽仙女：居住在山林水泽的仙女). On one occasion she met Apollo and she had a crash on the sun-god Apollo since then. She was allured by his beauty and glory that from dawn to dusk she knelt on the ground, her hands outstretched towards the sun-god, and her eyes gazing at his golden-wheeled carriage racing across the blue sky. Though her love was not accepted she had never changed her mind about Apollo. The gods were moved at the pathetic sight, and changed her into a sunflower. Thus the sunflower faced the sun and followed it so as to show her invariable love to the sun-god. So sunflower represents “admiration” “adoration” (崇拜，仰慕).

Apollo was also the god of health and healing. His son, Aesculapius (The god of medicine and healing. 埃斯科拉庇俄斯：医药与康复之神) possessed such magic power to call back the dead to life.

Phaeton was one of the sons of Apollo. His mother was Clymene (吕克墨涅). The mother had filled the boy’s head with so many stories of his father’s glory that the youth was quite proud of it. Wherever he went he told those stories again and again until at last everybody was fed up with him. On one occasion, when one of his playmates dared him to prove his divine descent (血统), he was quite hard to prove it. He came back to his mother and tearfully related the disgraceful event. Unable to produce any proof of it herself, she sent the youth eastwards to pray to Apollo for help.

The sun-god received his son and heard the story with interest. Then he took an oath by the Styx (冥河：斯蒂克斯河，希腊南部一条小河，古希腊人认为该河外绕地狱，河水甚度，可以致命，希腊诸神都指此河为誓。人身浸入河水可以坚如铁石刀不入。相传阿基里斯出生后被其母亲倒提着脚跟在此河水中浸过。) to comply with any request the boy might make, and was amazed to hear that the boy’s ambition was to drive his fiery chariot.

He told his son of the dangers on the way and of the unruly fiery-footed steeds that drew his chariot, but failed to dissuade his son from the attempt. As the god had sworn by the Styx there was no going back on his word, Apollo cautioned his son to keep to the middle course and rein in (控制) the horses.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Phaeton joyfully sprang on the chariot and set off. Very soon, he had lost his way. He grew pale at the dizzy height and at the vast expanse of sky in front of him and behind. The horses bolted and stumbled and ran wild. Unable to hold the reins, Phaeton dropped them in fright. Thus the chariot dashed straight down to the earth. Rivers were dried up. Crops drooped and withered. Cries of suffering rose up from the burned earth. It was said that the skin of the negroes was blackened at that time. The enraged Zeus soon traced the cause of the trouble, and without hesitation he threw one of his most fierce thunderbolts at the reckless charioteer. Phaeton dropped straight down into a river called Po(波河：意大利北部一河流). Apollo hurried to control the chariot again. Both the parents mourned over the loss of their son. And his mother and sister (赫利阿得斯, 法厄同尼腾）were so grieved at his death that they cried for four months and were transformed into poplars (白杨) and their tears ambers. ★ 4.3 Daphne

Daphne was a lovely blooming nymph (daughter of Gaea). One day as she was playing in the woods she saw Apollo the sun-god gazing at her with more than amazement and admiration in his eye. The beaming face of the sun god put her to flight. Apollo followed her closely behind, calling out to her to stop. His passion having been kindled by her beauty and grace, he was afraid that this might be the last time he saw her. The nymph made the best of her legs, but the ardent Apollo pressed hard upon her. She ran and ran through rough fields and pathless woods, but the sound of his pursuing feet ever grew nearer. As the sun-god ran he asked his beloved to slow down, for he feared that she might fall down and bruise her sparkling skin to the rugged roads. But the nymph never cared so much as to throw one glance backwards. At last she was quite breathless and cried to his father, a river-god, for help. No sooner had her prayer been uttered than answered, for she had instantly found herself glued to the ground and a layer of soft bark growing over her fair skin. She had been turn into a laurel tree. Sighing, Apollo embraced the tree trunk, which responded by shrinking back. To show his undying love for the nymph, he decided that the laurel would be his favorite tree and should be the prize of honour and renown for deathless poets and poetry. Thus the most accomplished poet always desires to be made a poet laureate. 4.4 Hermes (Mercury)

Hermes was one of the sons of Zeus (Maia). Immediately after he was born, Hermes was appointed god of thieves at Olympus. And he became a thief when he was barely more than a few hours old. Feeling hungry, the infant left his swaddling bands after nightfall to hunt for food. He chanced upon Apollo’s oxen grazing meadow (放牧草地) and drove a number of these animals away, trying twigs (小树枝) around the feet of the cattle to blur their footprints. He killed two of these oxen and had a rich dinner. Then he slipped back into his little cot in his mother’s house. When Apollo came to question him, Hermes pretended to be innocent. The irritated sun-god dragged him up to Olympus, where he was convicted of the theft and made to return the cattle to their master. In reconciliation little Hermes gave Apollo the lyre he had invented and made out of a tortoise shell, and Apollo was so pleased with the gift that he presented his little brother with a wand (小棍) which could pacify conflicting forces.

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Roman and Greek Mythology

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In due time Hermes was appointed messenger of Zeus and the gods, and he was equipped with a pair of winged sandals and winged cap to enable him to travel swifter. It was Hermes who took the messenger of Zeus to the world below.

Hermes was the patron of traveler. His statues were set up as boundary marks at cross-roads or street corners to guide passers-by.

Hermes was also the god of rain and wind, and of commerce. He also took it upon himself to conduct the souls of the dead to the underworld. 4.5 Ares (Mars)

Ares, the son of Zeus and Hera, was appointed god of war. In appearance, Ares was handsome and cruel. He is usually portrayed young and dressed as a soldier, wearing the aegis 羊皮盾and helmet, and holding a bloodstained spear and sword. His throne on Mount Olympus was said to be covered in human skin.

Though an immortal deity, he was beat by Heracles in battle and was almost killed when stuffed into a jar by two giants. When another hero wounded him during the Trojan War, he received scant sympathy from his father Zeus.

Ares was the Greek god of war, and according to mythology, war, battles, and bloodshed were his major preoccupations.

However, there is one other area in which Ares was interested, and that is to be with the goddess Aphrodite. He engaged in an ongoing dating with Aphrodite in defiance of that fact that the lovely goddess was already married (to the god Hephaestus). There is a wonderfully charming tale in the Odyssey of Homer about how this couple's romantic rendezvous came to an abrupt, and comic, end.

Ares and Aphrodite were dating together when they were rudely interrupted. You see, the god of the sun, Helios (The former sun god, son of Hyperion许珀里翁 泰坦神), from whom little, if anything, could be kept secret, he spied the pair in enjoying each other one day. Helios promptly reported the incident to Hephaestus, who was understandably angry. Hephaestus planned to catch the couple “in the act”, and so he made a net to catch the illicit lovers. At the appropriate time, this net was sprung, and trapped Ares and Aphrodite together. But Hephaestus was not yet satisfied with his revenge, for he invited the Olympian gods and goddesses to view the unfortunate pair. For the sake of modesty, the goddesses objected, but the male gods went and witnessed the sight. Some commented on the beauty of Aphrodite, others remarked that they would eagerly trade places with Ares, and they all laughed. At last Ares and Aphrodite had three children: (Harmonia, Eros, and Anteros) one of which was very famous---Eros (Cupid, Roman)

Later he fell in love with Ilia (vestal virgin 修女) and she bore him the twins (Romulus罗穆卢斯and Remus瑞摩斯) . The former was destined to become the founder of Rome. And his father took the city under his protection. 4.6 Aphrodite (Venus)

Aphrodite (Roman name Venus) was the goddess of love, beauty and fertility. She was also a protectress of sailors. There are two different stories to how Aphrodite was born. The poet Hesiod (赫西奥德：公元前8世纪, 希腊诗人。他写的主要史诗有关于古代农耕生活的有价值的叙述工作与时日，和关于众神及世界的起源的描述和神谱。) said that Aphrodite was born from sea-foam. Homer, on the other hand, said that she was the

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daughter of Zeus and Dione (狄俄涅).

According to the Hesiod’s version, one day the floating bubbles of the sea glowed with divine radiance, and out of the wave rose a fair and lovely maiden, shining forth warmth and charm. She was then escorted by the ocean nymphs to Cyprus which henceforth became her sacred island.

She was appointed goddess of love and marriage. Sitting in her chariot drawn by sparrows, doves or swans, she traveled far and wide to inspire love in the hearts of all nature and move man and beast and animal and plant to reproduction. With the help of her little son, Eros, the god of love, she have many love affairs with gods and men. And she herself was a bit of flirt. She introduced the idea of free love into married life. She was never faithful to her husband Hephaestus, who incidentally on one occasion caught her in a net as she was lying with Mars, and held them both up to ridicule in front of the gods. She was kind and obliging and was ever ready to help young lovers in trouble.

维纳斯是希腊米洛农民伊奥尔科斯1820年春天刨地时掘获的。出土时的维纳斯右臂下垂，手扶衣衿，左上臂伸过头，握着一只苹果。当时法国驻米洛领事路易斯-布勒斯特得知此事后，赶往伊奥尔科斯住处，表示要以高价收买此塑像，并获得了伊奥尔科斯的应允。但由于手头没有足够的现金，只好派居维尔连夜赶往君士坦丁堡报告法国大使。大使听完汇报后立即命令秘书带了一笔巨款随居维尔连夜前往米洛洽购女神像，却不知农民伊奥尔科斯此时已将神像卖给了一位希腊商人，而且已经装船外运。居维尔当即决定以武力截夺。英国得知这一消息之后，也派舰艇赶来争夺，双方展开了一场激烈的战斗，混战中雕塑的双臂不幸被砸断，从此，维纳斯就成了一个断臂女神。 4.7 Eros (Cupid)

Eros was the god of love, better known by his Latin name Cupid. He was represented as a little naked boy, with sparkling wings, and he carried his bow and arrows wherever he wandered. Shooting his thrilling darts in mischief, he inspired the passion of love. The naughty god had two kinds of arrows: the gold-tipped and the lead- tipped. The gold-tipped arrows were used to quicken the impulse of love and the lead-tipped ones to paralyze it. Besides, he had a torch to kindle hearts with. Though sometimes he was blindfolded, no man nor god, including Zeus, was safe from his mischief.

Once upon a time there was a king with three daughters. They were all beautiful, but by far the most beautiful was the youngest, Psyche. She was so beautiful that people began to neglect the worship of Venus, the goddess of love and beauty. Venus was very jealous, and asked her son Cupid (the boy with the arrows) to make Psyche fall in love with a horrible monster. When he saw how beautiful she was, Cupid dropped the arrow meant for her and pricked himself, and fell in love with her.

Despite her great beauty no-one wanted to marry Psyche. Her parents consulted an oracle, and were told that she was destined to marry a monster, and they were to take her to the top of a mountain and leave her there. The west wind took her and wafted her away to a palace, where she was waited on by invisible servants. When night came her new husband visited her, and told her that he would always visit her by night and she must never try to see him.

Although her invisible husband was kind and gentle with her, and the invisible servants attended to her every desire, Psyche grew homesick. She persuaded her

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husband to allow her sisters to visit her. When they saw how she lived they became very jealous and talked Psyche into peeking at her husband, saying that he was a monster who was fattening her up to be eaten and that her only chance of safety was to kill him. Psyche took a lamp and a knife, but when she saw her beautiful husband, Cupid, she was so surprised she dripped some hot wax onto his shoulder, waking him. He took in the situation at a glance and immediately left Psyche and the magnificent palace she had been living in disappeared in a puff of smoke.

Psyche roamed about looking for her husband, and eventually in desperation approached his mother, Venus. Still angry, the goddess set various tasks for Psyche, all of which she passed, with a bit of help from ants and river gods. At last Cupid found out what was going on, and he persuaded Jupiter to order Venus to stop her persecution of Psyche. Then they were married and lived happily ever after - and it really was ever after since Psyche was made a goddess.

4.8 Demeter and Persephone (得墨忒耳和珀尔塞福涅)

Demeter ( Roman name Ceres) was the goddess of agriculture or harvest and fertility. Her name means \"barley-mother\" or \"mother earth\".

This god had something to do with the forming of four seasons.

Demeter was the sister of Zeus and the mother of Persephone. Persephone was gathering flowers in a meadow one day when a huge crack opened up in the earth and Hades, King of the Dead, emerged from the Underworld. He seized Persephone and carried her off in his chariot, back down to his realm below, where she became his queen. Demeter was heartbroken. She wandered the length and breadth of the earth in search of her daughter, during which time the crops withered and it became perpetual winter. At length Hades was persuaded to surrender Persephone for two third of every year, the spring and summer seasons when flowers bloom and the earth bears fruit once more. The rest year (i.e. 4 months) that Persephone spends in the Underworld as Hades' queen coincides with the barren season (winter). When depicted in art, Demeter is often shown carrying a sheaf of grain. 4.9 Europa

Europa was the beautiful daughter of the Phoenician king of Tyre (提尔：古代腓尼基[Phoenicia] 的有名港口, 现属黎巴嫩). Zeus, the King of the gods, saw Europa as she was gathering flowers by the sea and immediately fell in love with her.

Overwhelmed by love for Europa, and being afraid of irritating her jealous wife---Hera, Zeus transformed himself into the form of a magnificent white bull and appeared in the sea shore where Europa was playing with her maidens. The great bull walked gently over to where Europa stood and knelt at her feet. The appearance and movements of the bull were so gentle that Europa spread flowers about his neck and dared to climb upon his back overcoming her natural fear of the great animal.

But suddenly, the bull rushed over the sea kidnapping Europa. Only then the bull revealed its true identity and took Europa to the Mediterranean island of Crete (克利特岛：位于地中海东部,属希腊。). There, Zeus cast off the shape of the white bull, and back into his human form, made Europa his lover beneath a simple cypress tree (柏树) and had by Zeus three sons: Minos (迈诺斯), Rhadamanthus (拉达曼提斯：冥府三判官之一，铁面无

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

私的法官), and Sarpedon (萨耳珀冬). One day, Aphrodite came to her, and said: “You have become the goddess on the earth, and your name will be perpetual. The land you live in will be named after you. Thus the land was called Europa (that is Europe we know today).

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Chapter5 The Trojan War (Movie Show)

I. Objectives Students will be able to :

1. get to know something about the war

2. get to know something about the heroes in the war

II. Learning Difficulties The mortals and immortals and their relations in the war

III. Lesson Plan At a wedding party Eris，the goddess of discord，threw a golden apple bearing the words“For the fairest！” Hera，Athena and Aphrodite，each wanting to get it for herself，were sent to Paris for judgement．A shepherd on Mt Ida，Paris gave the apple to Aphrodite because she had promised to obtain for him the love of the most beautiful woman in the world．

Paris was the son of Priam，the king of Troy．At his birth his mother Queen Hecuba dreamed of holding a piece of burning wood．So he was regarded as likely to bring destruction on the city，and was by chance exposed to the sun，wind and rain on MtIda．He was finally saved and brought up by the herdsmen there．Now acting on the instruction of Aphrodite，he went down the mountain to take part in the game held in Troy，and there so famous did he become that King Priam and Queen Hecuba received him joyfully back into the royal palace．

Soon he was sent to Greece at the head of a great team of boats．he went to Sparta，where，as Aphrodite had told him，the most beautiful woman of the time，Helen，lived．King Menelaus，Helen's husband，generously received him but Paris returned his host's kindness with no thanks．In the king's absence he persuaded Helen to elope with him to Troy．To payback，Greek took up arms．The Trojan war broke out． As the Greek ships gathered at the port of Aulis，no favouring wind blew up．A prophet told the comander of the expedition，Agamemnon，that he had to offer his daughter Iphigenia as a sacrifice to Artemis．Iphigenia was placed before the goddess' altar but Artemis took her away at the last minute，putting a red deer（赤鹿）in her place．Agamemnon' s wife Clytemnestra was greatly enraged at her husband' s cruelty． The war lasted ten years，during which both sides suffered the misfortunes of war．Agamemnon fought with Achilles over a captive princess，and in anger，Achilles refused to fight．His friend，Patroclus，borrowed his armour and went out to change the situation of war，but was killed by Hector，the eldest son of Priam．Bent on revenge， Achilles no longer fought with Agamemnon，and putting on his new armour made by Hephaestus，went out to avenge his friend．He killed Hector and dragged his dead body three times around the walls of Troy． But soon after，Achilles was wounded in the heel by

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Paris and died in battle．Paris had not long to live either，for he was killed by a friend of Achilles'．As Achilles left his armour to the bravest of the Greeks，a bitter struggle happened between its two worthy contestants；and when the weapons were given to Odysseus by judge，Ajax took his own life for grief and shame．

At the end of nine years a prophet predicted that Troy would not fall as long as the Palladium stayed within its walls．Odysseus and Diomedes went into the city in disguise and stole it out of the temple of the city．Then the Greeks designed a great wooden horse，in which some Greek soldiers hid themselves，and made believe to withdraw．Taken in by rumour that the horse had been sent by Athena，the overjoyed Trojans hauled it into their capital．At night the hidden Greeks crawled out and threwthe whole city into confusion．Tory was robbed．King Priam was killed．Queen Hecuba，her daughter Cassandra and her daughter in law Andromache were all carried into slavery．Helen and Menelaus were on good terms again and disappeared in the west．Agamemnon went back to Mycenae，only to be murdered by his own wife．His son Orestes killed his mother and was pursued by the Furies．Odysseus went through untold hardships，struggling with wind and wave，before he reached his home island Ithaca to reunite with his faithful wife Penelope．Aeneas，one of the Trojan princes，after narrowly escaping death at Troy，wandered from land to land for a long time and became，in the end，the founder of the Roman race．

Helen

Helen was the most beautiful woman of the world．She was an infamous lady．She lighted the flames of the Trojan war and brought extreme destruction on the city of Troy．Helen was the daughter of Zeus．Helen's matchless beauty and charms drew towards her many heroes from all parts of Greece.

When still small she was carried off by Theseus，who wished to have a divine wife．But she was rescued later by her brother Castor，and brought back to her native land．Her stepfather married her to Menelaus，king of Sparta．

Nothing of importance had happened to her married life until Paris came to visit Sparta．Helen was attracted by Paris' lovely face．They stole one another's love in the absence of Menelausand then eloped on board a ship to Troy．Helen left her young daughter behind．To get Helen back，the Greek army sailed across and laid a long siege to the city of Troy．

Helen was quietly weaving her story into a web of golden carpet one day when she was called up the city walls of Troy to look at the fighting between Menelaus and Paris．Menelaus was determined to kill Paris in the battle．Sitting by the side of King Priam，she told the chiefs of the Greek side to him．Tears of love filled up her eyes when she saw her first husband down below．After Paris fled the field she had the feelings of love and scorn．She encouraged Hector and Paris to take the field again and sincerely mourned the death of the true hero Hector. But when Odysseus and Diomedes came in disguise to steal the Palladium，she helped them to do so as much as she could．After Paris died in battle she became the wife of another son of Priam．

In the meantime Menelaus was anxiously searching for Helen in the ruined palaces of Troy．Aphrodite had made Helen more beautiful，so that，when he finally found her

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

trembling in a corner，Menelaus was most unwilling to bring his sword down on her charming face．Menelaus felt secretly overjoyed to have his wife back again．Following Menelaus through the ruins of the city，Helen felt ashamed of her impure behaviour．And she was truly scared at the terrible fate she was to have in the Greek Camp．

Once more her beauty saved her．No one could bring him self to thrust his sword into such a charming and graceful lady．In the tent of Menelaus she threw herself at the feet of the Spartan king，asking for forgiveness．Moved by the scene，Menelaus helped her up and let her forget the past．He held her in his arms while she had tears of grief and happiness．The pair loved each other like before and vanished in the far west．

Achilles

Achilles felt proud of his parentage．His grandfather was noted for his justice and uprightness and became a judge in Hades after death．His father Peleus was a brave warrior and later married the beautiful sea goddess，Thetis．At the wedding of Peleus and the sea goddess，to which most of the gods were invited，the goddess of discord，Eris，feeling angry at not being invited，threw among the guests a golden apple bearing the words“For the fairest” and stirred up a bitter quarrel which led in the end to the Trojan war． Thetis loved her son very much．When Achilles was still a baby，Thetis was shocked by a prophecy that her son would die in war．To save her son，the sea goddess dipped her baby in the waters of Styx which could protect the human body from the fire and sword．But as the heel by which she held him was dry it became the one mortal spot in the whole body of Achilles．Thus the expression“the heel of Achilles” has come to mean“a weak spot”．Achilles spent a great part of his boyhood in the woods with the wise old centaur，Chiron，who taught him the gentle arts as well as war affairs，and prepared him well for a short but brilliant career．

When fighters all over Greece flew to arms against Troy，a prophet foretold that Achilles was sure not to return from the war．Determined to keep her son from the disaster，Thetis sent young Achilles to the court of the king of Scyros，where he worked in disguise as one of the handmaids waiting on the princess of Scyros．For a time trick worked．Messenger after messenger came，but all left without him．One day，a peddlar appeared in the palace，bringing with him a wide variety of womanish small things．There was，however，also a sword among such goods．Whereas most of the ladies stared at the silks and veils，one of them eagerly grabbed the sword and joyfully played with it．At this the peddlar threw off his disguise and came out with his true identity．The artful Odysseus had come to fetch the hero to Aulis，where Greek ships had been waiting for both a fair wind and Achilles．Odysseus had not laboured in vain．During an attack on the walls of Troy，Achilles caught the sight of the beauty of Polyxena，daughter of Priam．He was so attracted by the grace of the princess that he asked Priam to give him the hand of Polyxena in marriage．He worked hard for the peace between the two sides．When his efforts proved useless，he obtained a promise from Priam that the marriage would be held after the war．Just as Achilles turned to leave，the faithless Paris took out a poisoned arrow and shot at his heel from behind．Before Achilles breathed his last，he left his armour in his will to the bravest of the Greek heroes．This gave rise to such a fierce contest between Ajax and Odysseus．As a result the armour was adjudged to

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Odysseus．So sad and desperate was Polyxena at Achilles' death she committed suicide in front of his magnificent tomb．

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Chapter6 The Story of Odysseus

I. Objectives Students will be able to :

1. get to know something about Odysseus

2. get to know something about his adventures

II. Learning Difficulties The names of the characters in the adventures

III. Lesson Plan Hero king from Ithaca, son of Laertes. Odysseus was considered the most clever hero, and not surprisingly, he was protected by Athena, goddess of wisdom. He often found solutions for important problems: he was amongst Helen's suitors, but to avoid war between the, he made them all swear to respect Helens decision, and to protect whoever she chose. Odysseus married Helen's cousin Penelope and they had a son: Telemachus. It had been prophesied that Odysseus would not return for a long time if he joined the Greek army against Troy, so he decided to play crazy when Palamedes came to Ithaca to enroll him. He put on torn clothes, and tried to sow the land with salt, while ploughing the fields with a goat and an ox. Palamedes then put the baby Telemachus in front of the plough which made Odysseus stop, revealing his sanity. After this, Odysseus dearly hated Palamedes, and according to one story he got his revenge through forging a letter from the Tojan king to Palamedes and burying gold under his tent. When the letter and the gold was discovered Palamedes was accused of treason and sentenced to death.

During the Trojan war Odysseus played an important part. Together with Diomedes he stole king Rhesus horses, but the very next day he was wounded in battle. When Achilles was killed he held the Trojans back while Ajax carried the dead hero back to the camp. After the burial it was decided that Odysseus and not Ajax should get Achilles armour, and the latter committed suicide.

Odysseus was also the one to convince 50 of the Greek heroes to hide inside the Trojan horse. After the Trojan war Odysseus set off for Ithaca, which turned out to be an adventurous journey covering a decade.

The Odyssee is the story Odysseus tells king Alcinoos of the Faiacs at dinner. Leaving Troy, Odysseus and his men drifted to the city of the Cicons, where a battle took place after the crew had plundered the city

After this, they sailed off for Ithaca, but were carried away by a storm, which took them to the country of the Lotophages. This people ate the lotophag plant, which was sweet but dangerous, since it made you forget everything. Odyseeus managed to get his crew back on the ships, and off they went again.

Next, they landed on the island of the Cyclop Polyphemus, allegedly the island of

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Youra in the Nort Sporades. The giant shut the men inside his cave, ate a few of them and talked with Odysseus, who told the Cyclop his name was \"Noone\". When Polyphemus had fallen asleep he convinced the med to prepare a treetrunk, making it into a sharp weapon, which they put in the fireplace, and then thrust it into the Cyclops only eye. Crying with pain and anger, Polyphemus opened the cave and tried fumbling to catch the escaping men. They had tied themselves under the giants sheep, though, so the only thing he felt was the backs of the animals. His screams woke the other Cyclops up, and they shouted to him what was wrong. Polyphemus then answered \"Noone has blinded me\out of his wits.

The next adventure brought the shipss to the island of the winds, where the god of the winds Aeolus lived. He welcomed Odysseus, and when it was time for him to leave, the god gave him a sack which contained all the winds except the western one, telling the hero not to open it until he had reached home. For ten days and night the ships sailed at full speed. Odysseus stayed awake for fear that the men would open his sack, but when Ithaca was in sight, the exhausted hero slept. The curious crew then opened the sack, unleashing all the winds, taking the ships further away than before. They sailed back to Aeolus island, but were chased away since Aeolus had understood Odysseus was hated by the gods, especially Poseidon who hated him for defeating his son the Cyclop.

After sailing for six days and nights, the ships reached a rocky shore at a country where the people was tall cannibals. They threw rocks at the ships, and they all sunk except Odysseus.

The ship now reached the island Aiae, where Helios' daughter Circe lived. It was full of wild, but friendly animals, which were really transformed humans. The beautiful Circe invited some of Odysseus men, and turned them into swines with a magic potion. When Odysseus went to find them, Hermes appeared, presenting him with an antidote. The hero drank it, and took Circe by surprise when he did not transform. He threatened her life, and she turned the swines back to men, and offered Odysseus her love. They all lived together in her palace for a year, and when it was time for Odysseus to leave, Circe told him to find the shadow of the dead seer Tiresias down in Hades.

They sailed to the country of the Cimmerians, where it was constant night. At the source of Oceanus, they found the silent trees of Persephone. There, they dug a pit, and filled it with blood from black sacrificial animals. This summoned the dead spirits who wanted to drink the blood which would make them concious for a while. Odysseus kept them back with his sword, and only let Tiresias drink. The seer then warned Odysseus not to touch the herds of Helios when he would reach the island Thrinacea. If he did, he would reach home on a foreign ship, only to find misery, the suitors, in his palace. He would kill the suitors, and then take an oar on his shoulder, and walk until he would find a people who did not recognize the oar, and there make a sacrifice to Poseidon. After that, he would reach old age in peace and happiness, and die a mild death coming from the sea. After Tiresias prophecy, the other dead came fourth. Odysseus met his mother, Agamemnon, Achilles, Aias plus other heroes and famous women. Finally he saw the head of the Gorgon, and ran back to his ship.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

They now sailed back to Circe, who told Odysseus about the sirens. They were terrible creatures with birds bodies and ugly womens' heads, who sang so beautifully that all the sailors would jump in the sea. On Circes advice Odysseus had his men tie him to the mast while filling their own ears with wax, so that he may hear the sirens song without being able to jump. Crazed with the Sirens song Odysseus tried to sign to the crew to let him go, but they could not hear anything, and had promised the hero that they would not let him go no matter what.

The ship now came to Charybdis, a stream that sucked in and spat out the sea three times a day. After this they met Scylla, who lived in a cave on a cliff. She he had six heads on snakenecks, three tows of teeth and barked like a puppy. The monster caught six of the men.

Next stop was Thrinacia (Sicily) which Odysseus, remembering Tiresias prophesy, wanted to sail past. The men refused though, and after making them swear they would not touch Helios' herd, they went ashore. The bad weather kept them there for a month, and the men starved. Odysseus went to pray to the gods for help, and the crew now took the opportunity to kill and eat some of the oxens. On his return Odysseus saw the smoke from the cooking and terrible omens appeared: the skins of the animals crwawled around and the meat on the spits roamed. The weather calmed down, and the ship sailed off, only to be surprised by a terrible storm and being caught by Charybdis. The ship sunk and the crew drowned. Odysseus managed to save himself by clutching on to some wood.

He drifted around for nine days, until he reached the island Ogygia, where the nymph Calypso lived. Calypso took care of him, caressed him, and promised to make him immortal if he married her. The hero did not respond to this, and sat crying by the shore.

When Poseidon was away, Athena took the opportunity to beg Zeus to help Odysseus. The god then sent Hermes to Calypso with a message to let Odysseus go. Odysseus built a raft and sailed for seventeen days, until he reached Scheria, the island of the Faiacs (supposedly Corfu).

By then, Poseidon had returned, and saw what Odysseus was doing, and unleashed a new storm. Odysseus was tossed around, but was saved by Leucothea who gave the hero her veil and adviced him to save himself by swimming.

Naked and exhausted Odysseus was washed ashore on Scheria, where he was discovered by the princess Nausicaa, who had come there to wash her clothes. Her maids ran away screaming when they saw the wild and naked man, but Nausicaa approached him. She fed and clothed him, and told him where he was. She then brought him to her father king Alcinoos and queen Arete. A party was held in honour of their guest, as well as athletic games and song by the blind rhapsod Demodocus.

When the singer sung of the Trojan horse, Odysseus burst into tears and revealed who he was and what he had endured. Alcinoos then gave him precious gifts and loaded it on a ship, which took Odysseus back to Ithaca.

The hero fell asleep on the ship, and the crew put him on a shore. Poseidon was so angered by this, that he punished the Faiacs by turning the ship into stone and islolating their islands with huge mountains around it. Odysseus cried when he woke up, because he did not recognize the surroundings.

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

Athena then appeared before him in the shape of a young man, and told him where he was and about the suitors in his palace. They were on the verge of forcing Penelope to a decision, since they had discovered she tricked them. She had promised to make a decision whom she would marry when she had finished the death shroud of her father-in-law. At night she tore it up again, but a treacherous maid revealed this to the suitors.

Odysseus now went to the swineherd Eumaeus, and revealed his identity to him and Telemachus. Together, they went to the palace. Odysseus was disguised as a beggar, and was beaten and ridiculed by the suitors. Only his old dog Argus recognized him, wagged its tail and died.

When Penelope looked after the beggar she asked him if he had heard anything of her husband. Odysseus told him he would be back very soon, but Penelope did not dare to belive him. Cleaning him, Odysseus old nurse recognized a scar on his body, but he told her to be silent.

Penelope now put the suitors through a final test. She showed them Odysseus bow and said she would marry whoever could shoot an arrow through the holes of twelve axes in a row. One after one they tried, but they couldn't even pull the string.

The beggar Odysseus asked to have a go, and under ridicule and laughter he shot a perfect arrow through the twelve axes, then turned the bow against the suitors and started killing them with the help of Telemachus. After this the treacherous maids were punished, and finally, the palace was clear.

By killing the suitors, Odysseus had blood on his hands and he cleaned the house with sulfur. Penelope still doubted, but when Odysseus told her that their bed was made of olive tree, a sectret only he would know, she finally believed. Odysseus then went to his old father and they all lived happily ever after.

After a meeting with his people, the suitors families and friends wanted revenge, but they fled after fighting Odysseus. Athena then intervened, and peace was made.

According to later versions, the adventures did not finish there. Odysseus goes to Epirus where the Thesprotes live. Their queen, Callidice, welcomes him and they marry. Odysseus then helpes the people against their enemy. When Callidice dies, the couple's son then takes over the kingdom and Odysseus returns to Ithaca.

Then Telegonos arrives. He is the son of Odysseus and Circe, and he plunders the island without knowing where he is. Telegonos kills Odysseus and brings his dead body to Circe together with Telemachus and Penelope. Circe then marries Telemachus and makes Penelope immortal, marrying her with Telegonos.

“荷马史诗”包括《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》两诗，被认为是古希腊最伟大的作品，也是欧洲文学中最古老、最杰出的叙事诗。相传史诗的作者是古希腊盲诗人荷马。他生于爱奥尼亚（今土耳其西海岸），生存年代约是公元前8世纪的后半叶。

《伊利亚特》共24卷，15693行，记载了希腊联军攻陷特洛伊城的10年战争，而主要描述战争最后一年的一个事件，着重描绘了希腊英雄阿基里斯的的伟大形象。

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

《奥德赛》（意指奥德修斯之歌）、共24卷、12110行。叙述特洛伊战争后，希腊英雄、伊萨卡岛国王奥德修斯在海上漂流10年，经历种种艰险，最后回到家乡与家人团聚的故事。 希腊联军在特洛伊城内大肆和掠夺后，回国途中触怒了天神。天神掀起了一阵大风暴，大多数战船沉没了，剩下的少数人，由奥德修斯带领，在大海上漂泊。他和同伴最初是往北航行，结果遇到土人袭击，接着转向西航行，不幸又遭遇大风暴，被吹到北非岸边的食莲人的国度。在那里，有几个奥德修斯的属下吃了食莲人吃的一种甜果，沉醉在甜味中而不愿再回家乡。奥德修斯便带领其余的人回船后继续向北航行，不久来到了独眼巨人族的领地。独眼巨人波吕斐摩斯（海神波塞冬的儿子）非常残忍，把奥德修斯和他带上岸的12名属下关进岩洞里，每天吃掉2个人。奥德修斯用酒灌醉巨人，削尖一根巨大的木杆，用火烤热后，和4名同伴一起捅瞎了巨人的独眼，得以逃生。 南下的奥德修斯一行人漂到了风神所在的岛。风神送给他们一只风袋，西风送他们一行往东平安地通过西西里岛和意大利半岛之间的墨西拿海峡驶入爱奥尼亚海。当他们举目可见家乡的海岸时，一直认为风袋里装有财宝的几个同伴，趁奥德修斯睡觉时，打开了风袋，结果吹起逆风，又把他们吹回风神岛。风神认为奥德修斯违逆众神的意志，把他们一行赶出岛外。

他们又漂流海上，来到据说可能位于撒丁岛和科西嘉岛之间的一个小岛，却遭到了食人族的攻击，几个同伴被吃掉。奥德修斯率其余同伴登上唯一未遭破坏的船逃回海上，漂到女巫塞西居住的艾艾伊岛。由副将欧吕洛卡斯率22人先登岛侦察。一座石造的宫殿吸引了他们。其实这就是塞西的宫殿。除欧吕卡洛斯外，大家都进入宫殿，并痛快地大吃乳酪、糖蜜、大麦和葡萄酒掺杂魔法药草的饮料，结果大伙都变成了猪。欧吕卡洛斯飞身返回船上向奥德修斯报告。奥德修斯立刻前往塞西的宫殿。他在途中遇到传令神赫美斯化身的英俊青年，获得一株可战胜魔法的魔力草，使自己免遭变猪，并用刀逼塞西恢复了同伴的原形。之后，奥德修斯在岛上停留了一年，还与塞西生下一子特勒格诺斯。

在同伴的一致要求下，奥德修斯告别塞西继续航行，在经过海妖塞壬的岛时，奥德修斯用塞西教的方法用蜡将同伴们的耳朵都封起来，再把自己绑在船桅上，这样他们才没被塞壬的甜蜜歌声引诱而断送性命。

他们在经过一个海峡时，又被女魔西拉抓走6个同伴。大家拼命划桨才脱离了险境，随后来到太阳神赫利俄斯居住的特里那基耶岛。由于粮食耗尽，几个同伴趁奥德修斯睡着之际偷杀了太阳神养的神牛。愤怒的太阳神请求天神宙斯惩罚。宙斯放出雷电击碎了他们的船，所有人都沉入海底，只剩下奥德修斯一人漂流到了仙女克吕普索的岛上，被她强留住了7年。

因女神雅典娜的请求，天神宙斯赦免了奥德修斯。奥德修斯乘坐木筏，终于回到已阔别20年的家乡伊萨卡岛。

话又说回去，当特洛伊战争结束后，奥德修斯的妻子皮娜洛普一直不见丈夫回来，有传闻他已死在异域。奥德修斯不在家时，先后有100多人聚集他家，向他漂亮的妻子求婚，并终日设宴消耗他家的财产。皮娜洛普拒绝了所有求婚者，她坚信丈fu会回来的。 奥德修斯回到自己的国家后，雅典娜女神把他变成一个流浪汉，在一个养猪人家同儿子特勒马卡斯见面。一身流浪汉打扮的奥德修斯来到宫殿，只有他的爱犬阿果斯认出昔日的主人，但高声大叫后却断了气。奥德修斯在儿子和仆人的帮助下把前来求婚的贵族恶少全部杀死，终于和妻子拥抱团聚，重新做了国王。

The Odyssey is one of the two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to the poet Homer. The poem is commonly dated circa 800 to 600 BC. The poem is, in part, a

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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Roman and Greek Mythology

希腊罗马神话 课程教案

sequel to Homer's Iliad and mainly concerns the events that befall the Greek hero Odysseus in his long journeys after the fall of Troy and when he at last returns to his native land of Ithaca.

It takes Odysseus ten years to reach Ithaca after the ten year Trojan War [1]. During this twenty-year absence, his son Telemachus and his wife Penelope must deal with a group of unruly suitors who have moved into Odysseus' home to compete for Penelope's hand in marriage, since most have assumed that Odysseus has died.

The poem is a fundamental text in the Western canon and continues to be read in both Homeric Greek and translations around the world. While today's version of The Odyssey is usually a printed text, the original poem was an oral composition sung by a trained bard, in an amalgamated Ancient Greek dialect, using a regular metrical pattern called dactylic hexameter. Each of the 12,110 hexameter lines of the original Greek consists of six feet; each foot is a dactyl or a spondee. Among the most impressive elements of the text are its strikingly modern non-linear plot, and the fact that events are shown to depend as much on the choices made by women and serfs as on the actions of fighting men. In the English language as well as many others, the word odyssey has come to refer to an epic voyage.

歌唱吧，女神[注]！歌唱裴琉斯之子阿基琉斯的愤怒—— 他的暴怒招致了这场凶险的灾祸，给阿开亚人[注]带来了 受之不尽的苦难，将许多豪杰强健的魂魄

打入了哀地斯，而把他们的躯体，作为美食，扔给了 狗和兀鸟，从而实践了宙斯的意志， 从初时的一场争执开始，当事的双方是

阿特柔斯之子、民众的王者阿伽门农和卓越的阿基琉斯。 是哪位神祗挑起了二者间的这场争斗？

是宙斯和莱托之子阿波罗，后者因阿特桑斯之子

侮辱了克鲁塞斯，他的祭司，而对这位王者大发其火。

俄底修斯言罢，全场静默，肃然无声， 惊迷于他的叙告，在整座幽暗的厅殿。 其后，阿尔基努斯开口答话，说道：

“的确，俄底修斯，你已历经艰难，但现在， 你置身我的房居，青铜铺地，顶面高耸；

我相信你能回返故里，不再回来，既然已历经磨难。 现在，我要催嘱你等各位，各位 王爷，你们饮喝闪亮的醇酒，常在 我的宫殿，聆听歌手的唱段。

我知道，衣服已在滑亮的箱内，还有 精工冶铸的黄金和其他各种礼物，

法伊阿基亚人的首领们将它们带来此地，送客的礼品。

Foreign Language Teaching and Research Department

Heilongjiang University

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