Hoping for the better
Understanding and Learning
Overview
This unit discusses the issue of ethics and etiquette, and the seriousness of the issue. Seemingly, newspapers and TV news are telling us that some virtues are vanishing, honesty is going out of style, especially in the academic community, and people are ruder and more insensitive to others in many aspects. Is honesty really out of date? What rude behavior do people have? What forms of dishonesty exist on campus? Is the phenomenon on the rise? What other ethical and etiquette problems are there on and off campus?
Text A shows how honesty is not valued as much as before across all layers of society. There are also different kinds of dishonest behaviors in school, for example, cheating and plagiarism. Students should realize those acts are totally wrong and unethical and they should not do so.
Text B discusses various forms of poor etiquette and the reasons behind them. It also calls on us to practice kindness and strive for a better, brighter world for us all.
Class activities can be designed to make students review cheating and rude behaviors on and off campus. The teacher may ask students to reflect on whether they have ever engaged in cheating or rude behaviors. Class discussion about bad behaviors and role-playing are recommended.
Before reading Text A, ask students to list dishonest phenomena on campus, and comment on the causes and consequences of each phenomenon. Second, ask students to explore the reasons why cheating is common at college. Third, ask students to discuss some well-known scandals in academia. Finally, let them think about what teachers and students can do respectively to improve the situation.
Before reading Text B, students can enumerate the rude deeds that they have observed. Then they may discuss possible causes and severe consequences for such deeds. Finally, students should try to provide solutions to today’s etiquette problems. As suggested in the Unit project, ask students to write short plays about rude behaviors and do a role-play.
Section A
When honesty disappears
Background information
1.
Abraham Lincoln
Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865) was the 16
th
president of the United States from 1861 to 1865.
He led the country through the American Civil War, preserving the Union, ending slavery, and promoting economic and financial development.
Brought up in a poor family on a farm in Kentucky, Lincoln was mostly self-educated. Though without a formal education, his speaking skills and practice in debates won him national recognition. He was elected the US president in 1860.
The Civil War began in April 1861when the Southern states declared to withdraw from the Union. In 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation (《解放宣言》) and the 13
th
Amendment to the US Constitution that declared all slaves free men. In 1864, Lincoln was re-elected president for a second term.
On April 14, 1865 at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, ., Lincoln was shot and killed by John Wilkes Booth, who was a stage actor and strongly opposed the abolition of slavery in the United States.
Among American heroes, Lincoln continues to have a unique appeal for his fellow countrymen and also for people of other lands. Lincoln has been consistently regarded as one of the greatest US presidents. The Lincoln Memorial in Washington, ., was dedicated to him on May 30, 1922.
Detailed study of the text
1. As numerous accounts of cheating, lying, and fraud crowd our newspaper pages and TV news, it seems that honesty is a rapidly vanishing value.
Meaning: From our newspapers and TV news, we read countless reports about people cheating, lying, and deceiving. Honesty as a valuable merit seems to be disappearing quickly.
★fraud: n. [C, U] the crime of deceiving people in order to gain sth. such as money or goods 诈；诈骗
They said that it was the temptation of money that led them to commit the fraud. 到金钱的诱惑他们才去行骗的。
他们说正是受
欺
★crowd: vt. If people or things crowd a place, there are a lot of them there 挤满；塞满Thanksgiving shoppers crowded the department store. 那家百货大楼里挤满了感恩节的购物者。
2. And the reports indicate that, around the globe, corruption and dishonesty are so widespread that the health and well-being of society are at risk.
Meaning: And the reports show that immoral and dishonest behaviors are so common worldwide that the world may become less healthy and less comfortable to live in.
★corruption: n. [U] dishonest, illegal, or immoral behavior, esp. from sb. with power (势者的) 贪污，贿赂，受贿，腐败
We think all governments should serve their people and seek to end corruption. 政府都应该服务于人民，并且力求消除腐败。
★well-being: n. [U] a feeling of being comfortable, healthy, and happy Being fully employed can do wonders for your sense of well-being. 有一种幸福感。
3. Those reports include stories such as the students who faced criminal charges for selling in advance copies of a university final exam, a student who was expelled when he turned in a term paper with the purchase receipt for it still inside the pages, and a clerk who ran his own Christmas cards through the office postage meter and was found out when he sent one of the cards to the company treasurer! (Para. 1)
Meaning: These reports contain the following stories: the students were accused because they sold copies of a university final exam paper before the final exam; a student was forced to leave university permanently because he bought a term paper and submitted it with the purchase receipt still left inside the pages; and a clerk used the office postage meter to mail his own Christmas cards, and his cheating behavior was discovered when he sent one of the Christmas cards to the company treasurer!
★expel: vt. Officially force sb. To leave a place or organization because of their bad behavior 迫（某人）离开；驱逐；开除
Two senior students have been expelled for cheating on the final exam. 末考试时作弊而被学校开除。
★turn in: (BrE hand in) give a piece of work you have done to a teacher, your employer, etc.
上
两名大四学生因为在期
强
舒适；健康；幸福
我们认为所有的
尤指有权
整日忙忙碌碌能神奇地让你
交
I can’ｔ go to movies with you. I have an assignment to turn in tomorrow. 我明天还有作业要交呢。
★purchase: n. [C, U] (fml.) sth. you buy, or the act of buying it
购买（的东西）
广告商需要了解什么会我不能和你去看电影。
Advertisers need to learn what will motivate people to make a purchase. 刺激人们买东西。vt. (fml.) buy sth. 购买
The museum is trying to raise enough money to purchase a painting by van Gogh. 在努力筹集资金去购买梵·高的一幅画。
这家博物馆正
★treasurer: n. [C] sb. who is officially responsible for the money for an organization, club, political party, etc. 财务主管；司库
4. We have all read or heard accounts such as these, not to mentionthe stories of dishonesty amongst all layers of society as exemplified by consumers who steal and politicians who demand bribes. (Para. 1)
Meaning: We have all read or heard stories like these,
not even to talk about more disgraceful
stories of dishonesty at every level of society, for example, customers stealing things and politicians illegally asking for money or gifts.
★not to mention sth.: used to introduce an additional thing that makes a situation even more difficult, surprising, interesting, etc.
更不用说某事了。
他在纽约有很多
He owns a lot of property in New York, not to mention several luxurious cars. 财产，更不必说拥有好几辆豪车了。★layer: n. [C]
1) a level or rank within an organization or system (组织或体系中的)层，级别，阶层There are too many layers of management in the company to make a quick decision. 的管理层，无法迅速做出决定。
2) an amount or piece of a material or substance that covers a surface or that is between two other things 表层；层
The boys began to dig and were surprised when they discovered a layer of stones. 挖掘，而且惊讶地发现了一层石块。★exemplify: vt.
男孩子们开始公司有太多
1) be a typical example of sth. 作为…的范例；当做…的典型Mark Twain’s novel The Adventures of Tom Sawyer exemplifies 19States. 马克·吐温的小说《汤姆·索亚历险记》体现了2) give an example of sth. 举例说明I will exemplify my point with a story.
我将用一个故事来说明我的观点。
贿
th
-century life in the United
19世纪美国的生活。
★bribe: n. [C] money or a gift that you illegally give sb. to persuade them to do sth. for you 赂
It was said that he always refused to take bribes while in office.
据说他在执政时一直拒绝受贿。
vt. illegally give sb. esp. a public official, money or a gift in order to persuade them to do sth. for you 贿赂；收买
He was bribed into giving secret information of his company to another company. 公司的机密泄露给了另一家公司。
5. Travelers ripped offso many towels last year that it cost a major hotel chain $3 million to replace them. Especially troubling are the reports that dishonesty is increasing amongst student populations around the world. ★rip:
vt. remove sth. quickly by pulling hard
撕掉；扯掉
他被收买而把
Gilly ripped out a sheet of paper from Mary’ｓ notebook to take notes. 吉利从玛丽的笔记本上撕下一页纸记笔记。
v. teat sth. or be torn quickly and violently 撕；扯；被撕裂；被扯开I ripped my jeans on the fence when I tried jumping over it. 裤被撕破了。rip off: (infml.) 1) steal sth. 盗窃
He walked into the store and ripped off a pair of gloves. 2) charge sb. too much money for sth. 敲…竹杠
Tourists are worried they’ll get ripped off. 游客们担心被敲竹杠。
Note: In the sentence chain refers to a number of shops, hotels, cinemas, etc. owned or managed by the same company or person. For example: a chain of restaurants/a restaurant chain 连锁饭店
他走进商店，偷了一副手套。
当我试着要跳过栅栏时，我的牛仔
Usage Note
Especially, specially
1. especially是副词，表示“尤其；特别；格外”
，通常用来表示强调或者对前面的陈述作进
一步的补充说明，可以用在名词、形容词、介词短语或者从句等的前面。例如：He was kind to his staff, especially those who were sick or in trouble. 对那些生病的或者遇到麻烦的员工。
Feedback is especially important in learning skills.
反馈意见在学习技能的过程中尤其重要。
这是一个很常用的词，
尤其是在英
他对员工非常好，尤其是
This is a very common word, especially in spoken English. 语口语中。
Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep. 噪音使人不舒服，尤其是当你想要入睡时。
注意：especially 不可用与句首。例如：
He loves fruit. He especially likes kiwi. (Not: Especially he likes桃。
是副词，表示“专门地；特意”
，强调唯一的目的。例如：
…)他爱吃水果，尤其喜欢猕猴
She returned to her hometown specially to see her mother. 她特地回家乡看望母亲。6. But are these reports truly accurate or do they exaggerate the situation?
Meaning: But are these reports correct and exact or do they make the situation look worse than it really is?
★accurate: a. correct and true in every detail 正确的；准确的
Accurate records about this accident must be kept for further investigation. 故，以便以后进行进一步调查。
★exaggerate: v. make sth. seem better, larger, worse, etc. than it really is 夸大；夸张；言过其实Shelly admitted that she did sometimes exaggerate the difficulty of her job. 确实夸大了自己的工作难度。
7. Should we be alarmed by these accounts of falling standards of principles and morality? (Para. 2)
Meaning: Should we feel worried when hearing these reports that the standards of moral beliefs and ideas are declining?
谢莉承认，她有时候必须准确记录这次事
★alarmed: a. (not usu. before noun) frightened or worried that sth. unpleasant or dangerous might happen 惊恐的；忧虑的；担心的
Many people were alarmed by the news reports about the bird flu. 报道感到很恐慌。★principle: n.
1) [C,U] a moral rule or belief about what is right and wrong, that influences how you behave 德原则；行为准则
It would be against my principles to lie to my parents about anything. 我的原则的。
2) [C] the basic idea that a plan or system is based on 原则；原理；基本的观念He recommended a textbook which teaches the basic principles of geometry. 几何学基本原理的课本。
★morality: n. [U] beliefs or ideas about what is right and wrong and about how people should behave 道德；道德观
Unemployment is not the issue; the real problem is the decline in public morality. 题，真正的问题是公众道德水平的下降。
8. The assumption is that student dishonesty is more extensive now than it was 20, 50, 100 years ago. If so, what’s behind it? (Para. 2)
Meaning: It is believed that student dishonesty is now more widespread than it was 20, 50, 100 years ago. If this is true, what causes this phenomenon? ★extensive: a.
1) large in size, amount, or degree 广阔的；大量的；大规模的
Extensive repair work is going to begin soon. 大规模的修缮工作很快就要开始了。2) containing or dealing with a lot of information and details He tried to impress us with his extensive knowledge of wine. 给我们留下深刻印象。
★behind: prep. used for talking about the hidden reason for sth. 在…背后（用于表示某事背后的原因）
I wonder what’s behind this charge of his plan. 我想知道他改变计划的原因是什么。
9. If this is indeed the case, it’s deeply troubling as today’s students are tomorrow’s leaders! (Para.
广泛的；全面的
他试图用他丰富的葡萄酒知识来
失业并不是问他推荐了一本有关
对父母撒任何谎都是违背
道
许多人都对于禽流感的新闻
2)
Meaning: If such a situation does exist, it is very worrying because todayleaders in the future! ★If this/that is the case:
used to describe what you will do, or what will happen, as a result of a
’s students will become
particular situation or event 如果是这样、那样的话
He said he did not come because he had a family emergency. If thats the case, I will apologize to ’him for my harsh words. 他说他没来是因为家里出了急事。如果是那样的话，我会为我说了那些伤人的话而向他道歉。
10. It’s possible that the desire to cheat is no greater than in the past. However, the critical importance of having a university degree may have increased the pressure to cheat in academic environments. (Para. 2)
Meaning: It’s possible that nowadays people’s desire to cheat has not become stronger than in the past. However, since it is extremely important to obtain a university degree, this may cause greater pressure for students to cheat in studies. Usage Note
no greater than 是一种特殊形式的比较级，由“
no+形容词比较级+than”构成。例如：
She is no taller than her younger sister. 她不比她妹妹高。
CollocationNote
In this sentence, we come across a collocation academic environments. The word academic is a very active word. We can also say academic community, academic setting, academic misconduct, etc.
11. Undoubtedly, modern technology facilitates the means and opportunities to cheat. (Para. 2) Meaning: Certainly, modern technology provides students with more convenient ways and chance to cheat.
★facilitate: vt. (fml.) make it easier for a process or activity to happen The development of the Internet greatly facilitates 方便了人们之间的交流。
★means: n. [C] (pl. means) a way of doing or achieving sth.
手段；方法；工具
促进；使便利
people’ｓ communication. 互联网的发展大大
The move is a means to fight crime. 这个行动是打击犯罪的一个手段。
12. The demanding task of writing term papers has always been a source of tense nervesand frustration, if not the ultimate homework night mare. (Para. 2)
Meaning: Although the difficult task of writing term papers may not be the most terrible homework, it is so challenging that it has been making students feel very worried, annoyed, upset, and impatient. ★nerve: n.
1) (~s) [pl.] a worried feeling that makes you afraid that you will not be able to do sth. well 紧张；焦虑不安；神经质
Calm your tense nerves by deep breathing, not by having another drink. 张不安，而不是再继续喝酒。2) [C] 神经
★frustrate: vt. make sb. feel annoyed and impatient by preventing them from doing or getting sth. 阻挠；使烦恼；使灰心
If you give a child a math problem that is hard to solve, you may frustrate him. 子做太难的数学题，你会使他气馁的。★frustration:
n. [C, U] the feeling of being annoyed, upset, or impatient, because you cannot
如果你让一个孩
用深呼吸来缓解你的紧
精神
control or change a situation, or achieve sth. 懊丧；懊恼；沮丧I was close to tears with frustration, but I held back. ★ultimate: a. (only before noun)
1) better, bigger, worse, etc. than all other things or people of the same kind 最出色的；最大的；最糟糕的
In the war, he gave his life and thereby paid the ultimate price. 最大的代价。
2) sb.’ｓ ultimate aim is their main and most important aim, that they hope to achieve in the future （目标等）最终的，首要的
His ultimate goal at the moment is to go and study out of the country. 外读书。
3) happening at the end of a process or activity 最终的；最后的
The ultimate outcome of the experiment cannot be predicted. 实验的最后结果无法预测。
现在他的首要目标是去国
他在战争中牺牲了，因此付出了
我沮丧得快要哭出来，但我忍住了。
UsageNote
In this sentence the conjunctionifhas a special usage. It is used when you are adding that something may be even more, less, better, worse, etc. than you have just said. For example: The snow is so deep, making it difficult, if no impossible, to get the car out of the garage. 厚，要把车从车库里开出来虽说不是不可能，但是很困难。
13. But now, with Internet access, illegal resources are just a few links away. (Pare. 2)
Meaning: But now, with the use of the Internet, one can obtain unlawful resources just by clicking on a website.
★illegal: a. not allowed by the law 违法的
In some countries, it is illegal to sell tobacco to someone under 16. 岁以下者是违法的。
14. Modern students who want to fake a term paper don’ｔ have to browse long. (Para. 3)
Meaning: Nowadays, students don’t need to spend a long time “stealing” online papers and ideas to be used in their own term paper. ★fake:
vt. make sth. seem real in order to deceive people 伪造；仿造
The criminal faked an identity card to avoid investigation, but he was caught eventually. 犯伪造了一个假身份证来逃避调查，但他最终还是被抓住了。
n. [C] a copy of a valuable object, painting, etc. that is intended to deceive people
赝品；假货
这名罪
在有些国家，出手烟草给
16雪很
The painting he bought online was proved to be a fake. 他在网上买的这幅画被证实是赝品。a. (usu. before noun) made to look like a real material or object in order to deceive people 的；冒充的
The bank uses special machines to detect fake money. 银行用特殊的机器来识别假钞。★browse: v.
1) search for information on a computer or on the Internet （在计算机或因特网上）Students browsed the Internet for information on the assigned topic. 与作用题目相关的信息。
2) look at the goods in a shop without wanting to buy any particular thing
（在商店里）随便看看
浏览（信息）
伪造
学生们浏览互联网以查找
The tourists were given enough time to browse around the fashion shops in Paris. 了足够的时间在巴黎逛时装店。
给游客们留出
vi. look through the pages of a book, magazine, etc. without a particular purpose, just looking at the most interesting parts. 随意翻阅；浏览
On weekends Mike likes to browse through magazines in the library. 浏览杂志。
15. They only have to locate the appropriate website, purchase or order online papers, or even download them for free. (Para. 3)
Meaning: They only need to find the right website, buy or order papers from it, or even download them without paying any money. ★locate: vt.
1) find the exact position of sth. 找出…的准确位置
X-rays are used to locate breaks in bones and to treat certain diseases. X光可以用来确定骨折的位置，并用于治疗某些疾病。
2) (be ~ed in / near, etc. sth.) be in a particular position or place 位于某处/位于某处附近等The shopping center is located near the railway station. 这个购物中心位于火车站附近。★appropriate: a. correct or suitable for a particular time, situation, or purpose Sometimes a gesture that is appropriate in one culture is insulting in another. 得体的手势在另一种文化中却被认为具有侮辱性。
16. Busy, cost-consciousstudents will find other “low-priced”term papers on websites that promise consumers
“You will be happy and successful (Para. 3)
”．
恰当的；合适的有时候一种文化中
周末麦克喜欢在图书馆里
Meaning: Students who are busy and are concerned about saving money will find other term papers with low prices on the websites which promise buyers “You will be happy and successful”. ★conscious: a.
1) thinking a lot about or concerned about sth. 关注的；有意识的；注重She was very conscious of security. 她非常注重安全。
Note Conscious in this sense is also a suffix (-conscious), used with some nouns and adverbs to make adjectives describing a person or organization that gives a lot of attention to a particular subject or thing, for example, fashion-conscious (有时尚意识的), age-conscious (有年龄意识的), environmentally-conscious (有环保意识的), socially-conscious (有社会意识的).
2) (not before noun) noticing or realizing sth. 注意到的；意识到的
不管我们是否
Whether we are conscious of it or not, our body language tells what we really feel. 意识到了这一点，我们的肢体语言传达了我们的真正感受。
3) awake and able to understand what is happening around you 清醒的；有知觉的；神志清醒的When I first woke up and became conscious again, I didn
’t remember anything about the accident.
当我刚醒过来，恢复意识的时候，我一点也不记得那场事故了。
17. Some people worry that the Internet, once hailed as the ultimate learning tool, could become the best aid yet for cheating. (Para. 3)
Meaning: Some people are worried that the Internet, which was once described as the best learning tool, could become the most effective means of cheating. ★the best/biggest/worst, etc. (sth.) yet:
used to say that sth. is the best, biggest, worst, etc. of its
kind that has existed up to now 迄今为止最好/最大/最糟糕的（某物）等
This could turn out to be our biggest mistake yet. 这也许会是我们至今为止犯下的最大错误。18. To cope withthe growing plagueof cheating, universities around the world now use anti-plagiarism software and have very strict cheating and plagiarism policies.
Meaning: To deal with the increasing cases of cheating, universities around the world now use computer programs that can detect if a student has copied other
people’work or ideas without s
giving credit to the original author; and they also have very strict policies to deal with cheating and copying.
★cope: vi. Succeed in dealing with a difficult problem or situation (
成功地)应付，对付
她既当首席执行
She coped very well as a CEO while still taking care of her 3-year-old daughter. 官，又要照顾
3岁的女儿，两样她都干得非常好。
★cope with: deal successfully with sth. difficult (成功地)对付，处理
To my delight, he was able to cope with the stress of his study. 令我高兴的是，他能够应对学习上的压力。
★plague: n. [sing] sth. that is very common and harmful Have you noticed the plague of violence in that country? 害吗？
★plagiarism: n. [U] when sb. uses another person’s words, ideas, or work and pretends they are their own 剽窃；抄袭
普遍的祸害
你注意到那个国家普遍存在的暴力危
More than half of the teachers in the survey said they thought plagiarism from the Internet was a serious offense. 在这项调查中，超过半数的老师认为剽窃网上的资源是严重的侵权行为。19. If students are caught plagiarizing or cheating in any way, they will be immediately expelled from school. (Para. 4)
Meaning: If students are found copying other people’s work or cheating in any way, they will at once be forced to leave school permanently.
★plagiarize: v. take words or ideas from another person’work s and use them in your work, without stating that they are not your own 剽窃；抄袭
He plagiarized most of the book. Now he must suffer the consequences for his dishonesty. 他剽窃了那本书里的大部分内容。现在他必须为自己的不诚实承担后果。
20. Some college faculty decided to do more than talk about rising student cheating. (Para. 4) Meaning: Some college faculty decided to take action to deal with increasing student cheating instead of just talking about it.
21. Professors at a major university launched a campaign to try to eliminate one form of cheating. (Para. 4)
Meaning:Professors at a big university started a movement to try to get rid of one kind of cheating. ★launch: vt.
1) start sth., usu. sth. big or important 发动；发起；开始进行
The company decided to launch a new advertisement campaign to increase the sales. 公司决定开展新的广告宣传活动来提高销售额。
2) make a new product, book, etc. available for sale for the first time 市场；出版；发行
The company announced it will launch a new version of its software in January. 1月份将其新版软件投放市场。
3) send a weapon or spacecraft into the sky or into space 发射（武器或宇宙飞船）
We have succeeded in launching several communications satellites. 我们已经成功发射了几颗通信卫星。
★campaign: n. [C]
1) a series of actions intended to achieve a particular result relating to politics or business, or a
该公司宣布将在
把（新产品、新书等）投放
social improvement 运动；（宣传）活动
The community has started a campaign against smoking in public. 共场所吸烟的活动。
2) a series of battles, attacks, etc. intended to achieve a particular result in a war 战役This victory was the turning point of the campaign. ★eliminate: vt.
1) get rid of sth. that is not wanted or needed 消除；剔除；根除We are taking all measures within our power to eliminate violence. 的一切措施来消除暴力。
2) (usu. passive) remove sb. from a competition or election (在比赛或竞争中)淘汰I was eliminated from the 400 meters in the semifinal. Collocation
Note
launch a campaign to
我在400米半决赛中被淘汰。
我们正在采取我们力所能及
这场胜利是整个战役的转折点。
该社区开展了一项禁止在公
Here are some very useful collocation pairs: Universities around the world eliminate cheating (Para. 4). Those who fake term papers
will be faced with criminal charges
(Para. 1). For more colorful collocation pairs, please refer to the teacher’notes s for the Collocation section in this unit.
22. As 409 students filed out of their Introduction to Psychology exam, they found exit blocked. (Para. 4)
Meaning: As 409 students walked in a line out of the classroom after they took their Introduction to Psychology exam, they found only one exit was open while all the other exits were blocked. ★file: vi. (~ into / across / past, etc.) if people file somewhere, they walk there in a line 队行进；鱼贯而行
We began to file out of the cinema after the film was over.
电影结束后，我们依次走出电影院。
排成纵all but to one
★all but: everything or everyone except sth. or sb. 除…外全部All but one of the passengers were killed in the accident. 故中丧生。
23. Test monitors asked each student to produce an ID card with an attached photo. (Para. 4) Meaning: Those who came to check and observe the test asked each student to show an ID card with a photo on it.
★monitor: n. [C] sb. whose job is to watch an activity or a situation to see how it change or
除了一个乘客外，其他人都在这起事
develops, or to make sure that it is fair and legal 监督员；核查员UN monitors will remain in the country to supervise the elections. 督选举。
★produce: vt. if you produce an object, you bring it out or present it, so that people can see or consider it 出示；拿出
They were unable to produce any statistics to prove their claims. 明他们的说法。
★attach: vt. fasten or connect one object to another 系；绑；贴；固定；连接；附上I’ attach a copy of the document for your reference. ll我会附上一份文件供你参考。★attached: a. joined or fixed to sth. 连接的；附加的
To apply for this position, please complete the attached form. 要申请这个职位，请填写附带的表格。
24. If they provided a satisfactoryID, they were fine. If they had left their ID at home, the officials confronted them and took their picture.
Meaning: If they provided an acceptable ID, there would be no problem. If they had left their ID at home, the officials stopped them and questioned them, and then took their photo. ★satisfactory: a. good enough to be accepted in a particular situation 令人满意的
The results of the operation were quite satisfactory; both the patient and his family were happy. 手术结果令人十分满意，病人和家属都很高兴。★confront: vt.
1) accuse sb. of doing sth., esp. by showing them the proof 对质；当面对证I confronted him with my suspicions, and he admitted everything. 他承认了一切。
2) face sb. so that they cannot avoid seeing and hearing you, eap. in an unfriendly or dangerous situation 面对；对抗；与（某人）对峙
Opening the door, he found himself confronted by a dozen policemen with guns. 他发现十几名警察正拿着枪对着他。3) deal with a difficult situation
正视；处理；面对
老师正在帮学当他打开门时，
我当面向他提出自己的怀疑，他们拿不出任何统计数据来证联合国检查员将留在该国监
The teacher is helping the students confront their problems in the course of study. 生解决他们在学习过程中所遇到的问题。
25. The purpose of the campaign was to reveal hired cheaters, students who take tests for other students. (Para. 4)
Meaning: The purpose of the movement was to uncover those students who were hired to take tests for other students.
★reveal: vt. make known sth. that was previously secret or unknown 揭示；揭露；透露Many women do not want to reveal their true age in front of others. 透露自己的真实年龄。
26. The majority of students at the university applauded the new strategy. (Para. 4) Meaning: Most of the students at the university were in favor of the new strategy. ★applaud:vt. (fml.)
express strong approval of an idea, plan, etc. 称赞；赞许
’s decision to move the chemical factory to the suburbs. 我们都赞
很多女性不愿意在别人面前
We all applaud the authority同当局把化工厂搬到郊区的决定。
v. hit your open hands together, to show that you have enjoyed a play, concert, speaker, etc. （为…）鼓掌
The president was applauded repeatedly during his 40-minute speech. 程中掌声不断。
27. With awarenessof increasing dishonesty in today’s society, it’s sometimes impliedthat in “the good old days” people were better, happier, and more honest. (Para. 5)
Meaning: Noticing more and more dishonest deeds in today’s society, people sometimes suggest that in the good times of the past people were better, happier, and more honest. ★awareness: n. [C] knowledge or understanding of a particular subject or situation
认识；意识
在总统40分钟的演讲过
Environmental awareness has increased over the years. 这些年来，人们的环境意识增强了。★imply: vt. suggest that sth. is true, without saying this directly
暗示；暗指
如果你很了
If you know him a lot, you may figure out the meaning he implied in his statement. 解他的话，你就会听出他话中隐含的意思。
★the good old days: an earlier time in your life, or in history, when things seemed better than now 过去的好日子
People frequently say they miss the good old days, for then people were more honest. 说他们怀念过去的好时光，因为那时候人们更诚实些。
人们经常
28. Long ago, all American schoolchildren knew the historical story of how Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to return a penny he had overcharged a customer. (Pare. 5) Meaning beyond words:
According to historical records, Abraham Lincoln walked five miles to
return a penny he had overcharged a customer. The story with its moral virtue has been passed on from generation to generation. The author uses this story to show what he is to convey in this article.
★overcharge: v. charge sb. too much money for sth. 索以高价；对（某人）索价过高Generally, this bag was about $40, but she paid $100. Obviously, she was overcharged. 来，这个包大约29. It5)
Meaning: We think of this kind of story as something untrue. But this story about Lincoln is true. 30. Like the Lincoln tale, every society has stories stressing the 6) Meaning:honesty. ★absolute: a.
1) true, correct, and not changing in any situation 绝对的；不会改变的You have absolute right to refuse to comment on this issue. 力。
2) complete or total 完全的；纯粹的I have absolute confidence in myself, for I因为我一直非常努力。
3) (only before noun) (esp. BreE) used to emphasize your opinion about sth. or sb. 的
How did you do that? You are an absolute genius! 你是怎么做到的？你简直就是个天才。
31. It is these stories that students need to remember when temptation inducesthem to cheat. (Para. 6)
Meaning: Students need to remember these very stories when they are tempted to cheat. ★induce: vt. (fml.) persuade sb. to do sth., esp. sth. that does not seem wise 劝诱；诱导
十足的；绝对
’ve been working really hard.我对自己完全有信心，你有拒绝对此事发表看法的绝对权
Like the Lincoln story, every society has stories that emphasize the true value of
absolute value of honesty. (Para.
40美元，但她付了
100美元。很显然，她被索要了高价。
一般说
the kind of story that we think of as myth, but in the case of Lincoln, the story is true. (Para. ’s
The salesman induced her to buy the vacuum cleaner which she didn’t really need. 推销员劝诱她买下了这台她并不真正需要的吸尘器。
32. Whether discovered or not, dishonesty has an undesirable effect on anyone who practices it. (Para. 6)
Meaning: Whether it will be discovered or not, dishonesty has a bad effect on anyone who does dishonest deeds. Sentence structure
Note
Whether or not 或者whether …or not 意为“不管；不论”，用于表示无论出现什么状况，某事肯定发生或不发生。
有时这个结构中的某些成分可以省略，
例如，课文中的这个句子就
省略了it will be, 完整的句子应该是whether it will be discovered or not。例如：
无论下雨还是晴天，我
Whether (it is) rainy or sunny, we will go to the countryside to visit him. 们都要去乡下看望他。
33. Equally importantly, the ill effects are not confined to the dishonest person alone. (Para. 6) Meaning: Equally importantly, not only the dishonest person but also other people suffer from the harmful effects of dishonesty.
★ill effect: a bad or harmfully effect 不良影响；不良反应
We are more and more aware of the ill effect on patients if they are not told the truth about the illness. 我们越来越意识到不告知病人真实病情所带给病人的不良后果。★be confined to sb./ sth.: exist in or affect only a particular place or group
局限于某人/某事
人
For human beings, the hunger for liberty is strong, and it is not confined to any time or place. 类对自由的渴望是非常强烈的，并不受到任何时间或地域的限制。Collocation
Note
In this paragraph there are two collocation pairs, undesirable effect and ill effect for your attention. For more colorful collocation pairs, please in this unit.
34. Without trust, ordered societies would descend intochaos. (Para. 6) Meaning: Without trust, well-arranged societies would fall into a mess. ★descend: vt. (fml.) move from a higher level to a lower one
下来；下降；走下
refer to the teacher
’s notes for the Collocation section
The plane took off in Shanghai; two hours later, it started to descend in Xi’an. 飞机从上海起飞，
两个小时后开始在西安降落。
★descend into: if a situation descend into a certain bad state, it becomes bad 陷入…状况A government that represents the will of the people will not let the country descend into chaos. 个代表民意的政府不会让国家陷入无序状态。
★chaos: n. [U] a situation in which everything is confused and in a mess
混乱；紊乱；无序状态
一
The serious earthquake caused widespread chaos throughout the region. 大地震在整个地区引起了大范围的混乱。
35. It’s important that we do what we say we will do, pay when we say we will, and create words that are our own. (Para. 6)
Meaning: It’s important that we do as we promised, we pay as we agreed, and we write as we created.
36. When honesty disappears, the affirmative, durable bonds of trust are eliminated and we all lose. (Para. 6)
Meaning: When we are no longer honest, the positive and long-lasting bonds of trust between us disappear and we all suffer. ★affirmative: a.
1) (fml.) positive 积极的；乐观的
The local government has adopted an affirmative approach to the racial problem. 采取积极地方法来解决种族问题。2) showing that you mean “yes”肯定的
When I asked him whether he would come to my birthday party, he gave me an affirmative reply. 我问他是否来参加我的生日派对时，他给了我肯定的答复。★durable: a.
1) continuing for a long time 持久的
Finding a durable solution will not be easy. 找到一劳永逸的解决办法不是件容易的事。2) staying in good condition for a long time, even if used a lot
耐用的
这种材料又薄又轻，成本
当地政府已经
This material is thin and light, inexpensive to make and quite durable. 低廉，还相当耐用。
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