同济大学考博英语模拟试卷3(题后含答案及解析)

同济大学考博英语模拟试卷3 (题后含答案及解析)

题型有：1. Reading Comprehension 2. English-Chinese Translation 3. Writing

Reading Comprehension

Few people would defend the Victorian attitude to children, but if you were a parent in those days, at least you knew where you stood: children were to be seen and not heard. Freud and company did away with all that and parents have been bewildered ever since. The child’s happiness is all-important, the psychologists say, but what about the parents’ happiness? Parents suffer continually from fear and guilt while their children gaily romp about pulling the place apart. A good “old-fashioned” spanking is out of the question: no modern child-rearing manual would permit such barbarity. The trouble is you are not allowed even to shout. Who knows what deep psychological wounds you might inflict? The poor child may never recover from the dreadful traumatic experience. So it is that parents bend over backwards to avoid giving their children complexes which a hundred years ago hadn’t even been heard of. Certainly a child needs love, and a lot of it. But the excessive permissiveness of modern parents is surely doing more harm than good. Psychologists have succeeded in undermining parents’ confidence in their own authority. And it hasn’t taken children long to get wind of the fact. In addition to the great modern classics on childcare, there are countless articles in magazines and newspapers. With so much unsolicited advice flying about, mum and dad just don’t know what to do any more. In the end, they do nothing at all. So, from early childhood, the kids are in charge and parents’ lives are regulated according to the needs of heir offspring. When the little dears develop into teenagers, they take complete control. Lax authority over the years makes adolescent rebellion against parents all the more violent. If the young people are going to have a party, for instance, parents are asked to leave the house. Their presence merely spoils the fun. What else can the poor parents do but obey’? Children are hardy creatures (far hardier than the psychologists would have us believe) and most of them survive the harmful influence of extreme permissiveness which is the normal condition in the modern household. But a great many do not. The spread of juvenile delinquency in our own age is largely due to parental laxity. Mother, believing that little Johnny can look after himself, is not at home when he returns from school, so little Johnny roams the streets. The dividing-line between permissiveness and sheer negligence is very fine ‘indeed. The psychologists have much to answer for. They should keep their mouths shut and let parents get on with the job. And if children are knocked about a little bit in the process, it may not really matter too much. At least this will help them to develop vigorous views of their own and give them something positive to react against. Perhaps there’s some truth in the idea that children who have had a surfeit of happiness in their childhood appear like stodgy puddings and fail to make a success of life.

1． What is implied in the first sentence?

A．There is no defense for Victorian harshness. B．Parents are grateful to Freud for his advice. C．Parents can be too strict with their children. D．Child-care books prove sensible and practical.

正确答案：C 解析：题干问：“第1句暗示了什么?”正确选项为C“父母对孩子再严格也不过分”，尽管作者说很少有人去辩护维多利亚时代父母对孩子的态度，但是如果你是父母，你还得跟那个年代的父母学习对孩子的严格要求，因此这句话说明父母必须对孩子进行严格管教。而选项A“没有捍卫维多利业时代的严格”，这只是这句话的字面含义。选项B“因为他的建议父母应该感谢弗洛伊德”，和选项D“养孩子的书被证明是很明智和切实的”都是作者所反对的观点。

2． The author says that today’s parents______

A．are bombarded with excessive amounts of child-care literature. B．draw a distinction between permissiveness and negligence. C．are partial towards children from happy home backgrounds. D．weigh their children’s intellect rather than intelligence.

正确答案：A 解析：题干问：“作者认为今天的父母……”。正确选项为A“面临过量的抚养孩子的书”，第1自然段中的“child-rearing manual”和第2自然段中的“countless articles in magazines and newspapers”说明了这一观点。而选项B“在放纵和忽略间划清界限”和原文的意思相反。选项C“对那些来门于快乐家庭背景的孩子相当地偏爱”和选项D“看重孩子的知识而不是其实际能力”在文中都没有提及。

3． What does the author wants to illustrate with Johnny roaming the streets? A．An instance of arbitrariness. B．A case of juvenile delinquency. C．An example of responsibility. D．A prototype of classics.

正确答案：B 解析：题干问：“当说到小约翰在街上乱逛时，作者想要说明什么?”正确选项为B“造成青少年犯罪的实际情形”，此题考察对论点论据的判断能力，定位在第3自然段。而选项A“武断的例证”，选项C“负责任的楷模”和选项D“古典知识的原型”都不是作者举这个例子所要讲述的论点。

4． From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that children who enjoy all-important happiness will______

A．soon gain independence from their negligent parents. B．stay away from the influence of juvenile delinquency.

C．avoid being given uncertain psychological complexes. D．grow up to be more immature and irresponsible adults.

正确答案：D 解析：题干问：“从最后一段得到的结论是那些完全享有幸福的孩子往往会怎样?”正确选项为D“长大后不成熟而且相当的不负责任”，这个题可从最后一句来判断，并且也可以从第3自然段的归纳得出。而选项A“马上就从他们玩忽职守的父母那里获得”，选项B“远离青少年犯罪的影响”，和选项C“避免被给予不确定的心里扭曲”都是原文信息的编造。

Ever since this government’s term began, the attitude to teachers has been overshadowed by the mantra that good teachers cannot be rewarded if it means bad teachers are rewarded, too. That’s why, despite the obvious need for them, big pay rises have not been awarded to teachers across the board. The latest pay rise was 3.6 per cent--mad in the present situation. That’s why, as well, the long battle over performance-related pay was fought as teacher numbers slid. The idea is that some kind of year zero can eventually be achieved whereby all the bad teachers are gone and only the good teachers remain. That is why the Government’s attempts to relieve the teacher shortage have been so focused on offering incentives to get a new generation of teachers into training. The assumption is that so many of the teachers we have already are bad, that only by starting again can standards be raised. But the teacher shortage is not caused only because of a lack of new teachers coming into the profession. It is also because teaching has a retention problem, with many leaving the profession. These people have their reasons for doing so, which cannot be purely about wanting irresponsibly to “abandon” pupils more permanently. Such an exodus suggests that even beyond the hated union grandstanding, teachers are not happy. Unions and government appear to be in broad agreement that the shortage of teachers is a parlous state of affairs. Oddly, though, they don’t seem entirely to agree that the reasons for this may lie in features of the profession itself and the way it is run. Instead, the Government is so suspicious of the idea that teachers may be able to represent themselves, that they have set up the General Teaching Council, a body that will represent teachers whether they want it to or not, and to which they have to pay ￡ 25 a year whether they want to or not. The attitudes of both sides promise to exacerbate rather than solve the problem. Teachers are certainly exacerbating the problem by stressing just how bad things are. Quite a few potential teachers must be put off. And while the Government has made quite a success of convincing the public that bad education is almost exclusively linked to bad teachers represented by destructive unions, it also seems appalling that in a survey last year, working hours for primary teachers averaged 53 hours per week, while secondary teachers clocked up 51 hours. At their spring conferences, the four major teaching unions intend to ballot their members on demanding from government an independent inquiry into working conditions. This follows the McCrone report in Scotland, which produced an agreement to limit hours to 35 per week, with a maximum class contact-time of 22 and a half hours. That sounds most attractive.

5． The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that a 3% pay rise______ A．is too small to be attractive to teachers. B．is too big even for good teachers. C．is close-knit to teachers’ performance. D．is in itself anything but a reward.

正确答案：A 解析：题干问：“第1自然段第3句暗示说3%的加薪……”。归纳第1自然段的第3句和全文的最后一句得出正确选项为A“的确太少而不能吸引老师”。而选项B“即使是对好老师也是大幅度的加薪”，C“和老师的表现密切相关”和D“本身就不能看作是一种奖赏”都不是这句话暗示的意思。

6． It seems that the author believes that the government’s perception of the present situation is______

A．fairly insightful. B．rather destructive. C．very illuminating. D．partially true.

正确答案：D 解析：题干问：“似乎作者认为对于当前情况的认识……”。正确选项为D“是部分正确的”，这个思想从文章第1句即全文背景句可看出，且这个思想贯穿全文。而选项A“相当具有洞察力”，B“相当具有破坏性”和C“相当具有启发性”都不是作者对于对当前情况的认识的观点和态度。

7． The word “exacerbate” (Paragraph 5) denotes______ A．identify. B．aggravate. C．astonish. D．alleviate.

正确答案：B 解析：题干问：“这个词‘exacerbate’的含义是……”。根据上下文，他们的态度都使问题恶化，而没有解决问题，因此选项B“恶化”为正确选项。而选项A“认同”，选项C“吃惊”和选项D“减轻”都不是该词在上下文的含义。

8． one important reason why teachers are leaving their profession is that they are______

A．only too irresponsible to abandon pupils permanently. B．stuck in the conflict between government and unions. C．much dissatisfied with their prolonged working hours. D．found the government’s rewards rather unattractive.

正确答案：C 解析：题干问：“老师离开工作岗位的一个重要原因是老师……”。老师离开岗位是贯穿全文的另外一个重要的概念性问题，正确选项为C“对于超长的工作时间相当不满意”，此题定位于文章最后一段。而选项A“相当地不负责任而永久抛弃了他们的学生”，选项B“陷入了和工会的冲突”和选项D“觉得的奖赏还不够具有吸引力”都不是主要的原因。

In promising to fuse media as diverse as television, telephone communication, video games, music and data transmission, the era of digital convergence goes better than yesterday’s celebrated “information superhighway”. Yet achieving this single technology is far from straightforward. There are currently three major television broadcast standards, and they are all incompatible with each other. But this is nothing compared to the many technologies supporting the Internet, each with a different bandwidth and physical media. The problems faced in designing platforms and communication systems that will be accepted across the world can appear insuperable. Even once global standards are assured, however, a further obstacle lies in wait. The Internet is plagued by long, erratic response times because it is a pull-technology, driven by patterns of user demands. Push technology, on the other hand, reverses the relationship: servers simply send information to passive users, as in television and radio. But if some form of combination between one-way television flow and interactive Internet is to be the basis of our future media, it is hard to see how it could be operated. Moreover, the problem of fusing Internet with television is also one of defining the services offered. Information, entertainment and relaxation appear at first to be quite different needs. Serious doubts remain over whether consumers will be interested in having to make the sort of mental effort associated with computing while also settling down in front of a sitcom. Besides the issue of consumer habits, infrastructure costs are set to be immense, and will have to be met by national states or the private sector before being passed on to users. Platforms do not necessarily have to be expensive. The mobile phone is a good example of how something that is technologically sophisticated can almost be given away, with its cost recovered through service charges. Users are then coerced through clever marketing to upgrade to newer phones with more features to reinforce their dependence. Whatever the outcome, it is obvious that technology will play an increasing part in our everyday lives. Beyond technology, digital convergence embraces the services, industrial practices and social behavior that form modern society. We have in our hands the technology to construct the most sophisticated machines ever built, but if they are unusable, simply because of their operating instructions, then recent lessons have taught us they will not survive. Whatever we design must be simple, reliable and useful. Perhaps this is where artificial intelligence will come in.

9． By digital convergence, the writer means______

A．diversification of communication systems. B．integrating a wide range of means of media.

C．adaptation of global standards to consumer habits. D．detaching entertainment from communications.

正确答案：B 解析：题干问：“讲到数字集成，作者的意思是……”。正确选项为B“集合了多种多样的媒体手段”，此题定位于全文的第一句即背景句，并且在最后一段作者又重新提及了这个观点，除此之外文中有许多概念如“combination”、“fuse”与这个概念相呼应。而选项A“通信系统的多样化”，选项C“让全球的标准适合于消费者的习惯”和选项D“把娱乐和通信分开”都不是这个概念在文章所有的含义。

10． In pointing out the problems faced in digital convergence, the author mainly employs the technique of______

A．cause and effect analysis. B．argumentation and comments. C．contrast and comparison. D．enumeration and elaboration.

正确答案：D 解析：题干问：“在指出数字化集成面临的问题时，作者主要使用的写作技巧是……”。正确选项为D“具体的列举和详尽的阐述”，这是文章主要使用的写作方法。而选项A“果因分析”在文中几乎没有使用。选项B“议论和评论”不是作者主要使用的方法，因为在文中没有提出很多观点、选项C“对比和比较”也不是作者主要使用的写作方法。

11． By referring to the mobile phone, the author intends to show______ A．a solution to costs involved in the technology. B．the importance of catering to customers’ needs. C．a trick imposed on users by telephone companies. D．the necessity of adding more features to phones.

正确答案：A 解析：题干问：“当提到移动电话时，作者主要想表明……”。正确选项为A“对该技术所涉及的成本问题提出解决方案”，这是第3自然段的主题和话题。而选项D“迎合消费者需求的重要性”，选项C“电话公司强加给顾客的一种欺骗”和选项D“给电话增加更多功能的必要性”都不是作者举电话这个例子的主要目的。

12． The author asserts that the success of digital convergence will ultimately depend upon______

A．considerable reduction of infrastructure costs. B．standardization of communications systems.

C．practical designs by artificial intelligence. D．dismissal of conventional consumer habits.

正确答案：C 解析：题干问：“作者声称数字集成的成功最终将取决于……”。正确选项为C“由人工智能所作出的切实有用的设计”，此题定位于全文的最后一句。而选项A“急剧减少基础设施的成本”，选项 B“通信系统的标准化”和选项D“不考虑顾客的传统习惯”都不是作者在文中提到的解决方案。

13． Towards the technology of digital convergence, the author’ s attitude can best be said to be one of______

A．suspicion. B．optimism. C．frustration. D．pessimism.

正确答案：B 解析：题干问：“关于数字集成的技术，作者的态度最可能是……”。纵观全文，作者的态度应该是乐观的，虽然在文中讲到了困难，但作者提出了解决困难的方法，因此选项B“乐观的”为正确选项。而选项A“怀疑的”，选项C“沮丧的”和选项D“悲观的”都不是作者在本文中的态度。

Never has a straitjacket seemed so ill-fitting or so insecure. The Euro area’s “stability and growth pact” was supposed to stop irresponsible member states running excessive budget deficits, defined as 3% of GDP or more. Chief among the restraints was the threat of large fines if member governments breached the limit for three years in a row. For some time now, no one has seriously believed those restraints would hold. In the early hours of Tuesday November 25th, the Euro’s fiscal straitjacket finally came apart at the seams. The pact’s fate was sealed over an extended dinner meeting of the Euro area’s 12 finance ministers. They chewed over the sorry fiscal record of the Euro’s two largest members, France and Germany. Both governments ran deficits of more than 3% of GDP last year and will do so again this year. Both expect to breach the limit for the third time in 2004. Earlier this year the European Commission, which polices the pact, agreed to give both countries an extra year, until 2005, to bring their deficits back into line. But it also instructed them to revisit their budget plans for 2004 and make extra cuts. France was asked to cut its underlying, cyclically adjusted deficit by a full 1% of GDP, Germany by 1.8%. Both resisted. Under the pact’s hales, the commission’s prescriptions have no force until formally endorsed in a vote by the Euro area’s finance ministers, known as the “Eurogroup”. And the votes were simply not there. Instead, the Eurogroup agreed on a set of proposals of its own, drawn up by the Italian finance minister, Giulio Tremonti. France will cut its structural deficit by 1.8% of GDP next year, Germany by 0. 6%. In 2005, both will bring their deficits below 3%, economic growth permitting. Nothing will enforce or guarantee this agreement except France and Germany’s word. The

European Central Bank (ECB) was alarmed at this outcome, the commission was dismayed, and the smaller Euro-area countries who opposed the deal were apoplectic: treaty law was giving way to the “Franco-German steamroller”, as Le Figaro, a French newspaper, put it. This anger will sour European politics and may spill over into negotiations on a proposed EU constitution. Having thrown their weight around this week, France and Germany may find other smaller members more reluctant than ever to give ground in the negotiations on the document. The EU’s midsized countries also hope to capitalize on this ressentiment. Spain opposes the draft constitution because it will give it substantially less voting weight than it currently enjoys. It sided against France and Germany on Tuesday, and will point to their fiscal transgressions to show that the EU’s big countries do not deserve the extra power the proposed constitution will give them.

14． The text is mainly about______

A．the enforcement of Eurogroup’s prescriptions. B．the hypocrisy of some Euro’s members on deficit. C．the Euro’s dilemma in solving deficit problems. D．the implementation of Euro’s monetary policies.

正确答案：C 解析：题干问：“这篇文章主要讲述了……”。此题考察本文的中心，正确选项为C“欧盟在解决财政赤字时的进退两难”。而选项A“实施欧盟的规定”，选项B“某些欧盟成员国对于赤字的虚假报告”和选项D“实施欧盟的金融”，虽然在文中部分提及，但都不是文章的中心。

15． The fate of the Eurogroup’s prescriptions is manifested in the fact that France and Germany______

A．refuse to follow its instructions. B．side against smaller countries. C．readdress their budget deficits. D．bring their deficits back into line.

正确答案：A 解析：题干问：“欧盟规定的命运在事实中表现出来，这一事实是法国和德国……”。正确选项为A“拒绝遵从它的规定”，此题定位于第2自然段，且第3自然段也讲到了这一点。而选项B“反对一些小国家”，选项C“重新考虑它们的财政赤字”和选项D“将财政赤字降到限额内”都不符合题干的要求。

16． The expression “This outcome” (Paragraph 3) means that______ A．a set of new proposals will be in. B．smaller countries oppose the deal. C．some restraints are fading away. D．the agreement is not guaranteed.

正确答案：D 解析：题干问：“这个表达‘This outcome’的意思是……”。正确选项为D“这个协议不可能得到保证”，这是一个语境的归纳题，定位在第3自然段。而选项A“一些新的建议将会受到欢迎”，选项B“小国家反对这个做法”和选项C“某些正在失去效用”都不是这个表达在上下文的含义。

Advertisers tend to think big and perhaps this is why they’re always coming in for criticism. Their critics seem to resent them because they have a flair for self-promotion and because they have so much money to threw around. “It’s iniquitous,” they say, “that this entirely unproductive industry (if we can call it that) should absorb millions of pounds each year. It only goes to show how much profit the big companies arc making. Why don’t they stop advertising and reduce the price of their goods? After all, it’s the consumer who pays.” The poor old consumer. He would have to pay a great deal more if advertising didn’t create mass markets for products. It is just because of the heavy advertising that consumer goods are so cheap. But we get the wrong idea if we think the only purpose of advertising is to sell goods. Another equally important function is to inform. A great deal of the knowledge we have about household goods derives large from the advertisements we read. Advertisements introduce us to new products or remind us of the existence of ones we already know about. Supposing you wanted to buy a washing-machine, it is more than likely you would obtain details regarding performance, price, etc. from an advertisement. Lots of people pretend that they never read advertisements, but this claim may be seriously doubted. It is hardly possible not to read advertisements these days. And what fun they often are, too] Just think what a railway station or a newspaper would be like without advertisements. Would you enjoy gazing at a blank wall or reading railway by-laws while waiting for a train? Would you like to read only closely-printed columns of news in your daily paper? A cheerful, witty advertisement makes such a difference to a drab wall or a newspaper full of the daily ration of calamities. We must not forget, either, that advertising makes a positive contribution to our pockets. Newspapers, commercial radio and television companies could not subsist without this source of revenue. The fact that we pay so little for our daily paper, or can enjoy so many broadcast programs is due entirely to the money spent by advertisers. Just think what a newspaper would cost if we had to pay its full price ! Another thing we shouldn’t forget is the “little ads”, which are in virtually every newspaper and magazine. What a tremendously useful service they perform for the community ! Just about anything can be accomplished through these columns. For example, you can find a job, buy or sell a house, announce a birth, marriage or death in what used to be called the “hatch, match and dispatch” columns; but by far the most fascinating section is the personal or “agony” column. No other item in a newspaper provides such entertaining reading or offers such a deep insight into human nature. It’s the best advertisement for advertising there is!

17． An argument made by critics of advertisers is that______ A．advertising makes contribution to the pockets. B．readers claim they never read advertisements. C．advertising may entail a price rise for goods. D．little ads invariably appeal to baser instincts.

正确答案：C 解析：题干问：“由广告批评者提出的论点是……”。正确选项为C“广告会造成产品价格的上升”，此题可定位于第1自然段，并且在第2自然段作者说其实广告创造了大量的消费市场，从而使价格变得便宜，批评家的观点和作者的观点相反。而选项A“广告对我们的钱袋作出的作用”，选项B“读者声称他们从不读广告”和选项D“许多小广告总是吸引了一些比较低贱的人的本能”都不是反对者持有的论点。

18． The author mentions the example of a washing-machine to justify______ A．informativeness of ads. B．credulity of consumers. C．deception of companies. D．techniques of advertisers.

正确答案：A 解析：题干问：“作者举洗衣机的例子是为了说明……”。正确选项为A“广告提供的信息性”，此题可定位于第2自然段，考察的是论点论据的关系，其实对于广告的信息性的提供在第5自然段也再次给予了重申。而选项B“消费者的轻信”，选项C“公司的欺骗”和选项D“广告商的策略”都不是作者举这个例子的目的。

19． The writer seems to think that critics’ judgment on the role of advertising is______

A．reasonable. B．unfair. C．superficial. D．foolish.

正确答案：B 解析：题干问：“作者似乎认为批评家对于广告的重要作用的判断是……”。正确选项为B“不公正”，此题可以定位于第1自然段，而且这也是整篇文章多次重申的主旨。而选项A“合理的”选项C“肤浅表面的”和选项D“愚蠢的”都不是作者对他们持有观点的判断。

20． The word “drab” (Paragraph 3) might mean______ A．impressive. B．nonconformist. C．insightful.

D．unappealing.

正确答案：D 解析：题干问：“这个词‘drab’可能的意思是……”。此题可以从反义对比得出，文中提到如果没有广告，我们的墙面很枯燥，相反有广告我们才觉得这些生活环境是“fascinating’’和“interesting”，因此正确选项为D“无吸引力的”。而选项A“印象深刻的”，选项B“不墨守成规的”和选项C“有洞察力的”都不是这个词在上下文中的含义。

English-Chinese Translation

21． Ten years ago it appeared that nuclear power would solve the anticipated energy crisis. Although supplies of uranium fuel were known to be limited and might become exhausted in half a century, the nuclear ower plant has for a long time been favorite project. But work on it has met with grave problems. The fear of possible atomic explosion and the problems of disposing of polluting by-product waste have been slowed down the construction of further nuclear plants. Eventually atomic technology may be able to control these problems, but at present there seems to be a little agreement among atomic scientists about when this can be achieved.

正确答案： 十年前，核能源似乎能够解决预期的能源危机。尽管铀燃料的供应有限并且在半个世纪内可能会枯竭是众人皆知的事，但长久以来核电站一直是受人欢迎的项目。然而，原子能发电站的工作已面临严重的问题。由于对可能发生的核爆炸所产生的恐惧以及污染性废料的难以处理，减缓了核电站进一步的建设。原子能技术最终是有可能解决这些难题的。但对于何时才能实现这种可能性，目前在原子能科学家中似乎还未达成一致见解。

Writing

22． In this part, you are asked to write an essay according to the outline given. You composition should be about 200 words. Remember to write clearly and logically. After writing, please check your composition in terms of the following writing basics: unity, support, coherence, and error-free sentences.Bicycle--An Important Means of Transport in China (1)为什么自行车在中国这样普及。 (2)和汽车的比较。 (3)自行车在中国的前途。

正确答案： The bicycle is the most common means of transport in our country. There are several reasons. First, most people are not rich enough to buy a car. Because a bicycle is not expensive, almost every family can afford it. Second, China has a large population and the traffic is heavy. The bicycle has the advantage of being small. A road, which can hold only two cars side by side, can allow more than ten bicycles. Finally, people like to ride on a bicycle to school, to work and to travel. It’s so pleasant and it does good for people’s health. Compared with a car, a bicycle has disadvantages and advantages. For instance, a bicycle is not fit for a long trip, but

a car is. A person who sits all day in a car might get fat and unhealthy, while a person on a bicycle becomes healthy. A bicycle is so popular in China that it will remain so for a long time. So many things are to be done to make cars popular in China. Even when the time comes, bicycle will also be welcome.