一． Beowulf
地位： The Song of Beowulf can be justly termed England’s national epic and it’s hero Beowulf----one of the national heroes of the English people.
特点：1. Alliteration（头韵） 2. Metaphor（隐喻） 3. Understatement(描述)
二． Norman Conquest 源起 （Scandinavian, defeat the Anglo-saxons）
The French-speaking Normans lead by Duke William in 1066.
文学：The literature which they brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.
Anglo-Saxon Literature
1. Poetry(epic) as the earliest genre of literature.
Norman period
Romance
A. The most prevailing kind of literature of the Anglo-Norman period.
B. Long composition, sometimes in verse/prose(诗节/散文)
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C. The central character (A knight)
D. Theme (Adventure or tournaments of a knight)
E. Chivalry (骑士制度)
三． Geoffrey Chaucer
“the farther of English poetry” and one of the greatest narrative poets of English.
A. Life
2. born in a wealthy family and good education background.
3. connections with the court and nobility.
4. 1386， he was elected member of parliament, the same year he was dismissed.
5. Died and was buried in Westminster Abbey in 1400
Chaucer’s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the 14th century.
代表作：The Canterbury Tales is one of the landmarks of English Literature.
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Historical Contribution:
1. Middle English
2. Making the dialect of Landon the standard for the modern English
3. Establishing English as the literary language of the country.
4. Paving the way for the literature of English
四． The Renaissance(文艺复兴)
Francis Bacon ----the great English scientist and philosopher. He was the founder of the English materialist philosophy and modern science.
生平：He was the noble birth, attracted to the court. At 16 he took up law. when James I came to England, Bacon proffered his services and his advice, and received a knighthood. Between 1612 and 1621, he rose through a succession of stages. In 1626 he died.
作品：1. Philosophy： Advancement of learning(学术的推进) New Instrument（新工具）
2. professional：Maxims of the Law(法律格言)
3. essays：（随笔）
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五． Thomas More (The outstanding humanist) utopia（乌托邦）
He was a prose writer in the England Renaissance
1. A great humanist and far-sighted thinker.
2. A learned scholar, an expert of Latin. 3. A forerunner of social theory.
六．莎士比亚
1.四大悲剧
Hamlet（哈姆雷特）假装发疯掩饰内心不安，窥视新国王一举一动
Othello（奥赛罗）担任威尼斯军统的统帅Othello，听信部下的谣言杀死妻子，真相大白后自杀追随其妻。
King Leader（李尔王）3个女儿，小女儿考妖利亚，和谐真诚尊重人格 李尔王专横暴虐
Macbeth（麦克白）谋权做了国王，在众叛亲离的情况下被谋杀，本性善良的Macbeth，受女巫的蛊惑，雄心变成野心
William Shakespeare (1564---1616)
The works are a great landmark in the history of world literature for he was
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one of the first founders of realism, a master hand at realistic portrayal of human character and relations.
He was born in 1564. At the age of 7, he was set to the local grammar school. Beside reading and writing, he was taught Latin and Greek.
He arrived in London in 1586 or 1587. At that time the drama was rapidly gaining popular among the people.
Shakespeare’s activities as a dramatist, poet, actor and proprietor, lasted till the year 1612, when he retired from the stage and returned to Stratford. He died in 1616.
七． The period of Revolution and Restoration
The French influence is most marked in the drama.
Restoration created a literature of its own, that was often witty and clever, but on the whole immoral and cynical.
八． John Donne
主要作品：Songs and Sonnets（歌与十四行诗）
作品特点：A. the inherently theatrical impression（戏剧性的印象）
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B. Reality. It seems to reflect life in a real rather than a poetical world.
C. Love is the basic theme. The nature of love is the union of soul and body.
九．John Milton （1608---1714）
John Milton was an English poet, best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost. At about 12 he was a handsome youth, but somewhat proud and independent in his ways of thinking the university course, it seemed to him that he was born to be a poet. He was writing and studying hard, in order to fit himself for his work. He worked 7 years upon his great poem Paradise Lost. After writing this poem he wrote Paradise Regained and play a telling story of Samson, who, like himself, passed his last days in blindness. John Milton died in 1674.
Paradise Lost（失乐园），Paradise Regained(复乐园)， Samson Agonistes（ 力士参孙）
十． John Bunyan（班扬）
John Bunyan’s most important work is The Pilgrim’s progress written in the old-fashioned medieval form of allegory and dreams.
十一. The 18th century----the age of enlightenment in England.
The 18th century is a period of comparatively peaceful development. After the Glorious and Revolution, England entered the Golden Age.
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Moderate: support the principle of the existing social order and considered
Alexander Pope, Joseph Addison, Richard Steele, Daniel Defoe, Samuel Richardson.
Radical: more resolute democratization in the management of the government.
Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding, Tobias George, Smollett, Oliver Goldsmith, Richard Brinsley Sheridan.
People were encouraged to cultivate a soured sevse of raditionality and a witty intellectuality.
Forms: poetry, novel, drama, pamphlets(小册子), newspaper, and periodicals.
Novel: writers enjoyed a great freedom. Satire was much used in writing.
十二. Daniel Defoe(realism)标志着近代英国小说的形成）
Novels: Robinson Crusoe(鲁宾逊漂流记)
Captain Singleton（辛格顿船长）（Adventure）
Moll Flanders（莫尔·弗兰德斯）（autobiography）
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Colonel Jacque（杰克上校）
The novel is the book length story in pose about either imaginary or historical character. Novels describe characters and incidents as they actually are in real life.
Features of Defoe’s Novels
1. The central idea of his novels is that that man is good and noble by nature but may succumb to an evil social environment. The writer wants to make it clear that society is the source of variety of crimes and vices.
2. Defoe’s intention is that the readers should regard his novels as real stories. He avoids all arts and fine writing. His novels all take the form of memories or pretended historical narratives. everything in them give the impression of reality.
十三. Jonathan Swift（斯威夫特）
He was born in Dublin, Ireland. He accepted the aid from relatives and studied at Trinity College. After he left college, he became the private secretary of a distant relative. After 10 years living in Temple’s house, he left and lived in a little church. He fried to help every young man of talent in his life. He had been afflicted with a brain disease which ended in madness. He died in 1745.
作品： The Battle of Books(书的战争) A Tale of A Tub （一个木桶的故事）
Gulliver Travels （格列弗游记）
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十四. Joseph Addison
He was born in 1672 in the little village of Milestone. He went to the charterhouse school, where he first met steel. At 15, the two boys went to Oxford, to the university, young Addison soon became known as a writer of verses. He travelled on the Continent four years and returned to take up his political work. In 1716, at the height of his fame, he married the countess of War Wick, but the style and grandeur of her establishment didn’t please him. He lived but 3 years after his marriage. A great funeral was held by night in Westminster Abbey.
Addison collaborated with steel to create a literary periodical “The Spectator”.
十五. The Romantic period(1798-1832)
1. charactristics of English Romantic Literature
A. Enthusiasm for the French Revolution (Wordsworth. Byron, Shelly)
B. A new concept of poetry
C. Imagination
D. Romantic “Nature Poetry”.
E. Glorification of the commonplace
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F. The supernatural and “strangeness in beauty”
十六. William Wordsworth
He was born in Cumberland in 1770. Losing his parents early in his life, he was left to the care of his uncle. He went to school in his 9th year at Hawks heed, out of school hours; he was free from the Supervision of Tutors. In France, he sank into dejection as deep as his hopes had been high and he became more and more conservation in his politics, and less in sympathy with any violent reactions. In 1797 he made friends with S.T. he died in 1850 and was buried at St. Oswald’s church.
主要作品：Lines Written in Early Springs(早春诗行) Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tin tern Abbey (丁凳诗杂咏) The Prelude(序曲) The Excursion (远足)
十七. George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788-1824)
主要作品：Don Juan(唐璜) Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage (恰尔德·哈洛尔德游记)
名诗：She Walks in Beauty , The Tales of Greece
Percy Bysshe Shelley (雪莱) （1792-1822）
Queen Mab（麦布女王） Song to the men of England (致英国人民) Ode to the West Wind(西风颂) To a Sky-lark(云雀颂)
John Keats (济慈)
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On first looking into Chapman’s homer (初读查普曼的荷马史诗)
Ode to a nightingale (夜莺颂) Ode on a Grecian Uru(希腊古典颂) To autumn(秋颂)
Jane Austen (1775-1817)
主要作品：Pride and Prejudice (傲慢与偏见) Sense and Sensibility (理智与情感)
十八： The Victorian Age
Literary Current: The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the 40s and in the beginning of 50s. The greatest English realist of the time was Charles Dickens. With a striking force and truthfulness, he creates pictures of bourgeois civilization, describing the misery and sufferings of common people.
十九：Charles Dickens
He was born in 1812. When he was 5, the family moved to London, where he received some education. At 12 he was sent off to work at Warren’s Factory. In 1883, his first story of “A dinner at Poplar Walk” was published. In1836, Dickens because editor for Bentley’s Miscellany of which Pickwick Papers was first serialized. He died in 1870 at his home.
主要作品：Olive Twist (雾都孤儿) The Old Curiosity Shop (老古玩店) David Copperfield （大为科波菲尔） Bleak House (荒凉山庄) Hard Times （艰难时事） A
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Tale of Two Cities（双城记） Great Expectations（远大前程）
写作风格：Florid and poetic, with a strong comic touch. His satires of noble. A mixture of fantasy and realism.
二十. William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863)
主要作品：Vanity Fair 名利场 George Eliot (1819-1880) Adam Bade （亚当·贝德）
Charlotte Bronte and Emily Jane Eyre (简爱) Wuthering Height （呼啸山庄） Thomas Hood(1799-1845) Poems by Two Brothers (哥俩集) Poems chiefly Lyrical （抒情诗集）
The Princess（公主） In memoriam （悼念）
二十一. Alfred, Lord Tennyson
Tennyson was born in 1809 in 1830 while an undergraduate at Cambridge, he published his first independent volume. In the Miller’s Daughter and the May Queen, he began his long series of idylls of English life. In 1847, appeared the Princess. It was Tennyson’s contribution to the question, then beginning to be widely discussed. In the idylls of the King he painted the character of the first English national hero, King Arthur, and gave a new meaning to the legends which had grown up in the Middle Ages about the Knight of the Round Table.
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He was not successful in mastering the dramatic form, but his example recalled the former greatness and dignity of the drama and gave an early sign of its recovery.
主要作品：In Memoriam. The Idylls of the King.
诗歌： Crossing the Bar, Break, Break, Break
二十二. Robert Browning
Browning was born in London in 1812. His first long poem, Pauline, was published in 1833, is a half-dramatic study of the type of spiritual life. Between 1840 and 1845, Browning was chiefly occupied with attempts to write actable plays. In 1861, he began The Ring and the Book. This is the crowning effort of his geniis for the vastness of its scope and its grasp of human nature. His works were studied and made a cult of, with an enthusiasm seldom accorded to a living poet.
主要作品：Pippa Passe ， The Ring and the Book
诗歌：Home Thought, From Abroad, My Last Duchess, meeting at night, Parting at Morning.
二十三. Twentieth Century Literature
The English realists of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries continued and developed the traditions of their predecessors. They
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sought for new ways and means of revealing the truth of life. The later realists excelled in revealing the characters from a psychological point of view, and they are inferior to their great predecessors in the scope and breadth of their portrayal of social phenomena.
Thomas Hardy
主要作品：Tess of the D’Urbervilles （德伯家的苔丝）
John Galsworthy
主要作品：The Forstye Saga (福尔赛世家) The Man of Property (有产业的人)
Oscar Wilde
主要作品：The Picture of Dorian Gray (道林·格雷的画像)
George Bernard Shaw （萧伯纳）
主要作品：Mrs. Warren’s Profession (华伦夫人的职业)
Virgin la Woolf （沃尔莱）
主要作品：Mrs. Dalloway (达洛维夫人)
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