Unit6AttitudestowardsLife

单元名称：Unit Six Attitudes to Life 教学目的与要求：

1. Understand the proper attitude towards life. 2. Grasp the key words, phrases and structures.

3.Appreciate the writing technique employed by the writer 主要教学内容与时间安排: 6.1 Lead-in 6.2 Text Study

6.3 Word Choice in Writing 6.4 Further Development 6.5 Exercises 教学重点与难点:

1.Words and expressions

2.The skills of word choice in writing 3.Prepositions (Noun + Preposition) 教学方法：Hybrid teaching method 作业与练习： 1.Unit test 2.Homework 单元小结： 教学步骤： I.Lead-in

1. What is your motto in life? Explain it.

2. Do you find life sometimes paradoxical? If yes, please give one example.

II.Background Information

2) Quotes about fame and success. 1.Sometimes the best gain is to lose.

有时大得即大失。

2. Riches either serve or govern the possessor. 财富可以侍候主人，也可以支配主人。

3. All the art of living lies in a fine mingling of letting go and holding on.

— Havelock Ellis, British psychologist and essayist 生活的艺术在于对坚持与放弃的合理调配。 ——亨利·哈维洛克·艾利斯英国心理学家、作家

4. Life is like an onion; you peel off layer after layer and then you find there is nothing in it.

— James Gibbons Huneker, American essayist and critic 生活就象洋葱：你一层一层拨开就会发现里面什么也没有。 ——詹姆斯·吉本斯·亨内克美国作家、评论家

5. The value of life lies not in the length of days, but in the use we make of them.

— Michel de Montaigne, French Writer

生活的价值不在于生命的长短，而在于我们是怎样度过的。 ——蒙田法国作家

6 .Our attitude toward life determines life's attitude towards us.

— Earl Nightingale, American speaker and author 我们对生活的态度决定着生活对我们的态度。 ——厄尔·南丁格尔美国演说家、作家 III.Text Analysis

Part I ( Para1-8): Through one event during his hospitalization, the author explains that we often fail to see the beauty and wonder of life when we should be holding on to it, urges us to hold fast to the gifts of life.

Part II ( Para9-11): The author directs his discussion to the other side of the paradox: how to let go, and points out why we

must accept losses and learn how to let go.

Part III ( Para12-16):As a solution to the paradox, the author suggests a wider perspective to view what is transient and what is eternal, gives us his advice as to what we should do in order to make our lives meaningful and our deeds “timeless”.

IV.Words and Expressions

1) (Para 1) fast: ad. become or be firmly fixed and unable to move

*The boat was stuck fast in the mud. 2) (Para 1) clench : vt. close tightly

e.g 在被动手术时她咬紧了牙关。(=She clenched her teeth when she was operated on.)

3) (Para 3) fade: vi.1. lose colour and brightness *Flowers soon fade when cut.

2. disappear gradually.e.g. 他的希望渐渐破灭(= His hopes faded.)

4) (Para 3) wither: v.

1. (cause sth to) become dry, shrivelled or dead

e.g 这些花不放在水里就要枯死了.(=The flowers will wither if you don't put them in water.)

2. render speechless or incapable of action; stun

e.g 她的一瞥使他无言以对。(=She withered him with a look.) cf. wither & fade

这两个动词均含“凋谢”之意。

wither指因无活力而丧失生命力。fade强调指渐渐失去色彩和光泽。

5) (Para 3) tender:

1. v. formally offer or show something to someone *As company secretary, you must tender the proposal. (=The seller has the right to keep the goods until payment is

tendered to him.)

2. a. 1) (of meat) easy to chew; not tough *Continue cooking until the meat is tender. 2) painful when touched; sensitive

e.g 我的手指一碰就疼，因为昨天割破了。(=My finger is tender because I cut it yesterday.)

3) gentle and careful in a way that shows love *Her voice was tender and soft. Collocations:

tender age 年幼而未成熟的tender loving care 悉心、关切的照顾

a tender heart 软心肠 a tender mother 慈母

6) (Para 4) hospitalize: vt. place in a hospital for treatment, care, or observation.

*Roger was hospitalized after a severe heart attack. NB: 该词一般用于被动语态 7) (Para 5) wheel:

1. n. one of the round things under a car, bus, bicycle, etc. that turns when it moves

*The car slid sideways, its rear wheels spinning.

2. v. move someone or sth. that is in or on sth. that has wheels e.g 他把摩托车推到街上。

(=He wheeled his motorcycle into the street.) Collocations:

at the wheel 驾驶，掌舵oil the wheels 使事情进行得顺利 on wheels 用车子put one’s shoulder to the wheel （帮助他人）动手wheels within wheels 复杂的事情；复杂的原因

wheel and deal (AmE.) （在政界）独断专行 8) (Para 6) relish:

1. n. great enjoyment of something

*I ate with great relish, enjoying every bite.

2. vt. enjoy an experience or the thought of something that is going to happen

e.g 我可不乐意这麽早就起床.

(=I don't relish having to get up so early.)

9) (Para 6) indifferent: a. not at all interested in someone or sth.

e.g 我对他们的争论毫不关心。(=I am indifferent to their arguments.)

cf. indifferent, unconcerned, incurious, detached & uninterested

这些形容词均有“不关心的、不感兴趣的”意思。

indifferent 运用得最广。它可以表示无偏向性，对事物这样或那样不关心unconcerned 意指不仅不感兴趣，而且也不同情，不焦虑，不关心

incurious 强调缺乏理性的探询和本能的好奇心 detached 意指不参与，同时对此有客观的看法 uninterested 仅表示缺乏兴趣

(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1. The universe is not hostile, nor yet is it friendly. It is simply _____.（= indifferent）

2. He was ______ in politics.（= uninterested）

3. Many large companies seem totally ______ about the environment.（= unconcerned）

4. She described what had happened in a cold and _____ manner.（= detached）

5. He was _______of technical and textual science. （= incurious）

10) (Para 6) preoccupy: vt. engage (sb. or his mind, thoughts,

etc.) so that he cannot think of other things

e.g 你昨天在公共汽车站上心不在焉,没有注意到我。

(=You were too preoccupied to notice me at the bus stop yesterday.)

Pattern: be preoccupied with 全神贯注于 11) (Para 6) petty: a.

1. of small importance; trivial

*We started having arguments over petty little things. 2) unkind and caring too much about small unimportant things

*How can she be so petty? Collocations:

petty and childish behaviour 小心眼和孩子气的行为 petty about money 在金钱上很小气 petty cash 零用现金 petty larceny 小偷小摸 petty officer 海军士官 12) (Para 6) mean: a. ignoble

*I never thought he was capable of doing such a mean thing to his brother.

cf. low, mean, cheap & shabby

这些形容词均有“卑鄙的，卑贱的，卑下的”意思。 low 指行为卑鄙、可耻、下文明，可引申指庸俗。

mean 暗示狠毒、贪婪、缺乏尊严感等为人们所不耻的卑鄙、自私、渺小的行为。cheap 侧指人或物的品质低劣下贱。

shabby 指行为的不公和卑劣，往往使人感到不屑和轻蔑。 13) (Para 7) glean: v.

1. gather grain left in a field by harvest workers *Boys are asked to glean the grain every morning. 2. find out information slowly and with difficulty

e.g 我从别人的话中总算弄清楚他不来了。

(=From what people said, I managed to glean that he wasn't coming.)

Pattern:

glean sth. from sb./sth. 从……中搜集 14) (Para 7) commonplace: 1. a. ordinary; not interesting

*He's not at all exciting, in fact he's really rather commonplace.(=他毫不出奇, 实际上平庸得很。)

15) (Para 8) dawn: vi.

1. begin to become light in the morning.

*The morning dawned fresh and clear after the storm. 2. begin to be perceived or understood e.g 很快我们就意识到了危险的存在。

(=Realization of the danger soon dawned on us.)

Pattern: It dawns on sb. that... 渐渐明白，开始被察觉或理解 16) (Para 8) embrace: v.

1. put your arms around someone and hold them in a friendly or loving way

e.g 她在离开前拥抱儿子。

(=She embraced her son before leaving.)

2. eagerly accept a new idea, opinion, religion, etc. *We hope these regions will embrace democratic reforms. 3. include sth. as part of a subject, discussion, etc.

*This course embraces several different aspects of psychology.

Collocations:

embrace Christianity 信奉基督教

embrace an offer, opportunity 欣然接受提议、把握机会 embrace a social cause 乐意地从事一项社会活动

17) (Para 9) paradox: n.

1. statement that seems to be absurd or contradictory but is or may be true

*Paradox and irony are characteristics of her style.

2. person, thing or situation displaying contradictory features

*It's a curious paradox that drinking a lot of water can often make you feel thirsty.

18) (Para 10) passion: n.

1. a very strong feeling of sexual love

*His passion for her made him blind to everything else. (=他强烈地爱着她, 对其他一切都视而不见。) 2. a very strong belief or feeling about sth. e.g 她争论时情绪很激动。

(= She argued with great passion. ) 3. a very strong liking for sth. e.g 赛马是她最喜爱的运动。 (=Horse-racing is her passion.)

cf. emotion, feeling, passion, affection & sentiment 这些名词的共同含义是“感情”或“情感”之意。

emotion 普通用词，词义中性。泛指因外界刺激而引起思想情感从细微变化到最强烈的发作。

feeling 普通用词，含义广。多指具体的或内心的感受，或表露出来的强烈情感。passion 指极强烈的感情，尤指愤怒、爱好等。也常指两性间的爱情。affection 指对人的爱慕或深厚、温柔的感情。

sentiment 一般指由一种思想激起的感情，含较大的理智因素。(Directions:) Fill in the blanks with the words above. Change the form where necessary.

1. He's considerate of other people's ____.（= feelings） 2. Kim received the news without showing any visible sign of

____. （= emotion）

3. All the _____ in their marriage has died. （= passion） 4. Their father never showed them much _____ .（= affection） 5. There’s no place for ____ in business!（= sentiment） 19) (Para 10) confront : vt. make sb. face or consider sb./sth. unpleasant, difficult, etc.

* When confronted with the evidence of her guilt, she confessed.

(=她面对罪证供认不讳。) Pattern:be confronted with 面对 20) (Para 11) sustain: vt.

1. suffer damage, an injury, or loss of money *Two of the fire-fighters sustained serious injuries.

2. make sth. continue to exist or happen for a period of time * He was incapable of sustaining close relationships with women.

cf. undergo, experience, sustain & suffer 这些动词均有“经历，经受，遭受”之意。

undergo 多指经受艰难、痛苦、不愉快或危险的事。 experience 指亲身经受或体验某事。 sustain 指遭受痛苦或承受负担。

suffer 常可与sustain通用，尤指受到损害或伤害。 21) (Para 12) reconcile: vt.

1. reestablish a close relationship between

* Jonah and his youngest son were, on the surface at least, reconciled.

2. bring (a quarrel, disagreement, etc.) to an end; settle e.g 他们无法调和彼此的分歧。

(= They can't reconcile their differences. ) Pattern:

reconcile sb. to sth. （使某人）无可奈何地接受某事物 Collocations:

reconcile two ideas 调和两种看法 reconcile differences 调和分歧

reconcile the evidence with the facts 使证据符合事实 became reconciled to 接受

22) (Para 12) fashion: vt shape or make sth.

*He fashioned a box from a few old pieces of wood. Patterns:

Fashion…from... 用……制成……Fashion...into... 把……制成…… 23) (Para 13) perspective: n. a way of thinking about something

*His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on life.

Collocations:

view/put/see sth. in (its true/its proper) perspective 从实际的（恰当的）角度观察（处置/看待）某事物

in historical perspective 用历史的观点看待这些事件 get things badly out of perspective 处事极为失当 wider/broader perspective 更宽阔的视角

24) (Para 13) eternity : n. a very long time that seems endless *It seemed an eternity before the police arrived. 25) (Para 13) finite: a. having an end or a limit

e.g 人类的认识是有限的。(=Human knowledge is finite. ) NB: 注意该词的反义词为infinite。 26) (Para 14) endure:

1. vt. suffer or undergo (sth. painful or uncomfortable) patiently

*It seemed impossible that anyone could endure such pain. 2. vi. remain alive or continue to exist for a long time

*Their friendship has endured over many years.

27) (Para 15) pursue: vt. continue doing an activity or trying to achieve sth. over a long period of time

e.g 她决定在获得学士学位之后继续深造。

( =She decided to pursue her studies after obtaining her first degree. )

Collocations:

pursue a goal/aim/objective 追求目标pursue pleasure 寻乐 pursued the study of 继续深造

pursue interests and avoid risks 趋利避害

pursue one's academic interest/professional career 追求学习/职业

28) (Para 16) vision: n. 1. ability to see

e.g 他头部受击后损害了视力。

(=The blow on the head impaired/damaged his vision.) 2. thing seen vividly in the imagination

e.g He had a vision of himself as a rich businessman. (=他想象自己是一个富有的商人。) 我想象我们正进行罢工。

(= I had visions of us going on strike. ) Collocations:

a person of vision 有远见的人 have visions of sth. 想象 catch the vision of 看见

expand our vision 扩大我们的视野

the romantic visions of youth 青年人浪漫的幻想 V. Difficult Sentences

1) (Para1) A man comes to this world with his fist clenched, but when he dies, his hand is open. Q: Translate this sentence into

Chinese.

2) (Para2) We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in our backward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.

Q: What does “so” refer to here?

(=It refers to what was mentioned in the preceding sentence: life is wonderful and full of beauty.)

Q: What does “only in our backward glance” mean? (=It means “only as we examine our life in retrospect.”) 3) (Para 3) But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beauty when it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.

Q: What can we infer from this sentence?

(=From this sentence, we can infer that one should hold fast to beauty and love at the right time when they are full of sweetness and being offered.)

4) (Par a6) I looked to see whether anyone else relished the sun’s golden glow, but

everyone was hurrying to and fro, most with eyes fixed on the ground.

Q: What does “the sun’s golden glow” symbolize? (= It symbolizes the beautiful and precious life.)

Q: What can we infer from “hurrying to and fro” and “with eyes fixed on the ground”? (=It can be inferred that most people are indifferent to the beauty of life.)

5) (Para6) Then I remembered how often I, too, had been indifferent to the grandeur of each day, too preoccupied with petty and sometimes even mean concerns to respond to the great beauty of it all.

Q: Paraphrase this sentence.

(= Then if remembered how often I, too, had ignored the magnificence of each day, since

I was too busy with unimportant and even unpleasant things.) 6) (Para7) The insight gleaned from that experience is really as commonplace as was the experience itself: life’s gifts are precious — but we are too careless of them.

Q: What does “that experience” and “them” refer to in this sentence?

(= “That experience” refers to the sunlight in his hospitalization; “them” refers to life’s gifts.)

7) (Para10) This is not an easy lesson to learn, especially when we are young and think that the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passion can, and will be ours.

Q: Translate this sentence into Chinese.

(=做到这一点并不容易，尤其是当我们还年轻，自以为世界在我们的掌握之中，只要满腔热情、全力以赴地去渴求，我们就能得到我们想要的东西，而且一定能得到！)

8) (Para11) And ultimately, we must confront the inevitability of our own death, losing ourselves, as it were, all that we were or dreamed to be.

Q: Paraphrase this sentence.

(=Finally, we have to face the reality that we cannot avoid our own death. That is to say, we will sooner or later cease to be what we are and what we have dreamed of being.)

9) (Para12) But why should we be reconciled to life’s contradictory demands? Why fashion things of beauty when beauty is short-lived? Why give our heart in love when those we love will ultimately be torn from our grasp?

Q: What is the author’s purpose of using these rhetorical questions?

(= The author uses rhetorical questions to emphasize that there is no reason for us to cling to what we will inevitably lose.)

Q: What does “life’s contradictory demands” refer to? (=It refers to the two seemingly oppos ing truths: we should hold fast to life’s gifts and let go of them when time comes.)

10) (Para 13) In order to resolve this paradox, we must seek a wider perspective, viewing our lives as through windows that open on eternity.

Q: What does this sentence mean?

(=It means that in order to solve this paradox, we must view our lives from the perspective of eternity.)

11) (Para14) Life is never just being. It is becoming, a relentless flowing on.

Q: Translate this sentence into Chinese.

(=生命绝不仅仅是静止的存在。它是一股不断演变的、百折不回的奔流。)

12) (Para14) Our flesh may perish, our hands will wither, but the beauty and goodness and truth they create live on for all time to come.

Q: What does the author hope to convey through this statement?

(=The author hopes to convey the message that what we let go of is still there if we view life from the perspective of eternity. The beauty and goodness and truth that we create will endure and we will endure through them. Therefore, we should let go of life’s gifts in due time.)

VI. Useful Phrases and Expressions 1) 人生的艺术the art of living

2) 紧紧把握人生hold fast to life 3) 回首往事in backward glance 4) 褪色的美 a beauty that faded 5) 消逝的爱 a love that withered 6) 严重的心脏病 a severe heart attack 7) 重症监护病房intensive care 8) 辅助检查additional tests

9) 沉醉在这金色的阳光中relished the sun’s golden glow 10) 来去匆匆hurry to and fro 11) 视而不见be indifferent to

12) 为琐碎和低俗的顾虑所困扰be preoccupied with petty and mean concerns

13) 从这次经历中所获得的顿悟the insight gleaned from that experience

14) 太掉以轻心be too careless of 15) 把握每一个小时embrace each hour

16) 矛盾体的另一极the opposite pole of paradox 17) 世界在我们的掌握之中the world is ours to command 18) 满腔热情、全力以赴with the full force of our passion 19) 面对现实confront us with realities 20) 在人生的每个阶段at every stage of life 21) 承受损失sustain losses

22) 开始独立的生命begin independent lives

23) 面对不可避免的死亡confront the inevitability of death 24) 心甘情愿地服从于be reconciled to 25) 倾心地去爱give one’s heart in love 26) 破解这个矛盾resolve this paradox

27) 通向永恒的窗户windows that open on eternity

28) 人类对得到拯救的憧憬the vision of humankind redeemed 29) 永远无求无争forever free of need and conflict

VII. Grammar Focus( the usage of prepositions) 一、介词的分类

1.介词不能单独作句子的成分，而是用来表示名词或代词等和句中其他词之间的关系，通常放在名词或代词之前，构成介词短语。根据结构，介词主要分成四种：1）简单介词：about, across, after, against, among, around, at, before, behind, below,

beside, but, by, down, during, for, from, in, of, on, over, near, round, since, to, under, up, with等等。

2）合成介词：inside, into, outside, throughout, upon, without, within

3）短语介词：according to, along with, apart from, because of, in front of, in spite of, instead of, owing to, up to, with reguard to

4）分词介词：considering, reguarding, including, concerning 2.从意思上考虑，介词可分为下面三类： 1）引导时间短语的介词：

at, on, in, during, before, after, over, from, following, by, till, until, towards, for, throughout, upon, since, pending, all through, prior to

2) 引导地点状语的介词：

in, at, across, to, down, under, near, between, over, from, into, through, onto, off, outside, out of, inside, within, beside, behind, below, among, beyond, against, around, before, up, ahead of, via, in front of, under, along, past, opposite, above, next to

3) 引导其他短语的介词：

by, with, about, except, like, of, according to, instead of, without, in, due to, because of, along with, as for, in spite of, on account of owing to, on behalf of, against, apart from, for, failing, plus, including, in regard to, with regard to

二、介词短语在句子中的作用

1.用作状语

介词短语表示时间、地点、方式和原因等。如：

Class begins at half past seven. (时间) 7时半开始上课。 His parents work on a farm. (地点) 他父母在农场工作。 She came here by train. (方式) 她乘火车来这里。

You don’t have to worry about that. (原因) 你不必为那件事担心。

2. 用作定语

作定语用的介词短语应放在所修饰的名词之后。如：

The book on the desk is very interesting. 书桌上的那本书很有趣。

The young man from Guilin is my uncle. 从桂林来的那位年轻人是我叔叔。

We visited the museum in the centre of the city. 我们参观了市中心的博物馆。

3. 用作表语

在系动词后的介词短语用作表语。如：

My father was in the army two years ago. 两年前我父亲在部队。

This book will be of great use to you. 这本书对你会有很大的用处。

三、常用介词的用法

英语介词并不很多，但其用法灵活多样。掌握常用介词的用法及常见的介词搭配，是学习英语的重点和难点。

1.简单介词和复合介词

1）about(关于，大约)：a book about animals 一本关于动物的书。

2）above(在……上面)：a map above the blackboard 黑板上方的一张地图，above all 首要的是。

3）across(穿过，跨过)：a bridge across the river 跨过河的一

座桥

4）after(在……之后)：after breakfast 早饭后，after school 放学后，after class 课

后

5）against(反对)：play against them 跟他们比赛。 6）along(沿着)：plant trees along the lake 沿着湖边植树。 7）among（在……之中）：among the workers 在工人们中间，among the trees 在树丛中。

8）at(在)：at home在家，at school 在学校，at work 在工作。 9）before(在……之前)：before class 课前，before lunch 午饭前

10）behind(在……后面)：behind the house 在房子后面，behind the door 在门后。11）near(在……附近)：near the river 在河边，stand near the door 站在门旁。12) into(在……里)：come into the classroom 进入教室，fall into the water 掉进水里

13）in(在……内，用，戴)：in English 用英语，in a hat 戴帽子，in front of 在……前面，in line 排成一行，in the end 最后，in the open air 在野外，in a minute立刻，in surprise 惊奇地，in time及时，in trouble 处在困难中。

14）from(从)：from Monday to Friday 从星期一到星期五，from now on 从今以后。15）for (为，给)：buy some food for lunch 买些午餐的食物，for example 例如，for long 长久。

16) except(除……之外)：everyone except Lin Tao 除林涛之外的每个人，every day except Sunday 除星期天之外的每天。

17）by(乘，在，由，到)：by plane 乘飞机，by the way顺便说，by then 到那时，by the window 在窗边。

18) between(在两者之间)：between the two children 在两个孩子之间，between A and B 在A 和B之间。

19）beside(在……旁边)：sit beside her 坐在她身边，beside the river 在河边。20）below(在……以下)：below zero 零度以下。

21）of(……的)：the name of the bird 鸟的名字，a map of China一幅中国地图。22）off（离开）：take off one’s clothes 脱掉衣服，go off 走开，turn off 关掉，g et off the bus 下公共汽车。

23）with ( 用，和，带着)：go to school with a bag带书包上学，see with one’s eyes 用眼睛看，with one’s help 在某人的帮助下，with pleasure 高兴。

24）without（没有）：go out without a coat 没穿上衣服就走出去。

25）until=till (直到……为止)：stay in bed until tomorrow 卧床直到明天，wait un til ten o’ clock 等到10点钟为止。

26）under（在……下面）：under the desk 在书桌下，under the tree 在树下

27）to(给、对、到、往)：go to school 上学，give a kite to me 把风筝给我，fro m here to the park 从这里到公园。

28）through（通过，穿过）：walk through the gate 走过大门。 29）since (自从)：since1995 自从1995年以来。

30）round=around（在……周围）：sit round the table 围着桌子坐，round the wor ld 遍及全世界。

31）over( 超过，多于)：over two years 两年多 32）outside (在……之外)：outside of gate 在大门外。 33）on(在、关于)：on one’s way home 回家路上，on duty 值日，on foot 步行，on top of 在……上面。on the earth 在地球上。

四、常见介词搭配

英语许多动词、形容词和名词都与特定的介词搭配，我们必须熟悉这些搭配关系。

1.动词与介词（或副词）的搭配

add…to加到……上agree with 同意（某人） arrive at(in) 到达ask for 询问

begin…with 从……开始believe in 相信 break into 闯入break off 打断

break out 爆发bring down 降低 bring in 引进bring up 教育，培养 build up 建起burn down 烧光 call back 回电话call for 要求约请 call in 召来call on 拜访访问 care for 喜欢carry on 继续开展 carry out 实行开展check out 查明结帐 clear up 整理，收拾come about 发生，产生 come across （偶然）遇见come out 出来 come to 共计达到compare…with与……比较 compare to 比作cut off 切断 date from 始于depend on 依靠 devote to 献于die out 灭亡 2.介词成语

1）英语中有大量成语由介词构成，单是一些常用介词就可构成大量成语：

at:

at a stretch 一连，连续地at a time 一次，每次 at ease 稍息，安心at first sight 一见（钟情） at first 最初，开始时at heart 在内心 at home 在家，随便at last 最后 at least 至少at length 最后,详细地 at most 至多at once 立即，同时

at peace(war) 处于和平（战争）状态at play(work) 在玩耍（工作）

at present 现在，目前at random 随意地，胡乱地 at the risk of 冒…的风险at the same time （与此）同时 at the start 一开头at the time 此刻，这时 at times 有时候at will 任意地 by:

by accident 偶然by air 航空

by all means 想一切办法by bus (plane, etc) 坐巴士（飞机等） by chance 偶然by cheque 用支票 by choice 出于自愿by daylight 在大白天 by day(night) 白天（夜间）by force 靠武力 by mistake 错误地，误把…by turns 轮流

by surprise 突然，出其不意by the way 顺便说一句 in:

in a sense 从某种意义上说in addition(to) 此外（除…之外）in advance 事前in all 总共

in any case (event) 不管怎样，反正in brief 简而言之 in case 要是，如果in case of 在…情况下 in comparison 比较起来in danger 处于危险中 in debt 负债in demand 有需求 in detail 详细地in fact 实际上

in general 一般说来in one’s opinion在（某人）看来 in order to (that) 以便，为了in other words 换句话说 in part(s) 部分地in person 亲自

in practice 实际上in public(private) 公开（私下）地 in regard to 关于in short 总之

in the end 最后in the middle of 在…中间

in time 及时地，经过一段时间in vain 白白地，没有结果on: on account of 由于on behalf of 代表（某人） on board 在船（飞机）上on condition 在…条件下 on duty 值班on fire 着火

on foot 步行on guard 有警惕，值班 on hand 在身边on holiday 在休假 on purpose 故意地on sale 在出售 on strike 罢工on the contrary 相反 on the way 在路上on time 准时

on the top of 在…上面on the run 正在逃窜 out of:

out of action 失灵out of breath 气喘吁吁 out of control 失去控制out of danger 脱离危险 out of doors 在户外out of fashion 不时新 out of hand 失去控制out of order 坏了 out of reach 无法得到(拿到) out of sight 看不见 out of temper 发脾气out of question 不可能 out of touch(with) 和…失去联系out of tune 走调 out of use 不再使用out of work 失业 2）有些介词夹在名词之间构成成语：

day after day 日复一日地year after year 年复一年 one after another 一个接一个地one by one 一个接一个 little by little 一点一点地side by side 并肩 step by step 一步步地face to face 面对面 arm in arm 手挽手地hand in hand 手牵手地 day to day 日常的day by day 一天一天地

day before yesterday 前天day after tomorrow 后天 heart to heart 互相交心的 3）还有一些成语包含两个介词：

from beginning to end 从头至尾from bad to worse 越来越糟 from time to time 不时地from head to foot 浑身

from morning to night 从早到晚from start to finish 从头至尾 from door to door 挨门挨户地from place to place 到各地 from generation to generation 一代一代地from cover to cover (书面) 全部地，从头至尾

4）此外,“be+形容词+介词”也是一类成语： be found of 喜欢be full of 充满

be interested in 对…有兴趣be keen on 热衷于 be confident in 对…有信心be short of 缺乏

VIII.Assignments

1) Ask Ss to summarize the text in their own words. 2)Homework for Writing

For this part, you are required to write a composition on the topic Attitudes towards Life based on the discussion above. Your composition should be no less than 150 words and cover the following points:

a) different attitudes people hold towards life b) the benefits of holding a positive attitude c) ways to develop a positive attitude towards life