被动语态及其将来时 讲解

概念引入：

被动语态是动词或动词短语所涉及到宾语作主语时所使用的形式。先看下面句子： The Mid-Autumn Festival is celebrated by Chinese people all over the world. 全世界的中国人都过中秋节。

In one story, lanterns were lit to celebrate the power of light over darkness. 在一个故事中，点灯笼来颂扬光明战胜黑暗的威力。 The theatre is being built in the centre of the city. 这家剧院正在市中心建造。

We shall be punished if we break the rule.

如果我们违反规定，我们将要受到惩罚。

The meeting won’t be held tomorrow. 明天不再举行会议。 Won’t water be turned into ice, it is below freezing?

如果气温在冰点之下，水难道不会变成冰吗？

When will these books be published? 这些书将在什么时候被出版？

这些句子都是被动语态，其中第一句是一般现在时，第二句是一般过去时，第三句是现 在进行时，其它四个句子都是一般将来时，时态和语态是英语中最重要的语法项目之一，也 是英语学习必须学会的难点，本单元我们将复习和学习被动语态的有关知识。 语法点拨

被动语态：概念和使用 I. 概念

1. 英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。主语是动作的发出者，谓语动词用主动语态； 主语是动作的承受者，谓语动词用被动语态。英语的语态是通过动词形式的变化表现出来的。 许多人说汉语。

Many people speak Chinese. （谓语 speak 的动作是由主语 many people 做的，主动语态） Chinese is spoken by many people. (主语 English 是动词 speak 的承受者，被动语态) 2. 被动语态常用 by 引出动作的执行者或施加者，以强调动作的执行者。 By whom is the book written? 这本书是谁写的？

The children were driven indoors by the rain. 孩子们被雨赶进了室内。 II. 使用被动语态的场合

1. 当关注的是事情或事物本身而不是动作的执行者，或者根本不知道动作的执行者时。 My mobile phone has been stolen. 我的电话被偷走了。 2. 动作的执行者很明确时或强调承受者时。

I was given ten minutes to decide whether I should accept the offer. 我有十分钟来决定是否接受这个提议。

3. 当动作的执行者是“people”或 “one” 时。

He is believed to have lied to the police. 人们都认为他向撒了谎。 4. 为了更好地安排句子。

The well-known person got on the bus and was immediately recognized by people. 那个名人上了公交车，立刻被人们认了出来。（只需一个主语） 被动语态的构成和时态变化 I. 基本结构 1. be + 过去分词

Such songs are usually sung by girls. 这些歌通常是女孩子们唱的。

The window was broken by my son. 窗子是我儿子打破的。 2. 变化的原则

被动语态的所有的变化中 done 必须是保留的，而时态要通过 be 的变化而体现的。 Were many trees planted on the hill yesterday 昨天山上种了许多树吗？

When shall we be given a lecture on the Internet 什么时候给我们作有关因特网的讲座？ The classroom is being cleaned now. 教室现在正在被打扫。 3. 被动语态的时态变化（谓语动词）： 一般 进行 完成

现在 am/is/are done am/is/are being done has/have been done 过去 was/were done was/were being done had been done

将来 shall/will be done shall/will be being done shall/will have been done 记住：把 be 做相对应的变化来改变时态。 例句：

(2015 天津高考) No pets except fish are permitted in student rooms. （一般现在时） 除了鱼以外，宠物不允许带进学生的房间。

Are the babies being taken care of by this nurse （现在进行时） 这些婴儿正由这个护士照看吗？

How much money was stolen in all （一般过去时） 一共被偷了多少钱？

The classroom looks tidy. It has been cleaned. （现在完成时） 教室看起来很整洁。它已经被打扫了

She asked whether their plan would be considered with great care. （过去将来时） 她问他们的计划会不会得到仔细的考虑。 4. 被动语态的否定句和疑问句

1）被动语态的否定形式是在第一个助动词、情态动词或 be 动词后加 not。 2）被动语态的疑问句形式是把第一个助动词、情态动词或 be 动词提前。

Has a new training centre been set up in our town? 我们镇上新的培训中心建好了吗？ This task won’t be finished next month. 下个月这项任务不会完成。 一般将来时的被动语态 I. 使用的场合

如果一个动作在将来某个时间发生或持续，且句子的主语又是该动作的承受者，那就要 用一般将来时的被动语态。一般将来时中常有 tomorrow, next year, in two hours, after three o’clock 等时间状语。

1. 表示根据计划或者安排将要发生的被动性动作。 This work will be done at once. 这项工作将立即完成。

Those books will be published next month. 那些书将于下月出版。 The bridge will be finished next month. 这座桥将于下个月完工。

The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 那个问题将在会上讨论。 2. 表示有固定性条件就有规律性被动结果。 Heated to 100℃, water will be turned into steam. 加热到 100 度时，水将会变成蒸汽。 If you speak in class, you will be punished. 如果你在课堂上讲话，你将会受到惩罚。 II. 四种主要形式：

1. will/shall+ be done：

The new film will be shown next Thursday. 这部新电影将在下周四上映。 This building will be finished next year. 这幢楼将于明年完工。

2. be going to +be done（表示按计划、安排等即将发生的被动行为）：

The sports meeting is going to be held on April 10. 运动会将于四月十日举行。 A new factory is going to be built in our city. 一个新工厂将在我市建成。

3. be to +be done（表示按计划中的约定或责任、义务和要求必须做的被动动作）：

The problem is to be discussed at the meeting tomorrow. 这个问题将在明天的会上讨论。 4. be about to be done（表示某事马上就要发生，后不接时间状语） An answer is about to be given to you. 马上给你答复。 注意：

1. 在时间、条件状语从句中, 也用一般现在时的被动语态代替一般将来时的被动语态。 If I am given enough time, I will go to Japan for my holiday.

如果我有足够的时间，我要去日本度假。 2. 一般将来时的被动语态的否定式、疑问式

1）上述四种形式的中的第一种：直接在 will/ shall 后加 not 或将 will/shall 提前构成一般 疑问句，其简略回答保留 will/ shall。

This bridge will be built soon, won’t it? 这座桥很快将被建成，是吗？ Won’t water be turned into ice, if it is below freezing? 如果气温在冰点一下，水难道不会变成冰吗？ 2）后三种形式：be 后直接加 not。

Is my homework to be finished in ten minutes? 我的家庭作业必须在 10 分钟内完成吗？

主动变被动：一般规律和有情态动词的情况 I. 一般规律

All the people laughed at him. 所有人都嘲笑他。

→He was laughed at by all the people. 他被所有人嘲笑

They make the bikes in the factory. 他们在工厂生产自行车。

→The bikes are made by them in the factory. 这些自行车被他们在工厂生产。 They sold out the tickets. 他们卖完了票。 →The tickets were sold out. 票被卖光了。 规则：

1. 把主动语态的宾语变为被动语态的主语。 2. 把谓语变成被动结构（be＋过去分词）

3. 把主动语态中的主语放在介词 by 之后做宾语，将主格改为宾格。 II. 含有情态动词的被动语态 构成：情态动词＋be＋过去分词

We can repair this watch in two days. 两天内我们能修好这钟表。 →This watch can be repaired in two days. 这块钟表两天内能修好。 They should do it at once. 他们应该立即做这件事。 →It should be done at once. 这件事应该马上去做。 I have to finish it. 我得完成它。

→It has to be finished. 它得被做完。 主动变被动：双宾语和复合宾语

I. 含有双宾语的情况

动词 give, lend, pass, cook, buy, sing 等可以接双宾语，改为被动句时，应将其中一个宾 语改为被动结构的主语，另一个宾语仍保留在原处。 1. 间接宾语(指人)变为主语，直接宾语(指物)不变。

2. 把直接宾语(指物)变为主语，间接宾语(指人)不变，这时，间接宾语前通常加介词 to，有时加 for。

My father gave me a new book on my birthday. 父亲在我生日送我一本新书。 →I was given a new book on my birthday (by my father).

→A new book was given to me on my birthday (by my father). My sister passed me salt during lunch. 午餐期间姐姐给我递盐。 →I was passed salt during lunch (by my sister).

→Salt was passed to me during lunch (by my sister).

The bike was bought for me by my parents as a birthday present.

这台自行车是我父母亲买给我作生日礼物的。 II. 含有复合宾语的情况 1. 一般情况

把宾语变为被动语态的主语，原来的宾语补足语不动。 His teacher found him a very good pupil.

→He was found a very good pupil by his teacher. 他的老师发现他是个好学生。 2. make, see, hear 变被动

在主动句中，使役动词 let, make, 和感官动词 see, hear, notice, listen to 等后作宾语补足 语的动词不定式常省略 to，但在被动句中，则要保留 to。也就是说，变成被动句时，要加 上 to。

Linda’s parents make her practice the piano every Sunday. 琳达的父母让她每周日练钢琴。 →Linda is made to practice the piano every Sunday.

I often hear him sing in his room. 我经常听见他在房间里唱歌。 → He is often heard to sing in his room. 主动变被动：动词+ 介词/ 副词 “动词+介词”、“动词+副词”等短语变被动语态时要切记不能丢掉介词或副词。 1. 她照顾她奶奶。

She looks after her grandmother.

→Her grandmother is looked after (by her).

2. 我们写作文应该注意什么？(pay attention to)

What should be paid attention to when we write a composition?

3. 他是叔叔养大的。(bring up) He was brought up by his uncle. 4. 许多新单词需要查。(look up)

Lots of new words have to be looked up. 5. 他经常被人嘲笑。(make fun of) He is often made fun of.◆ 被动结构与系表结构的区别

“be＋过去分词”这个结构并不都是被动语态，也可能是系表结构。区别是：被动结构表 示一个动作，而系表结构表示主语的特点或所处的状态。比较下列句子：

The play is well written. (强调特点，系表结构) 这剧本写得很好。

The play was written with great care. (强调动作，被动语态) 这剧本是非常用心地写出来的。

The thief was soon surrounded by the people in the neighbourhood. （强调动作，被动结构） 不久小偷就被街区里的人包围了。

The house is surrounded by trees. （表示房子的特点或状态，系表结构） 那座房子周边都是树。

She was bitten by the dog in the darkness. （被动结构） 在黑暗中，她被那只狗咬了。

I was frightened at the sudden noise. （系表结构） 听到那突然的噪音，我感到很害怕。 注意下列表示状态的短语：

be determined 决心 be pleased 感到高兴 be graduated (from) 毕业于 be finished 完成 be prepared (for) 准备好 be occupied (in) 忙于

be married 结婚 be concerned about 关心，烦恼 be covered with 覆盖着 被动语态要注意的几个句型

1. It ＋be ＋过去分词＋that 从句 ↔ 主语＋be ＋过去分词＋to do sth.

表示“据说”或“相信”的动词，如 believe, consider, expect, report, say, suppose, think 等可

以用于这两个句型中。

It is said that the boy has passed the national exam.

＝The boy is said to have passed the national exam. 据说这个男孩已经通过了这次全国性的测试。 常用句型：

It is said/ reported /suggested that… 据说/据报道/据建议...... It is believed/ hoped/ thought that…大家相信/希望/认为 It is well known that…众所周知

2. be supposed to do 被推想/ 期望做某事，应该做某事

You are supposed to clean the blackboard, for you are on duty today. 你应该擦黑板，因为你今天值日。

The train was supposed to arrive at 11:30, but it was 40 minutes late.

火车应该 11:30 到达，但是晚点了 40 分钟。

(2015 湖南高考) The inspections were supposed to be a surprise, but keeper sometimes had advance notice. 视察本应该是出其不意的检查，但是管理员有时得到提前通知。 3. get + done

在被动句中，get 常可以代替 be，get 多用在口语中，有时表示行为不是计划之中，而 是意外发生的。

The boy got hurt when he was riding to school. 那孩子骑车上学时受伤了。 Did your email get answered 你的电子邮件收到回复了吗？ Finally his bike got repaired. 最后他的自行车得到了修理。

As I passed by, my skirt got caught on a nail. 我经过的时候，我的裙子被钉子挂住了。