2011 年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题(第三套)

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2011年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语模拟试题（第三套）

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D

on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

It is acknowledged that the modern musical show is America’s most original and dynamic contribution toward theater．In the last quarter of a century，America has produced large 1 of musical plays that have been popular abroad 2 at home. 3 ，it is very difficult to explain 4 is new or 5 American about them，for the 6 are centuries old．

Perhaps the uniqueness of America’s contribution to the 7 can best be characterized through brief descriptions of several of the most important and best-known musicals．One of these is surely Oklahoma by Richard Rogers and Oscar Hamerstein．It burst 8 popularity in

vitality and excitement．This“new”1943．Broadway audience and critics were 9 by its 10 ，type of musical was 11 as kind of 12 theater in which the play，the music and lyrics，the dancing，and the scenic background were assembled not merely to provide entertainment and 13 ，but to 14 in a single unifying whole to contribute to its unique feature． 15 ，it meant that the songs and dances should 16 naturally out of the situations of the Story and play an important part in carrying the action 17 ．In Oklahoma，an American folk-dance style was organically combined with classical ballet and modern dance．It is right to say that the musical was a brilliantly integrated performance by the talented dancers and singing actors．

Oklahoma also marked a new 18 in the choice of story on which a musical is based．Writers and composers began to abandon the sentimentally picturesque or aristocratic

Oklahoma was based setting 19 more realistic stories in authentic social and cultural 20 ．on a“folk”whose story dealt not only with young love but also with the opening of the American West．

1. [A] number [B] amount [C] quantity [D] numbers 2. [A] better than [B] instead of [C] as well as [D] rather than 3. [A] Therefore [B] Yet [C] Moreover [D] Thus 4. [A] which [B] that [C] what [D] how 5. [A] characteristically [B] particularly [C] mainly [D] exactly 6. [A] factors [B] ingredients [C] composers [D] facts 7. [A] trait [B] feature [C] genre [D] style 8. [A] with [B] into [C] out into [D] in

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红宝书网址：www.hongbaoshu.com 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测——最后冲刺3套题 9. [A] struck [B] touched [C] moved [D] hit 10. [A] vivacity [B] originality [C] creativity [D] dynamic 11. [A] conceived [B] thought [C] believed [D] perceived 12. [A] special [B] peculiar [C] gross [D] total 13. [A] variety [B] amusement [C] sundries [D] fun 14. [A] mix [B] join [C] put [D] share 15. [A] In other words [B] To sum up [C] On the contrary [D] Generally speaking 16. [A] arise [B] derive [C] raise [D] originate 17. [A] out [B] on [C] forward [D] through 18. [A] direction [B] way [C] method [D] epoch 19. [A] for [B] with [C] without [D] except 20. [A] circumstances [B] context [C] situation [D] surroundings

Directions:

wwRead the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

wEverybody wants to do something good for the nation right now. But we should approach any “economic stimulus” from Washington with skepticism. President Bush has asked for a program between $ 60 billion and $ 75 billion, mostly based on tax breaks for business. House Republicans want even greater tax relief. Senate Democrats may push for more federal spending on security-related public works and unemployment relief. Many of these measures may serve a public good. For example, we should build rail networks and improve security. But because the money comes from productive taxpayers, we should be prudent in spending it. And none of the proposals will stop the recession.

The Sept.11 terrorist attack brought us strange days, but it didn’t repeal history and experience. Old-time New Deal stimulus used heavy federal spending——even running a deficit to offset the loss of private investment in a downturn. The idea was to “prime the pump” with public jobs and projects to get people working again. It was an oversimplification of the ideas of British economist John Maynard Keynes, so it’s probably unfair that it was called “Keynesian”.

Keynesianism went into hiding in the 1980s, when none of the old remedies could stop stagflation, and Ronald Reagan returned classical economics to the forefront of Washington’s policy. But many social democrats (called “liberals” by the media) still advocate government stimulus. Unfortunately, the post World War Two evidence suggests pump priming never arrived in time to seriously influence the business cycle. It took months or years for new programs to gain

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onPart A

gbSection II Reading Comprehension

aoshu.com红宝书网址：www.hongbaoshu.com 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测——最后冲刺3套题 hold, and by that time the economy was already in expansion. Even in the Great Depression, Roosevelt’s alphabet-soup programs did little to provide long-term jobs or capital formation. Although the Depression started in 1929, one of its worst periods was 1936-37.

Republican tax-cutting proposals come from a different history: Reagan’s tax reductions in 1981. These cuts did help the economy revive, but by freeing capital and increasing incentives rather than by giving a “stimulus” push. Also Reagan’s cuts were broad-based reductions in tax rates that were exceptionally high (70 percent in some cases). The current tax proposals involve tinkers and tucks. We would see little capital rationally freed by these moves. And the temptation to bestow Republican corporate welfare would be irresistible. We could see serious depletion of government revenue, ever as Washington is spending billions in the war effort.

The painful reality is that recessions happen for reasons beyond political convenience. Economies build up imbalances and bad bets that must be cleaned up by the business cycle. Attempts to paper over these forces are dangerous, merely sound money and fiscal policies help birth the last boom. It’s not an appealing program. It just works.

21. In the second paragraph, the author suggests that . [A] similar incident has taken place in history and has left similar economic impact. [B] history repeats itself and there is nothing new in what is happening now.

[C] Maynard Keynes’s economic theory never worked in fighting the Great Depression [D] we should learn from history to recognize the nature of the present problem.

22. What is implied in the third paragraph?

[A] Pump priming had never produced the intended effect in the 1980s [B] Pump priming turned out to be ineffective in saving the economy.

[C] Pump priming proved to be very effective in stopping the vicious business cycles [D] Pump priming had actually prolonged the duration of the Depression.

23. What does the writer imply as to today’s tax proposals?

[A] They have done nothing towards freeing capital.

[B] They do contribute to the overall government revenue. [C] They are directed towards giving a stimulus push. [D] They do not increase corporate welfare.

24. The author’s attitude towards political convenience is .

[A] indifferent [B] positive. [C] negative. [D] ironic. 25. In paragraph 4 the word “bestow” probably means . [A] resist

[B] rob [C] award [D] get

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Text 2

Alarmed by a 20-year decline in student achievement, American schools are considering major upheavals in the career structure of teachers, school boards around the country are planning to abandon traditional salary schedules and single out outstanding teachers for massive pay rise.

The idea is regarded with deep suspicion by the United States’ biggest teachers’ unions, the National Education Association and the American Federation of Teachers. They say the creation of a cadre of elite teachers will sour professional relationships and encourage teachers to compete instead of cooperate; they also question whether a fair way can be devised to tell which teachers really do perform better than their colleagues.

But heightened public anxiety about secondary education appears to have given the master teacher concept unstoppable political momentum. Florida and Tennessee are racing to introduce ambitious statewide master teacher schemes before the end of the year. Less grandiose proposals to pay teachers on the basis of merit instead of seniority have already been implemented in countless school districts. And the Secretary of Education, Mr. Terrel Bell, recently promised substantial incentive grants to states which intend to follow their example.

Low pay is believed to be the single most important reason for the flight from teaching. The average salary of a teacher in the United States is just under ＄19,000, much less than that of an engineer (＄34, 700) and not much more than that of a secretary (＄16,500). To make ends meet it is common for teachers to take second jobs in the evening and in their summer holidays, and women, who used to make up the bulk of teacher candidates are turning to better paid professions.

The unions insist that the answer to this problem is to increase the basic pay of all teachers, but most states would find that too expensive, they would be better able to afford schemes that confine pay increases to a small number of exceptional teachers. Champions of the idea say it would at least hold out the promise of high pay and status to bright graduates who are confident of their ability to do well in the classroom, but are deterred by the present meager opportunities for promotion.

One of the first large-scale tests of this approach will come in Tennessee, where a year of painstaking negotiations has just overcome bitter union opposition to a wide-ranging master teacher scheme. Tennessee promised that they will allocate ＄300 million as education budget. In return for a chance to earn bigger salaries and faster promotion, teachers will subject themselves to closer scrutiny.

The Tennessee plan will make it harder for poor teachers to join the profession. Beginners will have to serve a probationary year before qualifying, and another three apprentice years before receiving tenure. Apprentice teachers who fail to reach a required standard will not be allowed to stay on. Survivors will be designated ‘career teachers’ and given a chance to climb through three career rugs and earn bonuses of up to ＄7,000. Advancement will not be automatic. The performance of each teacher will be closely assessed by committees of teachers drawn from other districts.

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gbaoshu.com红宝书网址：www.hongbaoshu.com 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测——最后冲刺3套题 26. What support is the federal government offering to states that set up a master teacher scheme?

［A］ Substantial incentive grants. ［B］ Political support.

［C］ Bank loan . ［D］＄|300 million.

27. What’s the purpose of the master teacher scheme? ［A］ To improve student performance .

［B］ To stop teachers leaving for better-paid jobs. ［C］ To provide incentives to excellent teachers. ［D］ To improve teacher performance.

28. In the state of Tennessee, how will teachers be assessed? ［A］ By student performance. ［B］ By their teaching time.

［C］ By their teaching achievement.

［D］ By committees of teachers from other districts.

29. What is the main idea of the passage?

［A］ American master teacher scheme has been adopted. ［B］ American teachers leave for better-paid jobs.

［C］ American teachers will go through strict assessment.

［D］ The American government adopted effective measures to stimulate the teachers.

30. It can be inferred from the passage that the master teacher scheme . ［A］will be welcome by all the teachers in other states ［B］will not be carried out smoothly in other states ［C］is questioned by the teachers’ unions

［D］is an ideal way to improve student performance

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Every profession or trade, every art, and every science has its technical vocabulary, the function of which is partly to designate things or processes which have no names in ordinary English, and partly to secure greater exactness in nomenclature. Such special dialects, or jargons, are necessary in technical discussion of any kind. Being universally understood by the devotees of the particular science or art, they have the precision of a mathematical formula. Besides, they save time, for it is much more economical to name a process than to describe it. Thousands of these technical terms are very properly included in every large dictionary, yet, as a whole, they are rather on the outskirts of the English language than actually within its borders.

Different occupations, however, differ widely in the character of their special vocabularies. In

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ongbaoshu.com红宝书网址：www.hongbaoshu.com 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测——最后冲刺3套题 trades and handicrafts, and other vocations, like farming and fishery, that have occupied great numbers of men from remote times, the technical vocabulary, is very old. It consists largely of native words, or of borrowed words that have worked themselves into the very fiber of our language. Hence, though highly technical in many particulars, these vocabularies are more familiar in sound; and more generally understood, than most other technicalities. The special dialects of law, medicine, divinity, and philosophy have also, in their older strata, become pretty familiar to cultivated persons, and have contributed much to the popular vocabulary.

Yet every vocation still possesses a large body of technical terms that remain essentially foreign, even to educated speech. And the proportion has been much increased in the last fifty years, particularly in the various departments of natural and political science and in the mechanic arts. Here new terms are coined with the greatest freedom, and abandoned with indifference when they have served their turn. Most of the new coinages are confined to special discussions, and seldom get into general literature or conversation. Yet no profession is nowadays, as all professions once were, a close guild.

The lawyer, the physician, the man of science, the divine, associates freely with his fellow-　creatures, and does not meet them in a merely professional way. Furthermore, what is called “popular science” makes everybody acquainted with modern views and recent discoveries. Any important experiment, though made in a remote or provincial laboratory, is at once reported in the newspapers, and everybody is soon talking about it—as in the case of the roentgen rays and wireless telegraphy. Thus our common speech is always taking up new technical terms and making them commonplace.

31.What is this passage primarily concerned with? ［A］A new language.

［B］Technical terminology.

［C］Various occupations and professions. ［D］Scientific undertakings.

32.Special words used in technical discussion . ［A］may become part of common speech ［B］should be confined to scientific fields ［C］should resemble mathematical formulae ［D］are considered artificial speech

33.It is true that .

［A］the average man often uses in his own vocabulary what was once technical language ［B］various professions and occupations often interchange their dialects jargons

［C］ there is always a clear-cut non-technical word that may be substituted for the technical

word

［D］an educated person would be expected to know most technical terms

34.In recent years, there has been a marked increase in the number of technical terms in the nomenclature of . ［A］farming ［B］government

www.hon6

gbaoshu.com红宝书网址：www.hongbaoshu.com 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测——最后冲刺3套题 ［C］botany ［D］fishing

35.What is the author’s main purpose in the passage? ［A］To describe a phenomenon. ［B］To argue a belief.

［C］To propose a solution. ［D］To stimulate action.

Text 4

It is frequently assumed that the mechanization of work has a revolutionary effect on the lives of the people who operate the new machines and on the society into which the machines have been introduced. For example, it has been suggested that the employment of women in industry took them out of the household, their traditional sphere, and fundamentally altered their position in society. In the nineteenth century, when women began to enter factories, Jules Simon, a French politician, warned that by doing so, women would give up their femininity. Friedrich Engels, however, predicted that women would be liberated from the “social, legal, and economic subordination” of the family by technological developments that made possible the recruitment of “the whole female sex . . . into public industry.” Observers thus differed concerning the social desirability of mechanization’s effects, but they agreed that it would transform women’s lives.

Historians, particularly those investigating the history of women, now seriously question this assumption of transforming power. They conclude that such dramatic technological innovations as the spinning jenny, the sewing machine, the typewriter, and the vacuum cleaner have not resulted in equally dramatic social changes in women’s economic position or in the prevailing evaluation of women’s work. The employment of young women in textile mills during the Industrial Revolution was largely an extension of an older pattern of employment of young, single women as domestics. It was not the change in office technology, but rather the separation of secretarial work, previously seen as an apprenticeship for beginning managers, from administrative work that in the 1880’s created a new class of “dead-end” jobs, thenceforth considered “women’s work”. The increase in the numbers of married women employed outside the home in the twentieth century had less to do with the mechanization of housework and an increase in leisure time for these women than it did with their own economic necessity and with high marriage rates that shrank the available pool of single women workers, previously, in many cases, the only women employers would hire.

Women’s work has changed considerably in the past 200 years, moving from the household to the office or the factory, and later becoming mostly white-collar instead of blue-collar work. Fundamentally, however, the conditions under which women work have changed little since before the Industrial Revolution: the segregation of occupations by gender, lower pay for women as a group, jobs that require relatively low levels of skill and offer women little opportunity for advancement all persist, while women’s household labor remains demanding. Recent historical investigation has led to a major revision of the notion that technology is always inherently revolutionary in its effects on society. Mechanization may even have slowed any change in the traditional position of women both in the labor market and in the home.

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gbaoshu.com红宝书网址：www.hongbaoshu.com 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测——最后冲刺3套题 36. Which of the following statements best summarizes the main idea of the passage?

[A] The effects of the mechanization of women’s work have not borne out the frequently held assumption that new technology is inherently revolutionary.

[B] Recent studies have shown that mechanization revolutionizes a society’s traditional values and the customary roles of its members.

[C] Mechanization has caused the nature of women’s work to change since the Industrial Revolution.

[D] The mechanization of work creates whole new classes of jobs that did not previously exist.

37. The author mentions all of the following inventions as examples of dramatic technological innovations EXCEPT_______. [A] sewing machine [B] vacuum cleaner [C] typewriter [D] telephone

38. It can be inferred from the passage that, before the Industrial Revolution, the majority of women’s work was done in which of the following settings? [A] Textile mills

[B] Private households [C] Offices [D] Factories

39. It can be inferred from the passage that the author would consider which of the following to be an indication of a fundamental alteration in the conditions of women’s work? [A] Statistics showing that the majority of women now occupy white-collar positions

[B] Interviews with married men indicating that they are now doing some household tasks [C] Surveys of the labor market documenting the recent creation of a new class of jobs in electronics in which women workers outnumber men four to one

[D] Census results showing that working women’s wages and salaries are, on the average, as high as those of working men

40. The passage states that, before the twentieth century, which of the following was true of

many employers?

[A] They did not employ women in factories.

[B] They tended to employ single rather than married women.

[C] They employed women in only those jobs that were related to women’s traditional household work.

[D] They resisted technological innovations that would radically change women’s roles in the family.

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Part B

Directions:

In the following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For questions 41~45, you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A~G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A] Since the sun doesn’t shine with equal power everywhere, even a building slathered with solar

cell need another source of electricity. One possibility: a system that uses both solar cells and a two-way fuel cell. During daylight, when the solar cells are operating, excess electricity could be run though a fuel cell to produce hydrogen from water. At night, the fuel cell to produce electricity again.

[B] Wind has the advantage. It’s fast catching up with oil and gas in cost efficiency. By comparing

what they learn from the wind tunnel’s smooth airflow with data from the turbulent breezes, engineers expect to build a new generation of supper-efficient wind turbines with blades well over 200 feet across. Efficiency doesn’t help when the wind isn’t blowing; you need to store energy generated during gales for use when the air is still. The best way to do this, is to use the excess to compress air and force it into subterranean aquifers , caves or salt domes. Then, when the wind dies, the compressed air can be pulled out to help drive the turbines. Now it could permit countries rich in wind resources including China, the U. S., Demark and Germany to take advantage of a free, unlimited and nearly pollution-less source of electricity.

[C] Almost every scientist agrees the only way to slow it down is to restructure the way we

produce energy. Such measures as insulation , car-pooling and energy-efficient light bulbs are useful ways to begin curbing the burning of carbon-rich fossil fuels. But in the long run, as the world’s population continues to increase and living standards rise, these measures will not be enough. That’s why experiments now going on in laboratories around the world are so important. These experiments are beginning to draw the outlines of a world in which energy use keeps rising and, though fossil fuels remain an important power source, carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere actually begin to drop.

[D] Fossil fuels will remain an important energy source for the foreseeable future, but they will

eventually run out and the world will have to switch to what environmental visionaries have been dreaming about: endlessly renewable power from wind and sun.

[E] On the solar-power front, the visions of 1970s-era environmentalists can be realized. If

manufacturers could find a way to produce silicon-based photovoltaic cells more efficiently, they can drive down their high cost. Beyond that, their light weight will make installation easy, permitting them to be applied as building facades or even over windows. Because a given solar cell is sensitive to just a few colors of the many that make up sunlight, researchers are working on mutli-layered cells, which will trap most of the colors of the rainbow.

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gbaoshu.com红宝书网址：www.hongbaoshu.com 【红宝书】考研英语考前预测——最后冲刺3套题 [F] Ideally, every factory, building, home and vehicle would have its own clean, renewable power

source eliminating oil well, coal mines and power plants and all the environmental disruption they cause. For now, however, the world has mission: to stop the planet from overheating, and do it in a hurry. Thanks to the fuel-cell cars and more advanced wind turbine and solar cells that are close to fruition, the global-warming challenge seems a little less daunting than it did just a few years ago.

[G] The past decade has been by far the hottest on record and the rise in temperature has been

greatest in polar-regions and around cities. These facts dovetail with the theory that carbon dioxide released by burning coal, oil, and gasoline for heat, electricity and transportation, is trapping excess energy from the sun. Global warming is real and will probably get worse.

Order:

G → 41 → 42 → 43 → 44 → 45 → F

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. (46) Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.(47) “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions. ”

(48) Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.

The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis of Galileo’s role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived from Ptolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at the center of all heavenly motions. (49) Galileo’s greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the first person to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the new school of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for making eyeglasses.

Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (50) Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. www.honPart C

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Section III Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

One of your pen pals will shortly be visiting your city. For some reason, you can not manage to

Part B

52. Directions:

Study the following picture carefully and write an essay of about 160~200 words. In the essay you

should:

1) interpret the picture’s meaning

2) give your comments on the phenomenon

3) put forward your relevant suggestions. (20 points)

www.hongb1) explaining why you cannot meet him at the airport, 2) asking him to wait for you at the airport, and 3) telling him how to identify you.

You should write with no less than 100 words on Answer Sheet 2. Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Li Ming” instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)

aoshu.书籍会缩短你与成功的距离

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meet him at the airport on time. Write a letter:

m