语言学的名词解释

When I was preparing the postgraduate entrance examination of NNU(Nanjing Normal University),some

of these following

concepts

had been tested,but

there's

no

specific or clear explanation in the textbook required by the in preparing the

second-round examination I read them in other relevant books, I wrote down here for your they are useful to some of you. 1. Acculturation(

同化过程〕 is a process in which members of one cultural group

adopt the beliefs and behaviors of another group.

2. Adjacency pair 〔相邻语对〕 ; a sequence of two utterances by different speakers in conversation. The second is a response to the first, such as question/answer sequences and greeting/greeting exchange. 3. affix: some way.

a bound morpheme that is attached to a stem and modifies its meaning in

4. agreement (concord) 〔一致〕 : a grammatical phenomenon in which the form of one

word in a sentence is determined by the form of another word which is grammatically linked to it. . in the sentence number between and

The boy goes to school every

goes

.

is an agreement in

boy

〔发音器官 ) : the tongue,lips,and velum, which change the shape of the vocal tract to produce different speech sounds. ( 体〕 : the grammatical of

an event.

English

category representing

has two aspect

distinction

in the temporal structure

perfect

construction---the and

the

progressive.( 完成体和进行体 ) consonant. . /p/ in the word pit.

( 吐气〕 ; the puff of air that sometimes follows the pronounciation of a stop

〔辅音〕 ; a speech sound produced by partial or complete closure of part of the vocal

tract, thus obstructing the airflow and creating audible friction. Consonants are described in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and manner of articulation.

implicature 〔会话含义〕 : meanings that 9. converstional

of converational maxims. situations. 11. constituent within

are explicable in the light

competence 〔交际能力〕 ; the ability to use language appropriately in social

〔成分〕 : a syntactic unit that functions as part of a large unit

typical

a sentence; constituent

types

are verb phrase, noun phrase,

prepositional phrase and clause. or noun phrase

( 格 ) ： the grammatical category in inflectional

varies for grammatical

distinction in nouns

—the genitive case(

languages by which the form of a noun

or semantic reasons. English has only one case

所有格 ), but English pronouns have three

forms that correspond to three of the six cases in Latin. sentence or part of a sentence. accept new members.

〔小句〕 : a grammatical unit that contains a subject and a predicate. It may be a

class 〔封闭词类〕 : a group of words whose membership is small and does not

readily

〔创新词〕 : the construction and addition of new words. ( 分布〕 : the set of positions in a language.

in which a given linguistic

element or form can appear

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语言学的名词解释

〔双重结构〕 : a type of double-layer structure in which a small number of meaningless

units are combined to produce a large number of meaningful units. 〔包含〕 ; the relationship 〔委婉语〕 : a word or path sentence

is inferred from the truth of the other.

between two sentences where the truth of

one(the second)

phrase that replaces a taboo

word or is used to

avoid reference

to certain acts or subjects,. powder room for toilet.

〔花园小径句〕

: a sentence in which the comprehender assumes a

particular meaning of a word or a phrase but later discovers that the assumption variation;(

was incorrect, forcing the comprehender to backtrack and reinterpret the sentence

自由变异 ) a relation between two speech sounds such that either one

position

can occur in a certain stop /d/ in the phrase 破)counterpart.

and the substitution of one for the other

never makes

失去爆破 )

爆

any difference in the meaning of the word. For instance, the unexploded(

Good morning is in free varitation with the exploded(

process by which

〔屈折变化〕 : the morphological affixes combine with words or stems

to indicate such grammatical categories as tense or plurity.

〔支配〕 : the grammatical phonomenon in which the presence of a particular a sentence requires a second word which is grammatical linked with it to appear in a particular form. . a preposition or a verb requires that the pronoun following it be in the objective form,as in universal lanugages. franca : (

word in

with me,to him .

(

语言共性 ): any property that is shared by most,if not all, human

通用语 ) A language variety

used for communication among groups of people

For example, English is the lingua

wo do not otherwise share a commonlanguage. of the international scientific community. : The study of the effect sociolinguistics. relation

franca

; The study of the effect of language on society.

of any and all

aspects of society,including

cultural

norms,

expetations and contexts,on the way language is used. It is often simply called

: ( 纵组合关系 ) The substitutional relation between a set of linguistic

in a word or

items,that is,linguistic forms(letters,words and phrases)can be substituted for each other in the same position relation in the words sentences:

sentence. , b,p,s,f

are in paradigmatic

bit,pit,sit,fit,

so are Nature,Beauty, Love, Honesty in the

Nature purifies the mind. Beauty purifies the mind. Love purifies the mind. Honesty purifies the mind. relation

simultaneously mind.

: ( 横组合关系 ) The relation between any linguistic elements which are

present in

a structure.

. in the word bit, b,

i,t

are in syntagmatic

relation, so are nature, purifies, the, mind, in the sentence Nature purifies the 〔预设〕 : implicit assumptions about the world acquired to make an utterance meaningful

or appropriate,e,g,

“ some tea

has already

been taken 〞is a

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语言学的名词解释

presuppostion of “Take some more tea 〞.

( 典型 ) : What members of a particular community think of as the best example of a lexical category, some English speakers be the prototypical vegetable. (词根):

“cabbage〞(rather than,say,carrot)might

the morpheme that remains when all affixes

are stripped

from a complex word. .

system from un- + system + atic + ally.

〔词干 〕 : the base to which one or more affixes form that may be another stem or a word. 〔禁忌语〕 :words that “polite society restriction( universal:( children

to

are offensive

are attached

to create a more complex

or embarrassing,

considered inappropriate

for

〞, thus to be avoided in conversation.

选择限制 ) : a restriction on the combining of words in a sentence

resulting from their meaning.

语言共性)

The linguistic universals

are principles

that enable in the

acquire a particular language unconsciously, without instruction

early years of life. As a whole they are referred to as distribution( distribution.

and the substitution

Universal Grammar.

比照分布 ) ： If the speech sounds occur in the same phonetic context

results a contrast in meaning, we say they are in contrastive

constituent analysis is reached.

〔直接成分分析法 〕is the technique of breaking up sentences

binary cuttings until

into word groups by making successive

the level

of single words

construction: The typical phrases. construction(

(向心结构或内心结构) English

One construction

whose distribution is

functionally equivalent, or approaching equivalence,

endocentric

to one of its constituents.

and adjective

constructions

are noun phrases

离心结构或外心结构 ) the opposite of endocentric construction,refers

to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the whole group. Most constructions are exocentric. can be defined self-image.

as the means employed to show awareness of another person ’s

public

(politeness principle) ( 反语 ) is the

tact maxim;generosity principle;approbation maxim;modesty

maxim;agreement maxim;sympathy maxim.

use of words to express

something other than and especially

the opposite

of the literal meaning of the utterance. : ( 语码转换 ) means the filter(

or registers in communication.

alternation

between two or more languages,language

varieties

情感过滤 ) ： A screen of emotion that can block language acquisition or

learning if it keeps the learners being too self-conscious or too embarrassed to take risks during communicative exchanges. removing any part of it.

〔转类构词〕 is a change in the grammatical function of a word without adding or

A word belonging to one part

of speech is extended to another

part of speech. It is also called meaning VS grammatical meaning(

functional shift or zero derivation 词汇意义与语法意义 )

.

The meaning of a sentence is carried by the words proper as well as by the patterns

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语言学的名词解释

of word order that is part of the grammatical system of a language.

The part of the

and the part

sentence meaning contributed by words is called the grammatical meaning important role.

lexical meaning

of sentence meaning that depends upon the way the words are put together is called

, in which the function words and the word order play a very

meaning VS non-linguistic meaning ( itself,there attached indicated

副语言意义与非语言意义 )

In human communication, apart from the linguistic meaning conveyed by language

are numerous paralinguistic

meanings and non-linguistic

meanings that

are perceived simultaneously by the hearer.

Paralinguistic meanings by

quality

of

Non-linguistic meanings

tongue-clicking,

are those

of

are those

to the verbal noises

expressions voice,tempo

speech,posture,facial expression and gestures.

by non-verbal

such as cough, sigh, various kinds

of body languages and different contexts of situation. VS connotation (

外延与内涵 )

Denotation is a straightforward, literal meaning of the word every member of the language speaking community will agree on. the word but some emotive individual language users in their mind. relativity VS linguistic determinism ( The Sapir-Wholf Hypothesis the grammatical categories

Connotation meaings

is not the basic meaing of

or evaluative

associated with

the word by

语言相对论与语言决定论 )

states that there is a systematic relationship between of the language a person

It

speaks and how that person both

understands the world and behaves in it. relativity and linguistic determinism. Linguistic languages.

boils down to two principles:

linguistic

relativity

states that disctinctions

encoded in one language are unique

to that langage alone, and that there is no limit to the structural diversity of

Linguistic determinism refers to the idea that the language we use determines, to

some extent, the way in which we view and think has two versions; strong

determinism and weak determinism.

about the world around us. This concept

The strong version, which has few followers

today,

holds that language actually determines thought, whereas that weak version, which

is widely accepted today, merely holds that language affects thought.

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