百年诺贝尔文学奖得主和作品一览(英文)

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2013 Alice Munro

\"master of the contemporary short story\" The Nobel Prize in Literature 2012 Mo Yan

\"who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary\"

The Nobel Prize in Literature 2011 Tomas Tranströmer

\"because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality\"

Nobel Prize in Literature (1901 - 2010) http://classiclit.about.com/library/bl-bio/bl-nobel.htm?p=1

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1901 - Sully Prudhomme1 (1837-1907)

French writer. Original name Rene Francois Armand Prudhomme. French writer. Sully Prudhomme won the first Nobel Prize for Literature in 1901 \"in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect.\"

1902 - Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen2 (1817-1903)

German/Nordic writer. Christian Matthias Theodor Mommsen was referred to as \"the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome\" when he received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1902.

1903 - Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson3 (1832-1910) Norwegian writer. Bjørnstjerne Martinus Bjørnson received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1903 \"as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.\"

1904 (2 winners) - Frédéric Mistral4 (1830-1914) French writer. Besides many short poems, Frédéric Mistral wrote four verse romances. He also published a Provençal dictionary and wrote memoirs. He received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature: \"in recognition of the fresh

originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist.\" 1904 (2 winners) - José Echegaray Y Eizaguirre5 (1832-1916) Spanish writer. José Echegaray Y Eizaguirre received the 1904 Nobel Prize in Literature \"in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama.\"

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1905 - Henryk Sienkiewicz6 (1846-1916)

Polish writer. Henryk Sienkiewicz was awarded the 1905 Nobel Prize in

Literature \"because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer.\" Probably his most widely translated work is Quo Vadis? (16), a study of Roman society in the time of the Emperor Nero.

1906 Giosuè Carducci7 (1835-1907)

Italian writer. Professor of literature at the Univ. of Bologna from 1860 to 1904, Giosuè Carducci was a scholar, editor, orator, critic, and patriot. He was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in literature \"not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces.\"

1907 - Rudyard Kipling8 (1865-1936)

British writer. Rudyard Kipling wrote novels, poems and short stories--mostly set in India and Burma (now known as Myanmar). He was the 1907 Nobel Prize

Laureate in Literature \"in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.\"

1908 - Rudolf Christoph Eucken9 (1846-1926)

German writer. Rudolf Christoph Eucken received the 1908 Nobel Prize in

Literature \"in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life.\"

1909 - Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf10 (1858-1940) Swedish writer. Selma Ottilia Lovisa Lagerlöf turned away from the literary realism and wrote in a romantic and imaginative manner, vividly evoking the peasant life and landscape of Northern Sweden. She received the 1909 Nobel Prize in Literature \"in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings.\"

1910 - Paul Johann Ludwig Heyse11 (1830-1914)

German writer. Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse was a German novelist, poet, and dramatist. He received the 1910 Nobel Prize in Literature \"as a tribute to the

consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories.\"

1911 - Count Maurice (Mooris) Polidore Marie Bernhard Maeterlinck12 (1862-1949)

Belgian writer. Maurice Maeterlinck developed his strongly mystical ideas in a number of prose works, among them Le Trésor des humbles (16) [The Treasure of the Humble], La Sagesse et la destinée (18) [Wisdom and Destiny], and Le Temple enseveli (1902) [The Buried Temple]. He received the 1911 Nobel Prize in Literature \"in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations.\"

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1912 - Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann13 (1862-1946)

German writer. Gerhart Johann Robert Hauptmann received the 1912 Nobel Prize in Literature \"primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art.\"

1913 - Rabindranath Tagore14 (1861-1941)

Indian writer. Rabindranath Tagore was awarded the 1913 Nobel Prize in Literature \"because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with comsummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West.\" In 1915, he was knighted by the British King George V. Tagore renounced his knighthood in 1919 following the Amritsar massacre or nearly 400 Indian demonstrators.

1914 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1915 - Romain Rolland15 (1866-1944)

French writer. Rolland's most famous work is Jean Christophe, a partly

autobiographical novel, which also won him the 1915 Nobel Prize in Literature. He also received the prize \"as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings.\"

1916 - Carl Gustaf Verner von Heidenstam16 (1859-1940)

Swedish writer. Received the 1916 Nobel Prize for Literature \"in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature.\" 1917 - Karl Adolph Gjellerup17 (1857-1919)

Danish writer. Received the 1917 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals.\"

Henrik Pontoppidan18 (1857-1943)

Danish writer. Received the 1917 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark.\"

1918 - The prize money was allocated to the Special Fund of this prize section. 1919 - Carl Friedrich Georg Spitteler19 (1845-1924)

Swiss writer. Received the 1919 Nobel Prize for Literature \"in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring.\"

1920 - Knut Pedersen Hamsun20 (1859-1952)

Norwegian writer. Received the 1920 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil.\"

1921 - Anatole France21 (1844-1924)

French writer. Pseudonym for Jacques Anatole Francois Thibault. He is often thought of as the greatest French writer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1921 \"in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament.\"

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1922 - Jacinto Benavente22 (1866-19)

Spanish writer. Received the 1922 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the happy

manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama.\" 1923 - William Butler Yeats23 (1865-1939)

Irish writer. He received the 1923 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation.\"

1924 - Wladyslaw Stanislaw Reymont24 (1868-1925)

Polish writer. Received the 1924 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his great national epic, The Peasants.\"

1925 - George Bernard Shaw25 (1856-1950)

British/Irish writer. This Irish-born writer is considered the most significant British dramatist since Shakespeare. He was a playwright, essayist, political activist, lecturer, novelist, philosopher, revolutionary evolutionist, and most prolific letter writer in literary history. Received the 1925 Nobel Prize \"for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty.\"

1926 - Grazia Deledda26 (1871-1936) Pseudonym for Grazia Madesani née Deledda

Italian writer. Received the 1926 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general.\"

1927 - Henri Bergson27 (1859-1941)

French writer. Received the 1927 Nobel Prize for Literature \"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill with which they have been presented.\"

1928 - Sigrid Undset (1882-1949)

Norwegian writer. Received the 1928 Nobel Prize for Literature \"principal for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages.\"

1929 - Thomas Mann28 (1875-1955)

German writer. Winner of the 1929 Nobel Laureate in Literature \"principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature.\"

1930 - Sinclair Lewis29 (1885-1951)

American writer. Received the 1930 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humor, new types of characters.\"

1931 - Erik Axel Karlfeldt (18-1931)

Swedish writer. Received the Nobel Prize for his poetic body of work.

1932 - John Galsworthy (1867-1933)

British writer. Received the 1932 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga.\"

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1933 - Ivan Alekseyevich Bunin (1870-1953)

Russian writer. Received the 1933 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing.\" 1934 - Luigi Pirandello (1867-1936)

Italian writer. Received the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art.\"

1935 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1936 - Eugene Gladstone O'Neill30 (1888-1953)

American writer. Eugene (Gladstone) O'Neill won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1936, and Pulitzer Prizes for four of his plays: Beyond the Horizon (1920); Anna Christie (1922); Strange Interlude (1928); and Long Day's Journey Into Night (1957). He won the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy.\"

1937 - Roger Martin du Gard31 (1881-1958)

French writer. Received the 1937 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault.\"

1938 - Pearl Buck (12-1973) Pseudonym for Pearl Walsh née Sydenstricker.

American writer. Received the 1938 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces.\"

1939 - Frans Eemil Sillanpää (1888-19)

Finnish writer. Received the 1939 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his deep

understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature.\"

1940 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1941 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1942 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1943 - The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

1944 - Johannes Vilhelm Jensen (1873-1950)

Danish writer. Received the 1944 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style.\"

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1945 - Gabriela Mistral32 (1830-1914) Pseudonym for Lucila Godoy Y Alcayaga.

Chilean writer. Received the 1945 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world.\"

1946 - Hermann Hesse33 (1877-1962)

German/Swiss writer. By 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style.\"

1947 - André Paul Guillaume Gide (1869-1951)

French writer. Received the 1947 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his

comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.\"

1948 - Thomas Stearns Eliot34 (1888-1965)

British/American writer. Received the 1948 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry.\"

1949 - William Faulkner35 (17-1962)

American writer. Received the 1949 Nobel in Literature \"for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel.\"

1950 - Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell (1872-1970)

British writer. Received the 1950 Nobel in Literature \"in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.\"

1951 - Pär Fabian Lagerkvist (11-1974)

Swedish writer. Received the 1951 Nobel in Literature \"for the artistic vigor and true independence of mind with which he endeavors in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.\"

1952 - François Mauriac36 (1885-1970)

French writer. Received the 1952 Nobel in Literature \"for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.\"

1953 - Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill (1874-1965)

British writer. Received the 1953 Nobel in Literature \"for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.\"

19 - Ernest Miller Hemingway37 (19-1961)

American writer. Brevity was his specialty. Received the 19 Nobel in Literature \"for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style\"

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1955 - Halldór Kiljan Laxness (1902-1998)

Icelandic writer. Received the 1955 Nobel in Literature \"for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland.\"

1956 - Juan Ramón Jiménez (1881-1958)

Spanish writer. Received the 1956 Nobel in Literature \"for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistic purity.\"

1957 - Albert Camus38 (1913-1960)

French writer. He was a famous existentialist and author of \"The Plague\" and \"The Stranger.\" He received the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his important

literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times.\"

1958 - Boris Leonidovich Pasternak39 (10-1960)

Russian writer. Received the 1958 Nobel in Literature \"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition.\" (declined)

1959 - Salvatore Quasimodo (1901-1968)

Received the Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times.\"

1960 - Saint-John Perse (1887-1975) French writer. Pseudonym for Alexis Léger. Received the 1960 Nobel in

Literature \"for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time.\"

1961 - Ivo Andric (12-1975)

Received the 1961 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country.\"

1962 - John Steinbeck40 (1902-1968)

American writer. Received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humor and keen social perception.\"

1963 - Giorgos Seferis (1900-1971)

Greek writer. Pseudonym for Giorgos Seferiadis. Received the 1963 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture\"

19 - Jean-Paul Sartre41 (1905-1980)

French writer. Satre was a philosopher, dramatist, novelist, and political journalist, who was a leading exponent of existentialism. He received the 19 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of

freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age.\"

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1965 - Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov (1905-1984)

Russian writer. Received the 1965 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people\"

1966 - Shmuel Yosef Agnon (1888-1970)

Israeli writer. Received the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people.\"

Nelly Sachs (11-1970)

Swedish writer. Received the 1966 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength.\"

1967 - Miguel Angel Asturias (19-1974)

Guatamalan writer. Received the 1967 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America.\"

1968 - Yasunari Kawabata (19-1972)

Japanese writer. Received the 1968 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind.\" 1969 - Samuel Beckett (1906-19)

Irish writer. Received the 1969 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation.\"

1970 - Aleksandr Isaevich Solzhenitsyn (1918- )

Russian writer. Received the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature.\" 1971 - Pablo Neruda (1904-1973)

Chilean writer. Pseudonym for Neftali Ricardo Reyes Basoalto.

Received the 1971 Nobel Prize in Literature \"for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams.\"

1972 - Heinrich Böll (1917-1985)

German writer. Received the 1972 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature.\" 1973 - Patrick White (1912-1990)

Australian writer. Received the 1973 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature.\" 1974 - Eyvind Johnson (1900-1976)

Swedish writer. Received the 1974 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom.\"

Harry Martinson (1904-1978)

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Swedish writer. Received the 1974 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos.\"

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1975 - Eugenio Montale (16-1981)

Italian writer. Received the 1975 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions.\"

1976 - Saul Bellow42 (1915-2005)

American writer. Received the 1976 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work.\"

1977 - Vicente Aleixandre (18-1984)

Spanish writer. Received the 1977 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars.\"

1978 - Isaac Bashevis Singer43 (1904-1991)

Polish/American writer. Received the 1978 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life.\"

1979 - Odysseus Elytis (1911-1996)

Greek writer. Pseudonym for Odysseus Alepoudhelis. Received the 1979 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek

tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness.\"

1980 - Czeslaw Milosz (1911-2004)

Polish/American writer. Received the 1980 Nobel Prize for Literature for voicing \"man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts.\"

1981 - Elias Canetti (1908-1994)

Bulgarian/British writer. Received the 1981 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power.\" 1982 - Gabriel García Márquez (1928- )

Colombian writer. Received the 1982 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts.\" 1983 - William Golding (1911-1993)

British writer. Received the 1983 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today.\"

1984 - Jaroslav Seifert (1901-1986)

Czech writer. Received the 1984 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.\"

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1985 - Claude Simon (1913-2005)

French writer. Claude Simon received the 1985 Nobel Prize for Literature for combining \"the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition.\"

1986 - Wole Soyinka (1934- )

Nigerian writer. Received the 1986 Nobel Prize for Literature fashioning \"the drama of existence\" from wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones.\" 1987 - Joseph Brodsky (1940-1996)

Russian/American writer. Received the 1987 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity.\" 1988 - Naguib Mahfouz (1911- )

Egyptian writer. Received the 1988 Nobel Prize for Literature \"who, through

works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind.\"

19 - Camilo José Cela (1916-2002)

Spanish writer. Received the 19 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability.\"

1990 - Octavio Paz (1914-1998)

Mexican writer. Octavio Paz received the 1990 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity.\"

1991 - Nadine Gordimer (1923- )

South African writer. Nadine Gordimer was recognized for the 1991 Nobel Prize in Literature \"through her magnificent epic writing... - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity.\"

1992 - Derek Walcott (1930- )

Saint Lucian writer. Derek Walcott received the 1992 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment.\"

1993 - Toni Morrison (1931- )

American writer. Received the 1993 Nobel Prize for Literature for \"novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import,\" giving \"life to an essential aspect of American reality.\"

1994 - Kenzaburo Oe (1935- )

Japanese writer. Received the 1994 Nobel Prize for Literature \"who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today.\"

1995 - Seamus Heaney (1939- )

Irish writer. Received the 1995 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past.\"

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1996 - Wislawa Szymborska (1923- )

Polish writer. Wislawa Szymborska received the 1996 Nobel Prize for Literature \"for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality.\"

1997 - Dario Fo (1926- )

Italian writer. Dario Fo received the 1917 Nobel Prize for Literature because he is one \"who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden.\"

1998 - José Saramago (1922- ) Portuguese writer. José Saramago received the 1998 Nobel Prize for Literature because he is one \"who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an illusory reality.\" 1999 - Günter Grass (1927- ) German writer. Günter Grass received the 1999 Nobel Prize for Literature because of his \"frolicsome black fables [which] portray the forgotten face of history.\"

2000 - Gao Xingjian44 (1940- )

Chinese/French writer. Gao Xingjian was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature 2000 \"for an œuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama.\"

2001 - V.S. Naipaul45 (1932- )

British writer. Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature 2001 \"for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories.\"

2002 - Imre Kertész46 (1929- ) Hungarian writer. Imre Kertész was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature 2002 \"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history.\"

2003 - J.M. Coetzee47 (1940- )

South African writer. The Nobel Prize for Literature 2003 was awarded to J.M. Coetzee, \"who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider.\"

2004 - Elfriede Jelinek (1946- )

Austrian writer. The Nobel Prize for Literature 2004 was awarded to Elfriede Jelinek \"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power.\"

2005 - Harold Pinter48 (1930- )

British writer. The Nobel Prize for Literature 2005 was awarded to Harold Pinter \"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms.\"

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2006 - Orhan Pamuk49 (1952- )

Turkish writer. The Nobel Prize for Literature 2006 was awarded to Orhan Pamuk \"who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures.\" His works were controversial (and banned) in Turkey.

2007 - Doris Lessing50 (1919- )

British writer (born in Persia, now Iran). The Nobel Prize for Literature 2006 was awarded to Doris Lessing for what the Swedish Academy termed \"skepticism, fire and visionary power.\" She is perhaps most famous for The Golden Notebook, a seminal work in feminist literature.

2008 - J. M. G. Le Clézio

French writer. The Nobel Prize for Literature 2008 was awarded to J. M. G. Le Clézio as an \"author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization\".

2009 - Herta Müller

German writer. The Nobel Prize for Literature 200p was awarded to Herta Müller, \"who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed\".

2010 - Mario Vargas Llosa51 (1936- )

Peruvian writer. The Nobel Prize for Literature 2010 was awarded to Mario

Vargas Llosa \"for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat\".

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