社会工作专业英语讲义

Introduction to social work and social welfare Chapter2

Social work values and ethics Chapter3

Empowerment and human diversity Chapter4

The process of generalist practice Chapter5

Practice settings Chapter6

An overview of social welfare and social work history Chapter7

Policy and policy advocacy Chapter8

Poverty problems Chapter9

Social work and social services for children and families Chapter10

Social work and social services for older adults Chapter11

Social work and social services for people with disabilities Chapter12

Social work and social services in health care Chapter13

Social work and social services in mental health Chapter14

Social work and substance use, abuse, and dependence Chapter15

Social work and social services for youth and in the schools Chapter16

Social work and social services in the criminal justice system

Chapter1

Introduction to social work and social welfare

Case A

Keywords: adopt, family service, paperwork, family life planning Case B:

Keywords: group session and group work; mental health; self-help group; mutual-help group Case C:

Keywords: Sexual Assault, match, funding-raising

What is Social work?

Social work is the professional activity of help individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal. Social work practice consists of the professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends: Helping people obtain tangible services

Providing counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families and groups. Helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health services Participating in relevant legislative processes Five themes:

Social work concerns helping individuals, groups, or communities. Social work entails a solid foundation of values and principles. A firm basis of techniques and skills provides directions.

Social works need to link people to recourses or advocate for service development for clients.

Social workers participate legislative process to promote positive social changes.

What is social welfare?

Social welfare is a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society. Two Dimensions:

What people get from society (programs, benefits and services?)

How well their needs (social, economic, educational, and health) are being met

How are social welfare and social work related?

Debates on social welfare:

Individual responsibility: you get you deserve Society responsibility

Who should assume responsibility for people's social welfare?

Residual, institutional, and developmental perspectives on social welfare.

1. Residual Model

Social welfare benefit and service should be supplied only when people fail to provide adequately for themselves.

Blame the victim (fault and failure) For instance: social assistance

Families in need receive limited and temporary financial assistance until they can get back on their feet.

2. Institutional model

People have a right to get benefit and service.

For instance: public education, fire and police protection Every one can get these services.

3. Developmental model

This approach seeks to identify social interventions that have a positive impact on economic development.

(1) Invest in education, nutrition and health care (2) In vest in physical facilities

(3) help people in need engage in productive employment and self-employment.

Political ideology: conservatives, liberalism and radicalism

Conservatism is the philosophy that individuals are responsible for themselves, government should provide minimal interference in people's lives, and change is generally unnecessary.

Liberalism is the philosophy that government should be involved in the social, political and economic structure so that all people's rights and privileges are protected in the name of social justice.

Radicalism is the philosophy that the social and political system as it stands is not structurally capable of truly providing social justice. The fundamental changes are necessary in the basic social and political structure to achieve truly fair and equal treatment.

Fields of practice in social work

 Work with people in needs (children, youth, old people, the disable etc.)  Work with some occupation The continuum of social work careers

 Degree in social work

BSW: prepare for the entry-level social work MSW: receive more specialized training

DSW: teach at the college level or conduct research

Social work builds on many disciplines

 psychology  sociology

 political science  economics  biology  psychiatry  council

 cultural anthropology  social work

Social workers demonstrate competencies

 Competencies are measurable practice behaviors that are comprised of

sufficient knowledge, skills, and values\" and have the goal of practicing effective social work.

Competency 1: identification as a professional social worker

Competency 2: the application of social work ethical principles to guide practice Competency 3: the application of critical thinking to inform professional judgments

Competency 4: engagement of diversity in practice

Competency 5: the advancement of human rights and social economic justice.

Competency 6: engagement in research-informed practice Evidence-based practice Competency 7: application of knowledge of human behavior and the social environment

Competency 8: engagement in policy proactive to advance social and economic well-being

Competency 9: responsiveness to contexts that shape practice

Competency 10: engagement, assessment, intervention, and evaluation with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities.

Chapter 2 social work values and ethics 1. Value and ethics

Social worker is value-based profession. What is value?

Value involves what you do and do not consider important and worthwhile, and also involve judgments and decisions about relative worth. What is Ethics?

Ethics involve principles that specify what is good and what is bad. They clarify what should and should not be done

• Difference between value and ethics:

Value determine what beliefs are appropriate. Ethics address what to do with or how to apply those beliefs to do the right thing.

The importance of ethics

2. Value and ethics for social workers Six core values for social workers: (1) Service

(2) Social justice

(3) Dignity and worth of the person (4) Importance of human relationships (5) Integrity (6) Competence

Social workers' ethical responsibilities to clients:

(1) Self-determination

Practitioners should nurture and support client self-extermination ：each individual's right to make his or her own decisions. (2)Privacy and confidentiality

(3) Conflict of interest and Dual relationships

The clients' best interests must be protected to the maximum extent possible. (4) Sexual relationship

Social workers’ Ethical responsibilities to colleagues (1) Respect

(2) Referral for services

Social Workers’ Ethical responsibilities in Practice settings Social workers' ethical responsibilities as professionals

• competence

• against discrimination • honest

• not solicit clients for the purpose of personal gains

Social workers' ethical responsibilities to the social work profession. Integrity Research Evaluation

Social workers' ethical responsibilities to the broader society (1) Advocate for people's welfare

(2) Ensure fair and equal access to resources and opportunities.

(3) Respect cultural diversity.

(4) Prevent discrimination against or exploiting people

Translation exercises

• Social workers must uphold client privacy and confidentiality. Privacy is

the condition of being free from unauthorized observation or intrusion. We have established that confidentiality is the ethical principle that workers should not share information provided by a client or about a client unless they have the client's explicit permission to do so. There is more to confidentiality than may be immediately apparent. Confidentiality means more that not revealing information about clients to others. It also involves not asking for more information than is necessary, as well as informing clients about the limitations of confidentiality within the agency setting.

Chapter 3 Empowerment and Human Diversity Stereotype!

• Women are too emotional to make good supervisors • Elderly people can't think well.

• Gay and lesbian people really want to be opposite gender. • People with physical disabilities are unemployable.

Discrimination, oppression, marginalization, alienation, stereotypes, and prejudice

• Discrimination is the act of treating people differently based on the fact

that they belong to some group rather than on merit.

• Oppression involves putting extreme limitations and constraints on some

person, group, or larger system.

• Marginalization is the condition of having less power and being viewed as

less important than others in the society because of belonging to some group or having some characteristic.

• Alienation, related to marginalization, is the feeling that you don't fit in or

aren't treated as well as others in the mainstream of society.

• A stereotype is a fixed mental picture of member of some specified group

based on some attribute or attributes that reflect an overly simplified view of that group, without consideration or appreciation of individual differences.

• Prejudice is an opinion or prejudgment about an individual, group, or

issue that is not based on fact.

• A major social work value involves the importance of people being

treated fairly and equally.

Populations-at-risk and social economic justice

• Diversity emphasizes the similarity and dissimilarity between numerous

groups in society that have distinguishing characteristics.

• Populations-at-risk are people at greater risk of deprivation and unfair

treatment because they share some identifiable characteristic that places them in diverse group.

• Factors: gender, age, religion, culture, disability, class, immigration

status

Social and economic justice

Empowerment and a Strengths perspective

Empowerment is the process of increasing personal, interpersonal, or political power so that individuals can take action to improve their life situations.

• A strengths perspective:

1. Every individual, group, family and community has strengths.

2. Trauma and abuse, illness and struggle may be injurious but they may also be sources of challenge and opportunity.

3. Social workers should assume that they do not know the upper limits of the capacity to grow and change and take individual, group, and community aspirations seriously.

4. Social workers best serve clients by collaborating with when. 5. Every environment is full of resources.

Resiliency: seeking strength amid adversity

The ability of an individual, family, group, community, or organization to recover from adversity and resume functioning even when suffering serious trouble, confusion, or hardship.

Resiliency involves two dimensions: risk factors and protective factors.

Risk factors involve stressful life events or adverse environmental conditions that increase the vulnerability of individuals or other systems.

Protective factors involve buffer, moderate, and protect against those vulnerabilities.

Human Diversity

• Race and Ethnicity

Race implies a greater genetic determinant, whereas ethnicity often relates to cultural or national heritage.

• Culture and cultural competence

Culture is the sum total of life patterns passed on from generation to generation within a group of people and includes institutions, language, religious ideals, habits of thinking, and patterns of social and interpersonal relationships.

Social workers need to have cultural competence to address the cultural needs of individuals, families, groups, and communities.

National Origin and immigration status Four experiences which newcomer faced: Social isolation Cultural shock Cultural change Goal-striving

• class or social class • political ideology

• gender, gender identity, and gender expression • Sexual orientation

Homosexual or heterosexual (bisexual) Age

Disability

Religion and spirituality

Chapter 4: Generalist practice

Concepts in the definition of generalist practice

1. Acquiring an eclectic knowledge base A. systems theory

B. ecological perspective C. Curriculum content areas 1) Values and ethics 2) Diversity

3) populations-at-risk and social and economic justice 4) Human behavior and the social environment 5) Social welfare policy and services 6) Social work practice 7) Research

8) Field education D. Fields of practice

2. Emphasizing client empowerment 3. Using professional values A. social works code of ethics

B. application of professional values to solve ethical dilemma 4. Applying a wide range of skills A. micro B. mezzo C. macro

5. Targeting any size system

A. micro B. mezzo C. Marco

6. Working in an organizational structure 7. Using supervision appropriately

8. Assuming a wide range of professional roles

9. Following the principles of evidence-based practice 10. Employing critical thinking skills 11. Using a planned-change process A. engagement B. assessment C. planning

D. implementation E. evaluation F. termination G. follow-up

Working in an organizational structure under supervision

• What is organizational structure?

Organizational structure is the formal or informal manner in which tasks and responsibilities, lines of authority, channels of communication, and dimensions of power are established and coordinated within an organization.

• What is supervision?

Supervision is the process by which a designated supervisor watches over a workers’ performance. A wide range of roles

• counselor • educator • broker

• case manager • mobilizer • mediator • facilitator • advocate • supervisors • managers

3 skills (technical, people and conceptual) Evidence-based practice

Evidence-based practice is a process in which practitioners make practice decisions in light of the best research evidence available.

Tools, models, methods and policies must be validated by research and consequence evaluation also should use scientific research methods

Critical thinking skills

Avoiding the fallacy trap

1. Relying on case examples 2. being vague

3. Being biased or not objective

4. Believing that if it’s written down it must be right

• asking questions • assessing fact

• asserting a conclusion Planned-change process

• Planned change and problem-solving Step1 engagement Step2 assessment Step3 planning

Step4 implementation Step5 evaluation Step6 termination

• Engagement: social workers begin to establish communication and a

relationship with others and orient themselves to the problems. • skills

Verbal communication and nonverbal communication (cultural variations) Conveying warmth, empathy, and genuineness

Alleviating initial client anxiety and introducing the worker's purpose and role

• Assessment: gather and analyze information to provide a concise picture

of the client and his or her needs and strengths. • skills

Looking beyond individual and examine other factors in their environment Finding strengths

Paying attention human diversity

• Planning: what should be done?

Alternatives and consequences

• implementation: following the plans to achieve the goals

• Evaluation: determine whether a given change effort was worthwhile. • termination: the end of the professional social work-client relationship • types:

Natural, forced, and unplanned

• skills

Appropriate timing

Chapter 5: Practice Setting

Setting in Social Work Practice: Organizations and Communities

• Organizations are entities made up of people that have rules and

structure to achieve specified goals.

• Social services in the context of social agencies.

Social services include the wide range of activities that social workers perform to help people solve problems and improve their personal well-being.

A social agency is an organization providing social services that typically employs social workers in addition to office staff, and sometimes volunteers. Forms:

Public or private;

Nonprofit or proprietary (for profit)

• Social work practice in the context of communities

A community is “a number of people who have something in summon with one another that connects them in some way and that distinguishes them from others.

Some mutual characteristic, such as \"location, interest, identification, culture, and activities\" Types:

Locality-based community; Non geographic community

The special circumstances of social work practice in rural communities. Low population density

Social problems faced by rural residents:

poverty, lack of transportation, inadequate child care, unemployment, substandard housing, and insufficient health care and so on.

Four special issues for rural social workers:

(1)true gene lists(work with different level case systems and use a wide of skills)

(2) Interagency cooperation.

(3) The importance of understanding the community, knowing its values and developing relationships with rural residents (informal relationship)

(4) Emphasizing strengths inherent in rural communities. (Informal supporting system)

Urban social work

Urban social work is practice within the context of large cities, with their vast array of social problems, exceptional diversity, and potential range of resources.

Five problems in urban areas:

(1)Social problems occur with greater frequency and therefore are more visible

in cities.

(2) Widespread occurrence of discriminatory behavior. (3) Migration problems.

(4) Financial shortfalls or unavailability of resources. (5)Greater amount of psychological stress

Skills necessary for urban social work (1) Paying attention to human diversity

(2) Understanding their agency environment

(3) Seeking resources in the external urban environment (4) Using advocacy

Micro practice: social work with individuals

• counselor • educator • broker • facilitator • advocate

Micro/mezzo practice: social work with families

• The primary purpose of family social work is to help families learn to

function more competently while meeting the development and emotional needs of all members. • The task of family social workers

(1) Be responsive to the styles and values of families from other special populations.

(2) Break complex tasks into smaller specific steps.

(3) Assess the key skills needed for less stressful family interaction. (4) Explain and model appropriate skills.

(5) Assess individual learning styles and ways to teach adults and children (6) Establish homework and other means of ensuring generalization of skills from one setting to another.

(7) Promote and reward skill acquisition.

(8) Emphasize strategies that help develop the strengths of family members (9) Motivate the family to stay involved even when faced with challenges and setback.

• The importance of social networks for families.

Social network: the structure and number of people and groups with whom you have contact or consider yourself to be in contact.

Emotional support, instrumental support, informational support and appraisal support

Mezzo practice: social work with group Treatment group

Task group

Macro practice: social work with organizations and communities

• social action • social planning

• locality development Macro skills

(1) Agency or public social policies may require change.

(2) Entail initiating and conducting projects within agency or community contexts

(3) Planning and implementing new social service programs within an agency or community.

Chapter 6: An overview of social welfare and social work history Early European Approaches to Social Welfare

• Feudalism

Lands owner vs. landless serf Medieval hospital Church

People have little mobility, free choice, potential for change.

Judeo-Christian thought: \"Good deeds, love of one's enemies, and entry into heaven through mercy and charity\".

• England after feudalism's demise

People gained mobility and independence but lost much of the safety and security the old feudal system had provided.

Government regains social control by passing some statute, such as: Keeping people from moving;

Forbidding able-bodied people from begging.

• The English Elizabethan Poor Law of 1601 Recipients are categorized into: 1. Dependent children 2. Impotent poor

3. The able-bodied poor

1662 Law of settlement established a new principle of social welfare provision: residency requirement.

• The Speenhamland System

The first Minimum income maintenance system

• The English Poor Law reforms of 1834

Government would not provide outdoor relief for able-bodied people.

Blame the victim

U. S. Social welfare History: Early Colonization to the mid-1800s

• Services reflected a mix of public and private collaboration.

Government assumed responsibility of administration aid but often called upon local churches for help.

Residency requirement was established.

• Focus on Mental Health and Mental illness

Moral treatment: humane treatment in structured institutional settings The Civil War Era

• Freeman Bureau: the first federal welfare agency 1870-1900

• Two trends: Industrialization; Urbanization

• Focus on children: early policies

Institutional care: almshouse and orphanage Foster care

• Settlement House, Charity Organization Societies, and Generalist social

work

• Settlement House were places where ministers, students, or

humanitarians 'settle' to interact with poor slum dwellers with the purpose of alleviating the condition of capitalism.

• Characters

1. Settle house approach address the problems in the context of environment. 2. Emphasize on advocacy

3. Emphasize on empowerment of people

• Charity Organization Societies Friendly visitor

Establish a base of scientific knowledge and apply it to the helping process Focus on curing individual

The Progressive period: 1900 to 1930 The Great Depression and the 1930s

• The Great Depression and New Deal Cash relief

Short-term work relief, Expansion of employment

• The Social Security Act of 1935

Social insurance (for old age, disability, death of a breadwinner, unemployment, and work-related injury and sickness)

Public Assistance (old people, children and blind people)

The 1960s and the War on Poverty

• More people of color are in poverty than white people.

• Public assistance roll were escalating even unemployment decreased. • the public welfare amendments of 1962

Supportive social service to help welfare recipients to self-supporting.

• War on poverty

Head Start; Volunteers in Service to America

• A Return to Conservatism in the 1970s

• Conservative extremes in the 1980s and early 1990s.

Translation

• Social Workers have difficulties with empowerment strategies because

their agencies are part of a social system which routinely devalues certain minority groups. Making equal responses to all people who come to an agency may reduce discrimination. Since negative valuations are so widespread, agencies may unthinkingly implement them. Consequently, we discourage potential clients from using the agency and they do not receive the equal treatment available.

Chapter 7: Policy, Policy Analysis, Policy Practice, and Policy Advocacy Social welfare policy

• Policy: rules that govern people's lives and dictate expectations for

behavior.

• Social Welfare Policy: Laws and regulations that govern which social

welfare programs exist, what categories of clients are served, and who qualifies for a given program.

• Agency Policy: standards adopted by organizations and programs that

provide services.

Social Welfare Policy Development

• phase 1

Recognizing society's values about what is considered important or worthwhile.

• Phase 2

Identifying problems and needs that require attention.

• Phase 3

Identification of public opinion about an identified problem and people's related needs.

Normative orientation

• phase 4

Legislators confronted with a problem or need and swamped with public opinion undertake the complicated formulation of social welfare policy to address the issues.

• Phase 5

Implementation through a social welfare program.

• Phase 6

Social services are delivered by social workers and other staff in the context of social services agencies.

Structural components of social welfare programs 1. What are people's needs and program goals? I.e. the food stamp program

2. What kinds of benefits are provided? Cash and in-kind

3. What are the eligibility criteria for the program? Means test

4. Who pays for the programs?

General tax, state lottery, social security tax; private agency; client 5. How is the program administered and run? National, state, or local?

Value perspectives and political ideology: effects on social responsibility and social welfare program development

• The conservative-liberal continuum • radicalism

• residual and institutional perspectives on social welfare policy and

program development

• universal versus selective service provision Value orientation view of responsibility Conservative individual responsibility liberal society's responsibility conception of where pessimistic: people are optimistic: people will problems and needs lie basically lazy thrive if given support perspective on governmental government should not it's government's intervention interfere responsibility to help social welfare orientation program residual reactive institutional supportive/ongoing benefit availability selective universal Policy analysis Five-E Approach

• How effective is the policy? • How efficient is the policy? • Is the policy ethically sound?

• What does evaluation of potential alternative policies reveal? • What recommendations can be established for positive changes? Policy Practice and Policy Advocacy

Chapter 8: Social work and services in health care Health problems

Factors causing health problems: 1. Unhealthful lifestyles 2. Physical injured

3. Enviromental factors 4. Poverty 5. Contagious

Social Work Roles in Health Care：medical social worker

Social work roles in direct health care practice 1. Hospital, medical clinics and so on

(1) Help patients understand and interpret technical medical jargon (2) Offer emotional support

(3) Help terminally ill people deal with their feelings and make end-of-life plans. (4) Help patient’s adjust their lives and lifestyles to accommodate to new conditions when they return home after medical treatment

(5) Help parents of children who have serious illnesses or disabilities cope with these conditions and respond to children's needs.

(6) Serve as brokers who link patients with necessary supportive resources and

services after leaving the medical facility.

(7) Help patients make financial arrangements to pay hospital and other medical bills.

(8) Provide health education aimed at establishing a healthful lifestyle and preventing illness.

2. Public Health Departments and other health care contexts (1) Preventing diseases (2) Prolonging life

(3) Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort 3. Managed care settings

Traditional healthy insurance (fee-for-service basis)

Assessment to determine whether patients are eligible for benefits and which are most appropriate.

Macro Practice in Health care: seeking empowerment

Advocating for health coverage and health care legislation, policies and resources

Health Care policy and problems in the macro environment The escalating cost of health care

1. The rapid acceleration of technological advances has increased the types of services, drugs, and testing available. 2. The population is aging. Unequal access to health care

National health insurance vs. contribution-based health insurance Problems in managed care Capitation

Cost and health-care outcome Cultural competence API cultural: Filial piety

Collective versus individual decision making Emphasis on Harmony versus conflict Nonverbal communications Fatalism

Shame at asking for help

International perspectives: AIDS-A Global Crisis AIDS: acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV: human immunodeficiency virus

Empowerment for people living with AIDS victims vs. People living with AIDS Social work roles and empowerment for people living with AIDS Counseling; Educator;

Crisis intervention;

Empowerment and reconnection (support system);

Family counseling; Broker;

Referral and support group; Case management Translation

To put the problem somewhat differently one might say that social administration has tended to operate with two basic models of social policy - residual (conservative) and institutional (liberal/social democratic) -almost totally ignoring a third model of welfare which might be called 'structural'. This is a view of welfare based on Marxist analysis of the capitalist system and of its eventual supersession by socialism. Briefly, it proposed the institutionalization of welfare as a central social value, but frankly admits that this cannot be achieved within the confines of capitalism.

Chapter 9: Social Work and Services in Mental Health Mental Health, Mental illness, and social work roles

1. Mental Health is the state of relative psychological and emotional well-being in which an individual can make acceptably rational decisions, cope adequately with personal and external stresses, and maintain satisfactory adjustment to society

2. Mental illness (mental disorder) is any of a wide range of psychological, emotional, or cognitive disorders that impair a person's ability to function effectively.

Employment settings in mental health for social workers

The Least restrictive setting on a continuum of care: empowering clients The most restrictive setting vs. The least restrictive setting 1. Inpatient mental and psychiatric hospitals

Inpatient means that clients reside in the facility for some period. 2. Residential treatment centers for children and adolescents

An area in which child welfare and mental health overlap is residential treatment centers and group home for children.

Technical: positive reinforcement, empathy, feedback, token and point system 3. Group home smaller and less restrictive than RTC. 4. Psychiatric units in general hospitals:

Offer emergency psychiatric care on a temporary inpatient basis for people in crisis

5. Outpatient treatment agencies:

Provide individual, group, and family counseling for a wide range of mental health and substance abuse problems. Clinic social workers

6. Employee assistance program (EAS):

Service provided by organizations that focus on workers' mental health and on adjustment problems that interfere with their work performance.

Occupational social work: can provide grief counseling, stress and time

management, marital problems, child care need, financial issues, retirement planning, and crisis intervention.

7. Community mental health centers: a macro response to individual needs (1) Case management

(2) Child and adolescent services

(3) Information and education programs (4) Long-term community programs (5) Day treatment program

(6) Alcohol and other drug treatment programs Clients with mental health problems 1. Dementia Alzheimer disease

2. Schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders loss of contact with reality 3. Mood disorders Depressive disorder

Bipolar disorders (manic-depressive illness) 4. Anxiety disorders Panic attacks

Posttraumatic stress disorder 5. Dissociative disorders

Multiple personality disorders 6. Eating disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa

7. Impulse control disorder Pathological gambling 8. Personality disorders Paranoid Antisocial Avoidant Dependent

Obsessive-composive

What social workers do in mental health? 1. Case management in micro practice Micro practice: psychotherapy

Such as: cognitive therapy, psychoanalysis, focus-solution therapy…… 2. Mezzo Practice: running treatment groups

Therapy, support, education, growth and socialization 3. Mezzo practice: treating families

4. Macro practice and policy practice in mental health

Advocate for positive change on behalf of large groups of clients Improve policies and service provision

Develop innovative programs to meet mental health needs. 5. Evidence-based practice in mental health (1) Comprehensive community support

(2) Family education and support

(3) Work encouragement and assistance

(4) Coordinated treatment for concurrent substance abuse issues (5) Educational and coping skill development groups

Chapter 10: Social work and services for youths and in the schools School social work

School social work takes place in school settings, where practitioners work with students, families, other school personnel, and communities to provide the best education possible for today's youth. School social work roles 1. Consultant 2. Counselor 3. Facilitator 4. Educator 5. Advocate 6. Broker

7. Case manager

8. Community intervention collaborator 9. Policy initiator and developer

Gay and Lesbian Youths: a population-at-risk LGBT youth (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, transgender) Identity developing

How to adjust to socially stigmatized roles.

Social workers can assist in the coming out process 4 steps

(1) Coming out to oneself

Social workers can do: accepting, supports, and no denying

(2) Getting to know other people within the gay and lesbian community

Social workers can do: special advocacy efforts, peer support groups, recreation program, and other resources to counter the isolation and despair (3) Sharing this self-identity with people with who are close to them

social workers can do: helping clients identify those who they expect will respond to their coming out in an accepting manner; deciding how and when the revelation should be made; preparing to potential negative respond to coming out

(4) Being open to the world about being gay or lesbian

Creative empowerment for youths through macro practice A Project: Community Assets Assessment Organizer: New Bridge

The Plan: Provide youth with an appreciation of communication strengths. Recommendation

(1) Social workers recruit youth to identify \"potential student leaders and possible projects involving natural support systems\".

(2)School invite business owner in the community to talk about how they start

their business.

(3)Student gathers information on community strength, by which they can get extra credits in social study course.

School Social Workers' role in the Prevention of School Violence Risk factors to predict youth violence I. hyperactivity or attention deficits II. parent criminality

III. poor family management practice IV. low bonding to school V. having delinquent friends VI. gang membership

What social workers do to prevent school violence?

(1)Needs assessments--systematic analyses of client problems and issues to determine clients' needs and develop problem-solving strategies. -data analysis -questionnaire -focus group

(2) Conflict resolution

-identification of the problem -brainstorming possible solution -agreeing on a solution

-confirming intent to make the resolution work (3) Violence prevention programs

Teenage sexual activity, pregnancy, and parenting issues Reasons Teen s gets pregnant

-Failure to use birth control (lack knowledge of contraception, myths) -other psychological reasons Social Work roles

-Prevention of pregnancy (sex education) -identification of pregnancy

-counseling concerning alternatives -help during pregnancy

-helping mothers after the pregnancy

Chapter 11 Social Work and services for people with disabilities People with mobility disabilities

People who have mobility disabilities \"are those whose physical differences compel them to achieve physical activities in a variety of alternate ways. Some acquired mobility disabilities 1. Stroke

2. Muscular dystrophy

3. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) 4. Multiple sclerosis (MS) 5. Myasthenia gravis (MG)

6. Spinal cord injury

Ethical implications for social work practice: the importance of self-determination

Myths about disabilities:

-the more severe a physical disability is, the less intelligent the person. -people with physical disabilities are unable to function normally in society. -people with one kind of disability also have other disabilities. Paternalism

Maximizing the clients' self-determination and service provision. 1. Adopting a consumer-oriented approach

Accepting that they know their own needs and can make intelligent decisions about services.

4 facets to avoiding paternalism

(1)Social workers must listen carefully to what the client is saying instead of jumping to conclusions based on the disability label.

(2) They must ask questions and seek clarification whenever they do not understand something.

(3) They must scrutinize any possible assumptions they may be making about their client and his or her disability.

(4) They should obtain clients informed consent. 2. Learning about services and resources

The self-determination movement: recommendations for policy change (1) Freedom (2) Authority (3) Support

(4) Responsibility

3. Advocating for clients with disabilities whenever possible Defining developmental disabilities

The 5 characteristics of developmental disabilities: (1) The disability is both severe and chronic. (2) The disability occurs before age 22.

(3) The conditions are likely to be permanent.

(4) The disability results in substantial functional limitation.

(5) A developmental disability demonstrates the need for lifelong supplementary help and services. Intellectual disability Cerebral palsy Epilepsy

Orthopedic problems

Deafness and hardness of hearing Visual impairment Autism

Multiple disabilities

Treatment over time of people with developmental disabilities:

The quest for social and economic justice Prior to the late 1960s: individual pathology

The 1990s and beyond: consumer empowerment Individualization Emphasis on choice Innovation

Family support

Community empowerment for people with intellectual disabilities Association for Retarded Citizens (ARC)

Information and referral services and help lines No institutional living facilities

Vocational and employment programs Other support services Advocacy

Community volunteers Recreational activities

Chapter 12 Social Work and services for older adults Global graying

• Three issues brought by global graying

(1) Graying will bring greater dependence as a result of greater longevity accompanied by chronic ill health.

(2) There will be an inadequate supply of caregivers because of smaller family sizes.

(3) State finances will be inadequate to support the increasing dependence of older people

Common problems facing older adults

• Ageism involves harboring negative images of and attitude toward

people simply because they are older.

Myths on older people:

A. all older adults are burdened with multiple physical complaints and are riddled with disease.

B. you can't teach an old dog new tricks; old people are set in their ways. C. all old people are senile.

• discrimination in employment • poverty

Social security is a primary means of keeping older adults out of poverty. Dependency ratio (benefit recipients/workers)

• retirement Adjust

Reduced income

• Health care

• abuse of older adults

What is abuse of older adults? Who is the perpetrator?

• living conditions and family variables Living in home vs. living in nursing homes

• transition issues Retirement Loss of spouse Loss in ability

Contexts for social work practice with older adults

• A primary value is autonomy when working with older adults.

• long-term care through home-based and community health services Long-term care is health, personal care, and social services delivered over a sustained period of time to persons who have lost or never achieved some capacity for self-care 1. home-based services

Home-based services or home care are types of assistance provided to people in their own homes. Social worker can do

(1) Assess an informal support network

(2) Respite care/telephone reassurance services (3) Formal support network 2. community-based services (1) Adult day care (2) Hospices

(3) Senior centers

(4) Congregate meal program

(5) Senior home repair and maintenance program

• discharge planning in hospital settings • service provision in nursing homes Staff structure:

(1) Dietary departments (2) Activities departments (3) Nursing services (4) Social services

(5) Housekeeping and laundry staff (6) Other medical staff

Empowerment for diverse populations of older adults

• concepts and strategies in empowerment 4 concepts

Adaption: adapt to new experiences, issues, and even loss Competence: can do instead of they can't do Relatedness: relationship with other people Autonomy: live as independent as possible

How to improve social worker sensitivity to older adults?

(1) Identify and face any preconceived notions and stereotypes about older adults.

(2) Understanding that older adults are individuals with unique characteristics, experiences, and personalities as anyone else.

(3) Learning about how gender and cultural background influence the aging experience.

Chapter 13 Social Work and services for Children and Family The diversity of families

• A family is a primary group whose members assume certain obligations

for each other and generally share common residences.

Three notions

(1) Primary group

People who are intimate and have frequent face-to-face contact with one another, have norms in common, and share mutually enduring and extensive influences.

(2) Obligations for each other

A sense of mutual commitment to and responsibility for other family members. (3) Common residences Living together Family structure

Primary family structure: nuclear family and extended family

Other family structure: single-parent family; stepfamily; blended family; intergenerational families

Major thrusts of services for children and families

• continuum of need for families' survival

Child welfare: a historical social work field of practice Basic goals of child welfare

• Meeting vulnerable children's unmet emotional, behavioral, and health

needs.

• Providing adequate resources to address external conditions such as

poverty and inadequate health care so children can develop and thrive in a healthy, nurturing social environment.

Empowering families by building on strengths so parents can effectively provide for and protect their children.

• Improving internal family conditions involving interpersonal dynamics,

communications, substance abuse and conflict.

• safeguarding children from various forms of neglect and abuse

• When necessary, making permanent family living conditions available

through adoptions or transfer of guardianship.

Supportive and substitute services

• Supportive services \"support, reinforce, and strengthen the ability of

parents and children to meet the responsibilities of their respective statuses\".

• Financial and other resource assistance; mental health treatment; group

therapy; day care and family life education..........

• Substitute service: another family or environment is substituted for the

child's own family.

• Foster care; residential placement; independent living or adoption......... Child maltreatment and child protective services

• What are child maltreatment, abuse, and neglect?

Child maltreatment is the umbrella term for physical abuse, sexual abuse, psychological abuse, and neglect.

• physical abuse

How to identify physical abuse?

(1) Physical indicator: bruises, lacerations, fractures, burns, head injures, and internal injuries.

(2) Analogical explanation

(3) Behavioral indicator: passivity and submissiveness; aggression and hostility.

• Sexual abuse(incest) How to identify sexual abuse? (1) Injured or bleeding

(2) Emotional indicator: depression, low self-esteem, and thought of suicide. (3) Sexual behavior or knowledge inappropriate to a child's age

• child neglect

• psychological or emotional neglect

9 types of behavior of psychological maltreatment

(1) Detaining children in a small space by tiring or locking them up for long periods.

(2) Extreme public embarrassment and disgrace (3)Cinderella syndrome (4) Extreme verbal cruelty

(5) Urging or forcing a child into delinquent behavior

(6) Intimidating children by threatening serious injury, abandonment, or even death

(7) Refusing to seek necessary psychological treatment

•

(8) Restricting a child's emotional and social development (9) Depriving a child of love and emotional support

• What cause child maltreatment? Physical abuser:

A need for personal support and nurturance.

A need to overcome isolation and establish social contacts. A need to learn appropriate parenting skills. A need to improve self-esteem.

• parents who neglect children. 4 needs and poverty

• Child protective services(CPS) and the social work role

CPS agencies investigate reports of child abuse and neglect, assess the degree of harm and the ongoing risk of harm to the child, determine whether the child can remain safely in the home or should be placed in the custody of the state, and work closely with the family or juvenile court regarding appropriate plans for the child's safety and well-being.

• social work roles For the victims:

Meeting their medical needs and keeping them safety

Increasing self-esteem, decreasing feeling of hopelessness, decreasing aggressive behavior and negative behavior For the parents:

Strengthen their coping skills, parenting skills, and child management techniques; group therapy

• working with and referring to other agency Respite care (temporary care) Day care

Support service Parental aides

Big brother/big sister or adopted grandparent program

Intensive family preservation: one treatment approach

Family preservation services are intensive services generally delivered in the client's home over a brief, time-limited period. Goals:

① protect children

② maintain and strengthen family bond ③ stabilize the crisis situation

④ increase the family's skills and competencies

⑤ facilitate the family's use of a variety of formal and informal helping

resources

⑥ Prevent unnecessary out-of-home placement of children. • key themes in family preservation 1) Crisis orientation 2) Focus on family

3) home-based services 4) Time limits

5) Limited, focused objectives

6) Intensive, comprehensive services

7) Emphasis on education and skill building 8) Coordination 9) Flexibility 10) Accessibility 11) Accountability Child day care

• three types: Babysitter

To the care provider's home Organized day care centre Other supportive services

• family life education A kind of group work

• respite care

Supervision of a child by another care giver Substitute services

• permanency planning Kinship care

Foster family care

Residential settings: group home, treatment centers, independent living arrangements Adoption:

Related adoption Unrelated adoption

Special needs adoption

• social work roles in adoption

Assess the ready of children being adoption

Assist children coping with negative feeling (loss, grief, abandonment) Assist the adoptive parents

Chapter 14 Social Work and services in the criminal justice system Criminal justice system

• the complex, integrated system of programs, policies, laws, and agencies devoted to preventing and controlling crime. • function: 1) Adjudication 2) Incarceration 3) Rehabilitation

Who commits crimes? • Gender

• age

• social class

Criminal justice settings and forensic social work

• forensic social worker is working in the law and legal system • function:

Assess suspect's mental competence

Make commendation concerning child custody, divorce, and so on As expert witness

Advocate for welfare right

• adult correctional institutions

-counseling (anger management, preparing for release, coping with drug abuse)

-helping prison administrator making decision about job placement -helping prison personnel -organizing prison activities

• administrative planning centers

Administrating and planning for correctional system

• community-based corrections: probation and parole services Assistance and overseeing

• victim assistance programs and crisis intervention programs • domestic violence service Shelter for battered women

Additional services: counseling and linking the resources such as training and legal assistance

• juvenile corrections Juvenile (under 18) Anti-social behaviors

1) Juvenile delinquent offenses

2) Status offenses (such as run away, truant, sex intercourse, drink alcohol) Social work role in juvenile correction Rehabilitation and prevention • Youth gangs Three types: Criminal gangs Conflict gangs Retreats gangs

• prevention and intervention in gangs

Prevention: provide services and resources to the communities Intervention: opportunity provision; social intervention Suppression