高中英语语法讲义---词法1

冠词 不定冠词 第一次提到的 定冠词 前文已提到或谈话双方都知道的 零冠词 季节、月份、星期的名词前 表特指（有后置定语修饰表类指（某个或类人或物） 语言、学科名词前 时） 表身份、职业、地位、国籍 西洋乐器前 表示单位量词“每”，twice a week / 50km an hour 序数词前用a表示“又、还、再” a most +adj.+n. 表“非常、极其” 中国民族乐器前、 文艺活动的名词前、旅馆牌棋球体育运动和游戏前、影院博物馆 三餐前* 序数词前 in the sixties 60年代 hit him on the head 最高级前 the 1990’s, caught her by the arm 20世纪90年代 物质名词表泛指、抽象名词 在物质名词前使其普通化一表自然现象的名词前种 a strong wind, a beer （wind, rain）* 在抽象名词前常使其具体化 中国传统节日前 a great joy, a success 在专有名词前表示“一个名由普通名词构成的专有名叫``````的人” 在集体名词表示把其看成一个整体 词前 山河海群岛山脉the Tianshan Mountains 国家地区组织机构建筑 西方节日前 专有名词前 人、地、国名和词首为mount的山和大多湖泊 Mount Tai ?杂志前Time, New Science 在不可数名词前表某一方面报纸前the New York 或部分 a long history, Times a college education a 与of 连用表“同一的、the People’s Daily 表示职位时elect him president 相同的”of a kind, of a 独一无二的事物、方位词 size So/how/too/as +adj. + a 复数姓氏前表一家人或夫a kind of 或a type of 表+n. Such/quite/what + a + adj. +n. 妇 和国籍连用表这个国家的全体人员 种类的结构后 名词前有代词修饰时 在dawn, daybreak, dusk, sunrise, noon, midday, sunset, midnight等名词前 all, both, double, half by+the +计量单位+the +n. （the的位置） hour,day,pound,year 用法 名词类别 可数 复数 pens 不可数 用法 名词类别 单数 可数 复数 不可数 专有名词 money five books a pair of glasses a/an a pen / pens money 泛指 表类别 表数目（一个） a book a an the 在三类名词前表特指或泛指的用法

特指 表特定的人或物 the seat the desks the milk the the seat the desks the milk Beijing 单数 a pen

数词（单位使用和倍数的表达）

数词的分类 基数词 1-12各自记 13-19以teen结尾 20-90整数位以ty结尾 （forty是40）

多位数的读法 hundred, thousand, million, billion, dozen, score的用法

年龄表示法 ten years old a ten-year-old 带上连字符构成一个形容词，即使名词表示复数概念也不用复数形式。

At the age of ten

年代表示法 in the 1960s in his sixties他六十多岁时

序数词 构成 1-3各自记 4-19是序数词+th

（fifth eighth ninth twelfth） 以ty结尾的整十倍数变为tieth

21以上只变个位为序数

基数词表顺序置于名词之后 lesson seven page two

序数词表顺序置于名词之前 the seventh lesson the second part

多少世纪、多少届会议或赛事，事实上在排序，常用序数词。 The 30th Olympic Games

数词和应用 小数、分数、百分数 36%读作thirty-six percent

数算 plus minus times divided by 3+4=7 three plus four is seven.. (makes equals)

年月日 年的读法 April 4 April (the) fourth

时刻表达 逆读 前半小时 分钟数+past+刚过的点钟数

后半小时 分钟数+to+下一个钟点数

顺读法 依次读出点钟数和分钟数

倍数表达法 常用句型 times as +形容词原级+as (that of )

times the size/height/length/amount名词+of

times+形容词比较极+than

形容词和副词

形容词功能 定语 a plastic cup a beautiful girl

表语 I’m happy. 只能作表语的形容词 asleep, awake, alone, alive, alike, afraid.

ill生病的，well健康的, drunk喝醉的, unable不能的, worth值得的, glad高兴的

补足语 l like my house warm and comfortable during winter.

the + adj. 表示一类人时一般用作复数，表示一类事物时一般用作单数 The unknown is yet to come.

形容词的位置：一般位于所修饰词之前：live, elder, former, latter, wooden, golden, front, back, outer, chief, main, one-eyed, three-legged等

有时位于所修饰词之后：当修饰词是复合不定代词 形容词短语作定语时 the student good at cooking

表语形容词作定语时 man alive enough作副词修饰形容词、副词时

Present在场的, absent缺席的, concerned有关的, involved涉及到的等作定语时

形容词的排序 限定词（冠、指示代词、物主代词、所有格、数）→描述型→大小形状→新旧长幼→颜色→来源材料用途

县官行令色国才（县官执行命令去特色国家的栋梁人才）

以ly结尾的形容词：n. + ly friendly lovely可爱的 weekly orderly有秩序的 brotherly

adj.+ ly lively活泼的 lonely likely可能的 deadly致使的

原级比较的句型 as……as, just, about, nearly等词可放在第一个as之前，作状语。

第一个as为副词，修饰形容词或副词，顺序是as + adj./adv.当形容词附带有名词时as + adj. + a + n.

或者是把 a + n. 放前面，改为 a + n.+ as + adj. + as

比较级的构成 older 年龄：老的，大的 later 指时间上较晚的 farther 表示具体含义“较远”

Elder 排行：年长的 latter 指顺序上后者 further 表示抽象“更进一步”

比较级的用法 比较级或最高级前可有程度词修饰 加强型much, far, a lot, a great deal, still, even, by far“远远”

削弱型 little, a little, no, slightly.

less + adj./adv. +than 不如后者怎么怎么样 the least + adj./adv. “最不怎么样的”

倍数表示法

比较级的句型 which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?

I like to choose the less expensive shirt of the two shirts.

a +比较级 + 可数名词单数 有时表示一个最高级的含义 如：

Mr. Smith owns a larger collection of coin than anyone else I have ever met.

More and more the more……, the more…….

比较级表最高的含义之方法 否定词+比较级 I have never heard the better one.

than anybody else / than any other boy / than the other boys.

副词的分类 方式副词 carefully, secretly, seriously angrily, foolishly, beautifully等

修饰及物动词时常放在宾语之后 see everything clearly。

地点副词 here, there, above, downstairs, home 地点副词前一般不用介词to. 如when I come here,

时间副词 before, ago, now, soon, then, late, yesterday等

程度副词 very, so, completely, well, too, nearly, that（那么）等

频度副词 always, often, usually, sometimes, never。

副词的位置 位于被修饰词之前 当修饰词是形容词或副词时 is very different

位于被修饰词之后 当修饰词是动词时（放其前也可以） （方式和程度副词）频度副词 动词 地点副词、（时间副词）

句子中有助动词（情态和时态）、系动词时，副词一般不放在它们前面 I can never understand.

副词的排序 方式+地点+时间

有两种形式的副词 deep 深度的（水） 具体的 He dived deep into the water. High wide close

Deeply 深深的（情感上） 抽象的 We are deeply moved by the movie. Highly widely closely

补充：

Very(adv.) 常修饰形容词或副词，但too例外。

Much(adv.) 常修饰动词，且多用于否定和疑问句。但有very, too, so修饰much时，可用于肯定句

可以修饰比较级或最高级，介词短语

可修饰过去分词 he was much surprised at the news.（实际上是修饰表语）

Very much 实际上much的强调说法，可用much的地方应该都可以用very much.

代词

一、人称、物主、反身、指示、相互、不定、疑问、连接、关系代词。

二、人称代词 用法 做主语用主格，做宾语用宾格。

宾格有时可以代替主格 在比较状从中(特别是在代词后有同位语“all”时 Yao Ming is taller than I (or me).us all.

Jim loves you as dearly as I . Jim loves you as dearly as me.

在情景对话的答语中省略谓语时 Who is on duty today? Me. (=I can)

A glass of apple juice for me, please. Me, too.(=I do too)

表示厌烦、惊奇、反问等情绪时 What a mess! Maria, come and clean the room up.

Why me? It’s Tom’s not mine!

用做表语时，常用宾格 Who is there? It’s me.

三个人称同时出现时的顺序 ，承认错误或责任时的顺序是I, you and he.

常用she来代替的一些表物的词： country, ship, car, nature, moon等

It的用法 指代时是同类同物，也就是那个东西本身。

在特殊疑问句的答语中，常用it 代替this(that). What’s this in English? It’s a desk.

可以代替无法或没必要区分性别人。Who’s there? It’s me. Who else could it be? (This is me )

可以代替距离、时间、季节、天气、气候等自然现象，环境和情况等。

可以作形式主语代替不定式。It cost me 1000 to buy the painting last week.

代替动名词。It’s no use turning to him for

help. in later life.

代替主语从句。It has been proved that eating vegetables in childhood helps to protect you against serious illness

It is our hope that the two sides will work towards peace.

可以作形式宾语 I don’t think it possible to master a foreign language without much memory work.

在like, dislike, love, hate, appreciate 后常跟it作形式宾语，不明确表示具体事物，但说话人双方都知道。或引出一个从句

Do you like it here? Oh, yes. The air, the weather, the way of life. Everything is so nice.

I hate it when people talk with their mouths full.

构成强调句 It is + 被强调部分 + that + It was you that I saw last night at the concert.

物主代词 形容词性物主代词 定语

名词性物主代词 主语、宾语、表语

在双重属格中用于of之后 a good friend of mine

反身代词 enjoy oneself, help oneself, teach oneself, come to oneself,

By oneself 单独、独自 I went home by myself.

for oneself 为自己，自己，亲自 we’ll have to judge for ourselves.

Of oneself 自动 Victory will not come of itself.

To oneself 独享、独有 I’m leaving for America so you’ll have this room to yourself.

指示代词 such, such+n. 这样一个人或物 Robert had always wanted to include such a man in a story.

Such常位于no后，且不用冠词 As I know, there is no such car in this neighborhood.

Such…as 象这样的，作定语或主语

Same 之前须有the, 可以用作定语、主语、表语、宾语。I can’t stand working with Jane in the same office.

相互代词 one another The members of the team support one another.

Each other

不定代词 some (一些、某个) any (任何) no(没有) every(每个)

All both neither either each many much few little

One another the other

Ones others the others

All/both/each + of + the + n. ==== all / both / each + (the) + n. 关于它们的部分否定和全部否定

One, it, that 指代时用法的区别 one一般不与a连用，但前面有adj.时往往用 a new one.

None 指人或物，与of连用+名词（单或复）。 回答由how many, how much引导的问句。

Another two years 又两年， another day 改日 the other day 几天前 the rest(可表可数也表不可数)

Many, many more, a number of +可数

Much, much more, a great deal of + 不可数

A lot of , lots of , plenty of + 不可数或复数.

None but 只有…，除了…， nothing but 只不过 all but 几乎 for nothing 免费的，徒劳的

连词

一、分类 并列 平行 and, not only…but also, both…and, neither…nor 两对等关系是同向的

转折 but, yet, however*, nevertheless*, while, only(可是)。 Not…but 两对等关系是反向的

选择 or, otherwise*, rather than, or else, either…or 两对等关系是有所取舍的

因果 for, so, therefore*, hence* 带*者多用作副词，起到连接作用。有时也跟分句，有人把它作为连词。

从属 引导名词性从句 表陈述（用that）

表一般疑问（用whether / if）

表特殊疑问（即连接代词或连接副词）

引导副词性从句 表时间when, while, as, since, before, after, once, as soon as, until;

表地点 where, wherever、结果that, so…that, such…that, 目的that、so that, in order that,

条件if, unless, supposing that(假如)， provided that(假如)， as long as, on condition that(只要)， 、

原因as, since, because, now that, seeing that, in that,

让步whether…or, as, though, even if（though）, no matter how（ what）, however, whatever

二、用法说明 When和which 引导名词性从句时，称为连接副词和连接代词

引导形容词性从句时，称为关系副词和关系代词，不叫连词。

连词that 引导名词性从句时没有词义

引导状语从句时表示“为了、以至于”

If 和 whether 引导宾语从句时，当句中有not或做介词宾语时多用whether. I want to know whether you can

引导条件从句时，表假如，只能用if.

引导让步从句时，表不管、无论，只能用whether. Whether you can see the moon or not, it is always round.

When和while 可做从属连词，引导时间状语

可作并列连词，意思是“而”

When 作连词时引导时间状语从句 请提醒我他说他什么时候走，

作连接副词时引导名词性从句 Please remind me when he said he was going. I may be in time to see him off.

作关系副词时引导定语从句 I shall never forget those days when I took the course with you.

作疑问副词时引出特殊疑问句

介词

一、介词的种类: 简单介词

二重介词（由两个介词构成） from behind, except in, until after, since before

短语介词(由两个或以上的词构成) because of, instead of, in front of. 不能做句子成份

介词短语是由介词+宾语构成的，可做定、状、表、补或插入语。For fear of missing his train in case of fire

二、位置 通常置于n.或pro.之前 The book is beyond her. I bought a very nice gift for my little sister.

在介词+ whom / which / what / whose 等疑问句中放在句末，To whom are you talking?= Who are you talking to?

在关系从句中，位于 whom / which 之前的可移到句尾，且省略关系代词。如：

Do you know the man (whom) he is speaking to? This is the girl (whom) I live together with.

三、介词类别 表时间 during, for与since for + 一段时间，可表延续性动作 since 2010.

Since+ 表起点的时间，完成式， I have studied English since five years ago.

Over 可表示在…期间 I was busy over the weekend.

可表示一面…一面，即两个动作同时进行。 he sang over his work.

In与 after after + 时间点（two o’clock） 多与现在或将来连用，

After + 时间段 （two hours）多与过去式连用 after two hours, the bus finally came.

He went to Beijing in January and he came back after two months.

He went to Beijing in January and he will come back in two months.

At, on, in与by at 7:00 at the weekend at the time he knocked at the door

At no time 决不 on time 准时 on Christmas 在圣诞节

In to time 立即，马上 in time 及时 at Christmas 在圣诞期间

By + 某一时刻或日期 常用于将来完成式。 In 可以用来回答how soon的提问

To, till, until 表直到才，如果前面没有from, 只能用till 或until. Till / until 经常和否定动词连用，强调某事很晚很迟。

表地点 at表示的是个“点” 在门牌号前必用at

On 表示的是个“面”

In 表示的是个“体” ，相当于inside. In the city,

方位词 东南西北 用in 指在内部 Beijing is in the north of china.

用to 指在外部 Japan is to the east of china.

用on表接壤 The Pacific is on the east of china.

表位置 across, through,

表空间 on / beneath 表与表面接触 The ground was very soft beneath my feet.

Over / under 表垂直上下，不接触 put the toys under the pillow under the desk over the river.

Above / below 不一定垂直，不接触，只是“低于”、“大致的相对位置”。 The dead sea is below sea level.

The temperature can be 30C below zero.

表原因 because + 从句 because of + 短语。

For 指心理上的原因 For several reasons, I’d rather not meet him.

with 指由外界影响到内的原因 I am shivering with cold.

through 表间接原因 The driver died through neglect of duty. She lost her job through carelessness.

At指引发情感的动作思想，常与be surprised / angry / amused / excited等连用

The teacher was very angry at his bad behavior. We were very excited at seeing her mother.

几组词 besides Except Except for + 短语 The street was empty except for a car.

Except that + 从句 The suit fitted him well except that the color was a little brighter.

But 和except 是两个跟动词的介词，其前若有do则后面的to省略。I did nothing but wait here. I had no choice but to wait.

Of + 抽象名词 = 形容词： It is of importance==It is important. Of great help== very helpful.

几种特殊情况 不用介词 在以this, that, next, last, one, every, each, some, any, all, yesterday, tomorrow等开始的表时间的词组前：

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They are planning to visit china in next year. On one night he played music till four o’clock in the morning.