全新版大学英语(第二版)综合教程3课后答案 (2)

来源：筏尚旅游网

Unit 1 Changes in the Way We Live

生活方式的改变

课文A

在美国，不少人对乡村生活怀有浪漫的情感。许多居住在城镇的人梦想着自己办个农场，梦想着靠土地为生。很少有人真去把梦想变为现实。或许这也没有什么不好，因为，正如吉姆·多尔蒂当初开始其写作和农场经营双重生涯时所体验到的那样，农耕生活远非轻松自在。但他写道，自己并不后悔，对自己作出的改变生活方式的决定仍热情不减。

多尔蒂先生创建自己的理想生活

售姆·多尔蒂

有两件事是我一直想做的——写作与务农。如今我同时做着这两件事。作为作家，我和E·B·怀特不属同一等级，作为农场主，我和乡邻也不是同一类人，不过我应付得还行。在城市以及郊区历经多年的怅惘失望之后，我和妻子桑迪终于在这里的乡村寻觅到心灵的满足。

这是一种自力更生的生活。我们食用的果蔬几乎都是自己种的。自家饲养的鸡提供鸡蛋，每星期还能剩余几十个出售。自家养殖的蜜蜂提供蜂蜜，我们还自己动手砍柴，足可供过冬取暖之用。

这也是一种令人满足的生活。夏日里我们在河上荡舟，在林子里野餐，骑着自行车长时间漫游。冬日里我们滑雪溜冰。我们为落日的余辉而激动。我们爱闻大地回暖的气息，爱听牛群哞叫。我们守着看鹰儿飞过上空，看玉米田间鹿群嬉跃。

但如此美妙的生活有时会变得相当艰苦。就在三个月前，气温降到华氏零下30度，我们辛苦劳作了整整两天，用一个雪橇沿着河边拖运木柴。再过三个月，气温会升到95度，我们就要给玉米松土，在草莓地除草，还要宰杀家禽。前一阵子我和桑迪不得不翻修后屋顶。过些时候，四个孩子中的两个小的，16岁的吉米和13岁的埃米莉，会帮着我一起把拖了很久没修的室外厕所修葺一下，那是专为室外干活修建的。这个月晚些时候，我们要给果树喷洒药水，要油漆谷仓，要给菜园播种，要赶在新的小鸡运到之前清扫鸡舍。

在这些活计之间，我每周要抽空花五、六十个小时，不是打字撰文，就是为作为自由撰稿人投给报刊的文章进行采访。桑迪则有她自己繁忙的工作日程。除了日常的家务，她还照管菜园和蜂房，烘烤面包，将食品装罐、冷藏，开车送孩子学音乐，和他们一起练习，自己还要上风琴课，为我做些研究工作并打字，自己有时也写写文章，还要侍弄花圃、堆摞木柴、运送鸡蛋。正如老话说的那样，在这种情形之下，坏人不得闲——贤德之人也歇不了。

我们谁也不会忘记第一年的冬天。从12月一直到3月底，我们都被深达5英尺的积雪困着。暴风雪肆虐，一场接着一场，积雪厚厚地覆盖着屋子和谷仓，而室内，我们用自己砍伐的木柴烧火取暖，吃着自家种植的苹果，温馨快乐每一分钟。

开春后，有过两次泛滥。一次是河水外溢，我们不少田地被淹了几个星期。接着一次是生长季节到了，一波又一波的农产品潮涌而来，弄得我们应接不暇。我们的冰箱里塞满了樱桃、蓝莓、草莓、芦笋、豌豆、青豆和玉米。接着我们存放食品罐的架子上、柜橱里也开始堆满一罐罐的腌渍食品，有番茄汁、葡萄汁、李子、果酱和果冻。最后，地窖里遍地是大堆大堆的土豆、葫芦、南瓜，谷仓里也储满了苹果和梨。真是太美妙了。

第二年我们种了更多的作物，差不多就靠着从自家树林砍伐的木柴以及仅仅100加仑的燃油过了冬。其时，我开始认真考虑起辞了职去从事自由撰稿的事来。时机选得实在太差。当时，两个大的女儿肖恩和埃米正在费用很高的常青藤学校上学，而我们只有几千美金的银行存款。但我们一再回到一个老问题上来：真的会有更好的时机吗?答案无疑是否定的。于是，带着老

板的祝福，口袋里揣着作为累积津贴的半年薪水，我走了。

那以后有过一些焦虑的时刻，但总的来说，情况比我们料想的要好得多。为了写那些内容各不相同的文章，我为《体育画报》爬进过黑熊窝；为《史密森期刊》替参赛的一组组狗套上雪橇；为《科学文摘》调查过尚普兰湖水怪的；为《终点》杂志在明尼苏达划着小舟穿越美、加边界水域内的公共荒野保护区。

我挣的钱远比不上担任全职工作时的收入，可如今我们需要的钱也没有过去多。我挣的钱足以应付每月600美金的房屋贷款按揭以及一家人的日常开销。那些开销包括了所有支出，如音乐课学费、牙医帐单、汽车维修以及大学费用等等。至于保险，我们买了一份低收入者的主要医疗项目保险。我们需要为每一个家庭成员的任何一项医疗费用支付最初的500美金医疗保险则支付超出部分的80％。虽然我们仍要支付小部分医疗费用，但我们的保险费也低——每年只要560美金——而我们给自己生大病保了险。除了这一保险项目，以及两辆汽车每年400美金的保险，我们就没有其它保险了。不过我们每年留出2000美元入个人退休金贴。

我们通过节约开支而又不明显降低生活水准的方式来弥补收入差额。我们每个月仍出去吃一两次饭，不过现在我们光顾的是当地餐馆，而不是城里的高级饭店。我们仍去密尔沃基听歌剧看芭蕾演出，不过一年才几次。我们肉吃得少了，酒喝得便宜了，电影看得少了。铺张的圣诞节成为一种回忆，我们把完成稿约作为度假的一部分……

我想，不是所有热爱乡村的人都会乐意过我们这种生活的。这种生活需要一些特殊素质。其一是耐得住寂寞。由于我们如此忙碌，手头又紧，我们很少请客。在作物生长季节根本就没工夫参加社交活动。吉米和埃米莉虽然参加学校的各种活动，但他俩大多数时间呆在家里。

另一项要求是体力——相当大的体力。小范围里实现自给自足的途径是抵制诱惑，不去购置拖拉机和其它昂贵的节省劳力的机械。相反，你要自己动手。我们仅有的机器(不包括割草机)是一台3马力的小型旋转式耕耘机以及一架16英寸的链锯。

没人知道我们还能有精力在这里再呆多久一也许呆很长一阵子，也许不是。到走的时候，我们会怆然离去，但也会为自己所做的一切深感自豪。我们把农场出售也会赚相当大一笔钱。我们自己在农场投入了约35，000美金的资金，要是现在售出的话价格差不多可以翻一倍。不过现在不是出售的好时机。但是一旦经济形势好转，对我们这种农场的需求又会增多。

但我们主要不是为了赚钱而移居至此的。我们来此居住是因为想提高生活质量。当我看着埃米莉傍晚去收鸡蛋，跟吉米一起在河上钓鱼，或和全家人一起在果园里享用老式的野餐，我知道，我们找到了自己一直在寻求的生活方式。

Text A

Content Questions ( P10 ) 1. Write and live on a farm.

2. Because they grow nearly all of their fruits and vegetables. They have enough eggs, honey and

wood. They are very close to nature and can enjoy the beautiful scenery. Besides, they can go skiing and skating in winter.

3. No. Sometimes the good life can get pretty tough.

4. They were buried under five feet of snow from December through March.

5. When the first spring came, it brought two floods. The second flood refers to the good harvest

in the growing season.

6. He decided to quit his job and start to freelance.

7. He has to crawl into black bear dens for “Sports Illustrated”, hitch up dogsled racing teams for

“Smithsonian” magazine, check out the Lake Champlain “monster” for “Science Digest”, and canoe through the Boundary Waters Wilderness area of Minnesota for “Destinations”.

8. As for insurance, they have only bought a poor man’s major-medical policy and the policy on

their two cars.

9. They cut back their expenses without appreciably lowering their standard of living. For

example, they patronize local restaurants instead of more expensive places in the city. They still attend the opera and ballet but only a few times a year. They eat less meat, drink cheaper

wine and see fewer movies.

10. A tolerance for solitude and lots of energy.

11. They will leave with a feeling of sorrow but also with a sense of pride at what they have been

able to accomplish.

12. They chose to live in the country because they want to improve the quality of their lives. Yes,

they have finally realized their dreams.

Text Organization ( P11 )

Part One (paragraphs 1—3) The writer views his life in the country as a self-reliant and satisfying

one.

Part Two (paragraphs 4—7 ) Life in the country is good yet sometimes very hard.

Part Three (paragraphs 8—11) After quitting his job, the writer’s income was reduced, but he and

his family were able to manage to get by.

Part Four (paragraphs 12—15 ) A tolerance for solitude and a lot of energy have made it possible

for the family to enjoy their life in the country.

Happy Moments and Events

1) growing nearly all their fruits and vegetables 2) canoeing, picnicking, long bicycle rides, etc. 3) keeping warm inside the house in winter 4) writing freelance articles

5) earning enough money while maintaining a happy family life

Hardships

1) working hard both in winter and in summer 2) harsh environment and weather condition 3) anxious moments after the writer quit his job 4) cutting back on daily expenses 5) solitude

Vocabulary

1. Fill in the gaps with words or phrases given in the box. ( P15 )

1) on balance 2) resist 3) haul 4) wicked 5) illustrated 6) budget 7) lowering 8) boundary 9) involved 10)economic 11) blasting 12) just about

2. Now use the verb in brackets to form an appropriate phrasal verb you have learned and complete the sentence with it. ( P16 )

1) cut back / down 2）pick up 3）get by 4) get through 5）face up to 6）turn in 7）making up for 8）think up

3. Rewrite each sentence with the word or phrase in brackets, keeping the same meaning. （P17 ）

1) pursued his mathematical studies and taught himself astronomy. 2) often generate misleading thoughts.

3) attach great importance to combining theory with practice in our work. 4) be suspected of doing everything for money. 5) before he gets through life.

4. Complete the sentences, using the words or phrases in brackets ( P17 )

1. their indoor a profit to invest in 2. device the improvement on a global scale 3. stacked temptation never dined out

Confusable Use ( P18 ) 1. house 2. home

3. home family 4. household

1. doubt 2. suspected 3. doubted 4. suspected 5. suspect

Word Formation ( P19 )

1) rise 2) final 3) regular 4) cash 5) hows and whys 6) upped 7) yellowed 8) bottled 9) lower 10) search

Cloze

1. Text-related ( P20 )

1) gets by 2) temptation 3) get through 4) improvement 5) aside from 6) suspect 7) supplement 8) profit 9) stacking

2. Theme-related ( P21 )

1) replaced 2) consider 3) quit 4) world 5) tough 6) fuels 7) provide 8) luxuries 9) balance 10) ideal

Translation

1. Translate the sentences into English ( P21 )

1) We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it is fairly minor.

2) My father died when I was too young to live on my own. The people of my hometown

took over responsibility for my upbringing at that point.

3) the toys have to meet strict safety requirements before they can be sold to children.

4) Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of

new and opinion.

5) When it comes to this magazine, it is a digest of articles from many newspapers and

magazines around the world.

2. Translate the passage into English ( P21 ) A decade ago, Nancy did what so many Americans dream about. She quit an executive position and opened a household device store in her neighborhood. People like Nancy made the decision primarily for the improvement in the quality of their lives. But, to run a business on a small scale is by no means an easy job. Without her steady income, Nancy had to cut back on her daily expenses. Sometimes she did not even have the money to pay the premiums for the various kinds of insurance she needed. Fortunately, through her own hard work, she has now got through the most difficult time. She is determined to continue pursuing her vision of a better life.

Text B

1. Choose the best answer for each of the following. ( P27 ) 1—6. a c d b a c

Translate into Chinese the underlined sentences in the essay ( P28 )

1. 什么？你说那听起来不像你府上的生活？其实，不仅仅是你一个人这么想。事实上，大

多数人可能都跟你一样这么想的。 2. 例如，《交给比弗吧》一剧中妈妈带着珍珠项链，穿着高跟鞋做家务。爸爸整个周末都穿

着西装，系着领带。

3. 要是电视网或有线电视没有中意的节目，录像制品商店可以提供好莱坞制作的品质迥异的

节目：新近发行的电影、动画片、“成人”电影、体育锻炼节目、旅游、体育及入门指南录像带。

4. 如今，妈妈在看她的有线电视销售服务节目的时候，爸爸可能想租一部动作片。而在姐姐

想看《辛普森一家》时，弟弟妹妹却在玩《让我们炸毁土星》的电子游戏。

Match the definitions in Column B with the words and phrases in Column A. ( P28 )

1) g 2) f 3) e 4) d 5) b 6) h 7) a 8) c

Fill in the gaps with words or phrases chosen from the box. ( P29 )

1) roast 2) cable 3) at one time 4) get along 5) missed out on 6) commute 7) taken over 8) make sense 9) go with 10) dizzy 11) gasped 12) networks

Unit 2 Civil-Rights Heroes

民权英雄

课文A

2004年，一个纪念“地下铁路”的中心将在辛辛那提市成立。这条铁路不同寻常，它不出售车票，也无火车行驶。然而，它将成千上方的乘客送往他们梦想中的目的地。

给人以自由者

弗格斯·M·博得威奇

我步出这幢两层小屋，加拿大平原上轻风微拂。我身边是一位苗条的黑衣女子，把我带回到过去的向导。那时，安大略省得雷斯顿这一带住着美国历史上的一位英雄。我们前往一座普普通通的灰色教堂，芭芭拉.卡特自豪地谈论着其高祖乔赛亚·亨森。“他坚信上帝要所有人生来平等。他从来没有停止过争取这一自由权利的奋斗。”

卡特对其先辈的忠诚不仅仅关乎一己之骄傲，而关乎家族荣誉。因为乔赛亚·亨森至今仍为人所知是由于他所激发的创作灵感使得一个美国小说人物问世：汤姆叔叔，哈丽特，比彻·斯托的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中那个逆来顺受的黑奴。具有讽刺意味的是，这一人物所象征的一切在亨森身上一点都找不到。一个不愿奋起力争、背叛种族的黑人?卡特对此颇为愤慨。“乔赛亚·亨森是个有原则的人，”她肯定地说。

我远道前来亨森最后的居所——如今已成为卡特曾管理过的一处历史遗迹——是为了更多地了解此人，他在许多方面堪称非裔美国人的摩西。亨森自己摆脱了黑奴身份获得自由之后，便暗中帮助其他许多黑奴逃奔北方去加拿大——逃奔自由之地。许多人和他一起在得雷斯顿这一带定居了下来。

但此地只是我所承担的繁重使命的一处停留地。乔赛亚·亨森只是一长串无所畏惧的男女名单中的一个名字，这些人共同创建了这条“地下铁路”，一个由逃亡线路和可靠的人家组成的用以美国南方黑奴的秘密网络。在1820年至1860年期间，多达十万名黑奴经由此路走向自由。

2000年10月，克林顿总统批准拨款1600万美元建造全国“地下铁路”自由中心，以此纪念美国历史上第一次伟大的民权斗争。中心计划于2004年在辛辛那提市建成。真是该建立这样一个中心的时候了。因为地下铁路的英雄们依然默默无闻，他们的业绩依然少人颂扬。我要讲述他们的故事。

听到轻轻的敲门声，约翰·帕克神情紧张起来。他开门窥望，夜色中认出是一位可靠的邻居。“有一群逃亡奴隶躲在肯塔基州的树林里，就在离河二十英里的地方，”那人用急迫的口气低语道。帕克没一点儿迟疑。“我就去，”他说着，把两支手揣进口袋。

二十年前，即1．9世纪20年代，生来即为黑奴的帕克才八岁就被从母亲身边带走，被迫拖着镣铐从弗吉尼亚走到亚拉巴马，在那里的黑奴市场被买走。他打定主意有朝一日要过自由的生活，便设法学会了铸铁这门手艺。后来他终于靠这门手艺攒够钱赎回了自由。现在，帕克白天在俄亥俄州里普利港的一家铸铁厂干活。到了晚上，他就成了地下铁路的一位“乘务员”，帮助人们避开追捕逃亡黑奴的人。在他正前往的肯塔基州，当局悬赏一千美元抓他，活人死尸都要。

在那个阴冷的夜晚，帕克渡过俄亥俄河，找到了十个丧魂落魄的逃亡者。“拿好包裹跟我走，”他一边吩咐他们，一边带着这八男二女朝河边走去。就要到岸时，一个巡夜人发现了他们，急忙跑开去报告。

帕克看见一条小船，便大喝一声，把那些逃亡黑奴推上了船。大家都上了船，但有两个人容不下。小船徐徐驶向对岸，帕克眼睁睁地看着追捕者把他被迫留下的两个男人团团围住。

其他的人都上了岸，帕克急忙安排了一辆车把他们带到地下铁路的下一“站”——他们走向安全的加拿大之旅的第一程。约翰·帕克在有生之年一共带领四百多名黑奴走向安全之地。

黑人去当乘务员常常是由于本人痛苦的经历，而那些白人则往往是受了宗教信仰的感召。在北卡罗来纳州长大的贵格会教徒利瓦伊·科芬解释说：“《圣经》上只是要我们给饥者以食物，无衣者以衣衫，但没提到过肤色的事。”

在19世纪20年代，科芬向西迁移前往印第安纳州的新港(即今天的喷泉市)，在那里开了一家小店。人们传说，逃亡黑奴在科芬家总是能得到庇护。有时他一次庇护的逃亡者就多达十七人，他还备有一组人员和车辆把他们送往下一段行程。到后来有三条主要路线在科芬家汇合，科芬家成了地下铁路的车站。

科芬经常由于他做的工作受到被杀的威胁，收到焚毁他店铺和住宅的警告。几乎每一个乘务员都面临类似的危险——或者更为严重。在北方，治安官会对帮助逃亡的人课以罚金，或判以短期监禁。在南方各州，白人则被判处几个月甚至几年的监禁。一位勇敢的循道宗牧师卡尔文·费尔班克在肯塔基州被关押了十七年多，他记录了自己遭受毒打的情况：总共被鞭笞了35，105下。

至于那些黑奴，逃亡意味着数百英里的长途跋涉，意味着穿越自己极易被人辨认的陌生地域。没有路标，也几乎没有线路图，他们赶路全凭着口口相告的路线以及秘密记号——比如树上钉着的钉子——是乘务员用宋标示北上路线的记号。

许多黑奴在夜色掩护下赶路，有时脸上涂着厚厚的白粉。贵格会教徒经常让他们的“乘客”不分男女穿上灰衣服，戴上深沿帽，披着把头部完全遮盖住的面纱。有一次，利瓦伊·科芬运送的逃亡黑奴实在太多，他就把他们装扮成出殡队伍。

加拿大是许多逃亡者的首选终点站。那儿1833年就废除了奴隶制，加拿大当局鼓励逃亡奴隶在其广阔的未经开垦的土地上定居。其中就有乔赛亚·亨森。

还是孩子的亨森在马里兰州目睹着全家人被卖给不同的主人，看到母亲为了想把自己留在

她身边而遭受毒打。亨森利用命运给他的一切机会，干活勤勉，深受主人器重。

经济困顿最终迫使亨森的主人将他及其妻儿送到主人在肯塔基州的一个兄弟处。在那儿干了几年苦工之后，亨森听说了一个可怕的消息：新主人准备把他卖到遥远的南方腹地去农庄干活。这名奴隶将与自己的家人永远分离。

只有一条路可走：逃亡。“我会认北极星，”许多年后亨森写道。“就像圣地伯利恒的救星一样，它告诉我在哪里可以获救。”

亨森和妻子冒着极大的风险带着四个孩子上路了。两个星期之后，饥饿疲惫的一家人来到了辛辛那提市，在那儿，他们与地下铁路的成员取得了联系。“他们为我们提供了食宿，非常关心，接着又用车送了我们三十英里。”

亨森一家继续往北走，最后来到纽约州的布法罗。在那儿，一位友善的船长指着尼亚加拉河对岸。“‘看见那些树没有?’他说，‘它们生长在自由的土地上。”’他给了亨森一美元钱，安排了一条小船，小船载着这位黑奴及其家人过河来到加拿大。

“我扑倒在地，在沙土里打滚，手舞足蹈，最后，在场的那几个人都认定我是疯子。‘他是个疯子，’有个沃伦上校说。”

“‘不，不是的!知道吗?我自由了!’”

TEXT A

TEXT ORGANIZATION 1.

Part One Paras 1-5 It is high time to honor the heroes who helped liberate slaves by forging the

Underground Railroad in the early civil-rights struggles in America.

Part Two Paras 6-23 By citing examples the author praises the exploits of civil-rights heroes

who helped slaves travel the Underground Railroad to freedom.

Story 1 (Paras 6-10): After winning his own freedom from slavery, John Parker helped other

slaves to escape north to Canada to get freedom.

Story 2 (Paras 11-15): Supported by a strong religious conviction, the white man Levi Coffin

helped black slaves to escape at huge risk to himself.

Story 3 (Paras 16-23): By traveling the Underground Railroad, Josiah Henson reached his desti-nation and became free at last.

VOCABULARY I. 1.

1) decades 2) historic 3) imposed 4) religious 5) slender 6) web 7) bade 8) site

9) on the side 10) authorized

11) terminal 12) make the best of

1) went through 2) stood up for 3) laid down 4) take on 5) let (us) down 6) draw on 7) fall into 8) pass for 3.

1) The Europeans are fully confident that the Americans will not be able to justify their measures to protect the struggling American steel industry.

2) Clinton is, in the eyes of Joe Klein , staff writer of the New Yorker and author of The Natural, the most talented politician of his generation and the most compelling.

3) There’s not much you can do if people are really intent on destroying themselves with drug.

4) A different experience of the world could forge a completely different approach to life.

5) It is our conviction that cloning of human beings is bound to cause many ethical and social problems in the long run. 4.

1). As for, do not compel, capture of , have forged 2) At huge risk, the mission, shelter 3) who abolished, In the eyes of, racial

II. Words with Multiple Meaning

1. I’ll tell you in a minute how I have attained the genuine sense of belonging in America, but first let me hear about your French trip.

2. Most McDonald’s look almost the same on the outside, but actually there are about 16 different basic designs.

3. Loaning money from the banks is but one of the methods we can use to get through a financial crisis.

4. This second-hand car has been nothing but trouble: it’s always breaking down. 5. In your resume you’ve mentioned everything but one vital point.

6. Our technicians have discovered a simple but effective solution to the problem.

7. I am sorry, but I think you shouldn’t have lingered on over coffee and missed the last bus.

8. The bankruptcy of the company was not caused by evil, but by simple ignorance.

III. USAGE

1. lonely 2. friendly 3. weekly, monthly 4. lovely

5. cowardly 6. kindly/ saintly 7. lively 8. motherly

COMPREHENSIVE EXERCISES

CLOZE

1) forged 2) stand up 3) compelled 4) convictions 5) mission 6) abolish 7) intent on 8) risk 9) In the eyes of 10) threats 2.

1) assistance 2) involved 3) estimated 4) coincidence 5) emerged 6) referred 7) numerous 8) stationed 9) concern 10) capture II. TRANSLATION

1. Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis.

2. Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement.

3. According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials.

4. Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.

5. Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world. 2.

Shortly after he achieved freedom he became a member of an organization that assisted fugitive slaves. He secretly returned to the United States from Canada several times to help others to travel the Underground Railroad to freedom. Once some slave catchers closed in on the escaping slaves and Henson when they were on the run. He disguised them and successfully avoided capture. In addition, later he built a small settlement in Dresden in Canada for escaped slaves, setting up a chapel and a school where they could learn useful ways of making a living. He held to the conviction that slavery would be abolished, all the slaves would be liberated, and the day was bound to come when racial discrimination no longer existed.

TEXT B

COMPREHENSION CHECK 1. b c d b b a

TRANSLATION

1. 这一和平的不服从行为在蒙哥马利引发了，最终使少数民族权利在法律上发生了变化，开创了美国民权运动的新时代。

2. 后来她解释说，这儿似乎是她结束受人摆布，弄清如果有的话她究竟有何的地方。

3. 但是，蒙哥马利的黑人团体认为应该团结在她周围组织活动，她是适合担此重任的公民，因为她是该市最优秀的公民之一。 4. 他说：“只有极少人能说自己的行动和行为改变了国家的面貌。罗莎帕克斯就是那些人中的一个。”

LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1. d e f b g a h c 2.

1) trial 2) activist 3) equality 4) arrested

5) transportation 6) representatives 7) legal 8) boycotts

9) fame 10) representation

11) ushered in 12) lain in honor / in state

Unit 3 Security 安全问题

课文A

许多年前，在美国，家家户户白天黑夜不锁门是司空见惯的。在本文中，格林叹惜人们不再相互信任，不得不凭借精密的安全设备来保护自己和财产。

锁之国

鲍勃·格林

小时候在家里，我们的前门总是夜不落锁。我不知道这是当地的一种说法还是大家都这么说的；“不落锁”的意思是掩上门，但不锁住。我们谁都不带钥匙；晚上最后一个回家的人把门关上，这就行了。

那样的日子已经一去不复返了。在乡下，在城里，·门不再关着不锁上，哪怕是傍晚一段时间也不例外。

在许多方面，郊区和农村甚至比巡查严密的城市街道更易受到攻击。统计显示，那些据称是安宁的地区的犯罪率上升得比城镇更为显著。不管怎么说，前门虚掩不落锁的时代是一去不复返了。

取而代之的是防盗锁、防护链、电子报警系统，以及连接警署或私人保安公司的报警装置。郊区的许多人家在露台上安装了玻璃滑门，内侧有装得很讲究的钢条，这样就没人能把门撬开。

在最温馨的居家，也常常看得到窗上贴着小小的告示，称本宅由某家安全保卫机构或某个保安公司负责监管。

锁成了美国的新的象征。的确如此，一家大保险公司最近的一则公益广告没有用图表表明我们所处的危险有多大，而是用了一幅童车的图片，车身上悬着如今随处可见的挂锁。

广告指出，没错，确是保险公司理赔失窃物品，但谁来赔偿互不信任、担心害怕这种新氛围对我们的生活方式所造成的影响呢?谁来对美国从自由之国到锁之国这一蜕变作出精神赔偿呢?

因为那就是现状。我们已经变得如此习惯于保护自己不受美国生活新氛围的影响，如此习惯于设置障碍，以致无暇考虑这一切意味着什么。

出于某种原因，当我们觉得防范周密时才安心；我们没有想到问问自己：为什么会出现这种情况?为什么非得把自己与邻居和同住一城的居民隔绝开来，这一切究竟是从什么时候开始主宰我们生活的?

这一切确实主宰了我们的生活。如果你在一家大中型公司上班，你上下班很可能不好随意进出。你可能随身带着某种出入卡，电子的或别的什么的，因为这卡能让你进出工作场所。也许前台的保安认识你这张脸，平日一挥手让你进去，但事实明摆着，你所任职的公司深感面临威胁，因此要借助这些“钥匙”不让外人靠近。

这种现象并非向来有之。即使在十年前，大多数私营公司仍采取自由出入的做法。那时管理人员根本没想到过恰当的手段是不信任他人。

且看各地机场。过去家长常常带孩子去登机口看飞机起飞降落。这种事再也没有了。机场不再是一个有趣的学习场所；它们成了拥有最精密的安全检查系统的场所。

凭借着电子透视装置，我们似乎终于想出妙计让无法近身，无论是真的还是凭空臆想的。能解决这一问题真是如释重负，于是我们就不去多想这种状况对我们的生活质量意味着什么。如今我们走过这些电子搜查器时已经看都不看一眼了；这些装置，还有它们所代表的一切已经获胜。

我们的居住区处在强光源的照射之下；我们连哪怕像阴影这样小小的享受也不想给自己。

越来越多的商人正购置连接在电话机上、能剖析来电者声音的新机器。据说那种机器能让商人知道他的朋友或客户是否在撒谎，其出错概率很小。

所有这一切都是以“安全”的名义实施的：我们是这么跟自己说的。我们害怕，于是我们设法把害怕锁在外面，我们认定，那就是安全的意义。

其实不然；我们虽然有了这一切安全措施，但我们或许是人类文明史上最不安全的国民。还有什么更好的字眼能用来描述我们被迫选择的生活方式呢?还有什么更为可悲地表明我们在这个令人困惑的新时代所感受到的惶恐之情呢?

我们不信任何人。郊区的家庭主妇在家庭旅行用车钥匙链上挂着防强暴口哨，我们在自我防卫方面变得如此聪明，最终全都聪明反被聪明误。我们或许是把锁在了门外；但在这么做的同时我们把自己锁在里边了。

那也许是我们将来回顾这一时代时记得最牢的精神遗产：在对付我们中间无形的恐惧之

时，我们成了自己的囚徒。在我们这个问题重重的时代，所有的人都是囚徒。

Text A

Content Questions 1. No. 2. No.

3. It has been replaced by an era when people employ various secuirty devices at home.

4. Small notices announcing that the premises are under surveillance by this security force or that

guard company.

5. The insurance company tries to impress the public that it will ensure your safety by paying for

your losses.

6. An atmosphere of fear and distrust.

7. Because they feel threatened and want to keep outsides away. 8. No. They are by now the most sophisticated of security sites. 9. It is a way to hold the terrorists, real and imagined, at bay.

10. To tell whether their friend or client is telling lies.

11. All is done in the name of “security”. But according to the author, America, with all this

“security”, is perhaps the most insecure nation in the history of civilization. 12. We may have locked the evils out, but in so doing we have locked ourselves in.

Text Organization 1.

Parts Part One Paragraphs Paras 1-3 Main Ideas In America, the era of leaving the front door on the latch has drawn to a close. A new atmosphere of fear and distrust has crept into every aspect of daily life. As a result, security de vices, in varied forms, are put to use. By locking our fears out, we become prisoners of our own making. Part Two Paras 4-15 Part Three Paras 16-19 2.

1) Doors are not left unlocked either in cities or in rural areas.

2) Dead-bolt locks, security chains, electronic alarm systems and trip wires are widely in use. 3) Suburban families have steel bars built in sliding glass doors.

4) Small notices warning against burglary are commonly seen pasted on the windows of the most pleasant of homes.

5) Access cards are required of those who work with medium to large-size companies. 6) Airport security uses electronic X-ray equipment to guard against terrorism.

7) Businessmen employ new machines linked up to their telephone to help determine whether the caller is telling lies or not.

Suburban housewives wear rape whistles on their key chains.

Language Sense Enhancement

I. 1) electronic 2) hooked up to

3) suburban 4) built in 5) uncommon 6) announcing

7) 9)

survaillance 8) symbol featured 10) attached to

Language Focus

I. 1. 1) threathens

3) civilize 5) wandered

7) without so much as 9) hook up to 11) chart

2. 1) narrowed down

3) cut off

5) wear (the other) down 7) put up

Vocabulary 1.

2) by a small margin 4) closed up 6) paste 8) sideways 10) universal 12) Bathed in

2) looked back on 4) fit into 6) lies in 8) stand for

3. 1) A certain gene which is likely to make people vulnerable to asthma has been found by researchers at the Department of Clinical Medicine in Oxford. 2) A wardrobe with mirrored doors had to be built in so as to make their small bedroom look larger. 3) The NBC show's opening shots feature the space shuttle Challenger blowing up in January 1986—killing all seven crew. 4) When the teacher threatened to keep the pupils in after school they were quieted at once. 5) Energy difficulties are a major barrier to the country's economic growth due to the fact that imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange / because imported oil has absorbed 40% of its foreign exchange. 4. 1) Jacob looked back on his summer holidays spent on the Big Island of Hawaii with its beautiful landscape and tranquil atmosphere as a rare escape from the madness of urban life.

2) Learning in the information era is really convenient and efficient. With your computer hooked up to the internet, you can easily obtain the electronic resources relevant to your research. 3) Detectives, who believe more than one person is behind the constant attacks in the suburb, are using a sophisticated computer system to analyze specific behavior and situations. However, they are also aware that they shouldn’t rely too much on computer because it may make errors at times..

II. Collocation 1. away

2. inside/in

3. forward/through 5. off

7. back, down

III. Usage

4. back 6. home 8. in, out

1. Internet is not such an unusual word as it used to be. 2. Most men do not look unattractive in them. 3. Wealthy as she is, she is not unconcerned by her sudden unemployment. 4. This claim is not unrealistic in view of a sharp decrease in the city's violent crimes. 5. His poor health is not unrelated to his unhealthy way of life. Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze

1. Statistics 2. rural 3. era 4. stood for 5. on the latch 6. vulnerable 7. barriers 9. reflection

8. electronic 10.civilized

1. tougher 2. liable 3. shift 4. electric 5. cautious 7. thieves 9. chances

II. Translation 1.

1). The Internet is changing the way people live, no matter whether they are in urban or rural areas. 2). Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic

crisis than large ones. 3). With regard to our term papers, the professor asked us to analyze the chart of unemployment first,

and then provide critical reflections on the nation’s economic development. 4). It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin. 5). Looking back on my twenty years’ teaching in high school, I attributed my success to patience,

talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge. 2.

It is almost impossible to keep a determined burglar out. All you can do is discourage him for a few minutes, thus exposing him to police patrols or those wandering around. Common sense tells us that lighting is a barrier to criminal activity. A light should be fixed in the doorway and switched on at night. Make sure/assure yourself that you don’t leave the door on the latch if you happen to be the last to come in. If you decide to buy a sophiticated electronic alarm system, be sure to ask for

6. sophisticated 8. break 10. signs

its signs and put them up on both windows and doors. In addition you may have it hooked up to a police station.

Unit 4 Was Einstein a Space Alien?

外星人

课文A

这仅仅是一个错误，一个愚蠢的错误，那种人人都可能犯的错误。只是从今往后再也不会有太空客前来访问地球了。再也不会了。水乡

伊萨克·阿西莫夫

我们不会再有太空游客前来了。外星人将永远不会登陆地球——至少是再也不会了。

我这不是悲观。事实上，外星人登陆过地球。这个我知道。在宇宙的千百万颗星球当中穿梭往来的太空飞船可能有许多，可它们永远不会再来我们这儿了。这我也知道。而这一切都是由于一个荒唐的错误导致的。

且听我解释。

这实际上是巴特·卡默伦的错，所以你得对巴特·卡默伦这人有所了解。他是爱达荷州特温加尔奇的治安官，我是他的副手。巴特·卡默伦是个脾气暴躁的人，到了他不得不整理个人应缴多少所得税时更是容易光火。你想，他除了当治安官，还经营着一家杂货铺，并拥有一家牧羊场的股份，同时还享有残疾退伍军人(膝盖受过伤)津贴，以及其他某些类似的津贴。这样一来他的个人所得税计算起来自然就变得复杂。

要是他让税务人员帮他填表就不至于那么糟糕，可他非得要自己填，于是填得他牢骚满满腹。每年到了4月14日，他就变得难以接近。

那个飞碟在1956年4月14日这一天登陆真是大错特错。

我是看着它降落的。当时我的椅子背靠着治安官办公室的墙，我正望着窗外的星星，琢磨着是不是该下班去睡觉，还是继续听卡默伦骂个不停，他正在第127次核对他在税单上填写的一栏栏数字。

一开始像是颗流星，可接着那道光越变越宽，成了两股像是火箭喷出气流之类的东西，而那玩艺儿一点没出声就着落了。

两个人走了出来。

我说不出话，也做不了事。喘不了气，也没法用手示意，甚至眼睛都没法瞪大。我就那么呆坐着。

卡默伦?他压根儿就没抬起过头。

有敲门声。门开了，飞碟上的那两个人走了进来。要不是我看着飞碟降落，我还会以为他们就是镇上的人。两人身着灰套装、白衬衣，戴着深红棕色的领带。他们穿着黑皮鞋，戴着黑帽子，肤色黑黑的，卷曲的头发黑黑的，眼睛呈棕色。两人神情严肃，身高都在5英尺10英寸左右，看上去非常相像。

天哪，我害怕极了。

可卡默伦只是在门开的那会儿略一抬头，皱了皱眉头。“有什么事吗，伙计?”他边说边用手拍着税单，显然正忙着呢。

那两人中的一个走上前说道：“我们对你的人已经观察很久了。”他说话时小心翼翼、一字一顿的。

卡默伦说：“我的人?我只有老婆一个人。她干什么来着?”

穿西装的那人说：“我们选择此地作为第一接触点，因为这里偏僻安静。我们知道您是这里的首领。”

“如果你指的是治安官，本人就是，有什么话就直说，你们遇到什么麻烦了?”

“我们非常谨慎，沿用了你们的衣着式样，甚至采用了你们的外貌。我们还学习了你们的语言。”

你可以看到卡默伦脸上开始现出领悟的神情。他说：“你俩是外国人?”卡默伦不怎么喜欢外国人，退伍后就没怎么见过外国人，不过总的来说他尽力做到为人公正。．

飞碟来人说：“外国人?正是如此。我们来自你们称之为金星的水乡。”

卡默伦连眼也没眨一下便说：“好吧。这里是美国。我们这儿不论种族、肤色、国籍，一律平等。我为你们效劳。你们有何贵干?”

“我们希望您马上与贵国，即你们所说的美国的要人联系，前来此地商讨加入我们伟大组织的事宜。”

卡默伦的脸色渐渐涨红。“我们加入稀仍啪组织。我们已经是联合国的成员了，天知道还有别的什么。我想是让我把总统找来，呃?就现在?前来特温加尔奇?发一封急件?”他看了看我，似乎想在我脸上看到一丝笑意，可此刻若有人从我身后把椅子抽开，我也不会摔倒在地。

飞碟来人说：“事不宜迟。”

“你们想不想要国会也来?还有最高?”

“要是有用的话，治安官。”

这下卡默伦真的气坏了。他把税单向桌上重重地一摔，叫道：“好啁，你们跟我添乱，我可没时间跟你们这些自作聪明的人纠缠，尤其是外国人。要是你们不马上从这里滚出去，我就以扰乱治安罪把你们关起来，永远不放你们出来。”

“您是要我们离开?”金星人问。

“马上滚!滚出去，滚回你们老家去，别再回来。我不想见到你们，这儿谁都不想见到你们。”

那两人对望了一眼。

一直作为发言人的那人于是说：“看得出您确实极其不愿受到打搅。我们从不愿将我们自己或我们组织的意见强加于无意接受者。我们尊重您的个人自由，马上离开。我们将不再返回。我们会在你们地球周围发布警告，不再会有人前来。”

卡默伦说：“先生，够了，别再胡说八道了，我数到3——”

那两人转身离去，我当然知道他们说的句句是实话。你知道，我一直在听他们讲话，卡默伦可没有，他一心只想着他的税单，而且我似乎知道了他们脑子里在想什么，你明白我的意思吗?我知道地球周围会竖起一道屏障，使他人无法进入。

他们走了之后，我才能又开口说话——已经太迟了。我高声叫起来：“天哪，卡默伦，他们是从太空来的。你为什么要赶他们走?”

“从太空来的!”他两眼瞪着我。

我大喝一声：“你看!”我到现在都不明白是怎么一回事，他比我重了25英磅，可我竟然扯着他的衣领把他拽到了窗前。

他震惊之下都没有反抗，等他回过神来似乎想要把我击倒时，正好看见窗外的情景，顿时气都喘不出来了。

他们正在进入飞碟，就是那两人，飞碟就在那儿，知道吗，大大的，圆圆的，亮晶晶的，挺有气势的。接着飞碟起飞了。它轻轻巧巧地上升，像根羽毛似的，一侧发出一道桔红色的光芒，那光越来越强烈，飞碟变得越来越小，最后重新变成一颗流星渐渐消失。

我说：“治安官，你为什么要赶他们走?他们要见总统。这下他们再也不会回来了。”

卡默伦诜“我当他们是外国人。他们说的，要学我们的语言。而且他们说的话莫名其妙。”

“哼，得了，还外国人呢。”

“他们说自己是外国人，两人看上去像是意大利人。我以为他们是意大利人。”

“他们怎么会是意大利人呢?他们说他们是从金星来的。我听见的?他们是这么说的。”

“金星。”他的眼睛瞪得越发圆了。

“他们是这么说的。他们把它叫做水乡什么的。要知道，金星上多的是水。”

所以你瞧，这仅仅是个错误，一个愚蠢的错误，那种人人都可能犯的错误。只是从今往后地球上再也不会有任何金星人来访了。卡默伦这个笨蛋，还有他那该死的税单!

只听他嘀咕道：“金星!他们说水乡的时候，我还以为他们指的是威尼斯呢!

第五单元

如何欢庆节日

课文A

亚历克斯·黑利二战时在海岸警卫队服役。出海在外，时逢一个倍感孤寂的日子——感恩节——他开始认真思考这一节日的意义，对许多美国人而言，这个节日已成为大吃大喝、没完没了地看橄榄球比赛的日子。黑利决定写三封不同寻常的信，以此来纪念感恩节的真正意义。

写三封感谢信

亚历山大·黑利

那是在二战期间的1943年，我是个年轻的美国海岸警卫队队员。我们的船，美舰军市一号已出海多日。多数船舱装着成千上万箱罐装或风干的食品。其余的船舱装着不少五百磅重的，都小心翼翼地放在有软垫的架子上。我们的目的地是南太平洋图拉吉岛上一个规模很大的基地。

我是军市一号上的一个厨师，跟岸上的人‘样，那个感恩节的上午，我们忙着在准备一道以烤火鸡为主的传统菜肴。

当厨师的都知道，要烹制一顿大餐，摆上桌，再刷洗、收拾干净，是件辛苦的事。不过，

等到太阳快下山时，我们总算全都收拾停当了。

我想先去后甲板透透气。我信步走去，一边深深呼吸着空气，一边慢慢地踱着步，头上仍戴着那顶白色的厨师帽。

我开始思索起感恩节这个节日来，想着清教徒前辈移民、印第安人、·野火鸡、南瓜、玉米棒等等。

可我脑子里似乎还在搜索着别的什么一某种我能够赋予这一节日以个人意义的方式。大概过了半个小时左右我才意识到，问题的关键也许在于把Thanksgiving这个词前后颠倒一下——那样广来至少文字好懂了：Giving thanks。

表达谢意——就如在祈祷时感谢上帝那样，我暗想。对啊，是这样，当然是这样。

可我脑子里仍一直盘桓着这事。

过了片刻，如同晨曦初现，一个更清晰的念头终于涌现脑际——要感谢他人，那些赐我多恩惠，我根本无以回报的人们。令我深感不安的实际情形是，我向来对他们所做的一之泰然，认为是理所应当。我一次也没想过要对他们中的任何一位真心诚意地说一句简单的谢谢。

至少有七个人对我有过不同寻常、影响深远的帮助。令人万分难受的是，我意识到，他们中有一半已经谢世了——因此他们永远也无法接受我的谢意了。我越想越感至懂愧。最后我想到了仍然健在的三位，几分钟后，我就回到了自己的舱房。

我坐在摊着信纸的桌旁，回想着佃门各自为我所做的一切，试图用真挚的文字表达我对他们的由衷的感激之情：父亲西蒙·A·黑利，阿肯色州派恩布拉大那所古老韵农业机械师范学院的教授；住在田纳西州小镇亨宁老家的外祖母辛西娅·帕尔默；以及我的初中校长，退休后住在亨宁以北6英里处的里普利的洛纽尔·纳尔逊牧师；

我的信是这样开头的广出海在外度过的这个感恩节，令我回想起您为我做了那么多事，但我却从来没有对您说过自己多么想感谢您——”我简短回忆了他们每位为我所做的具体事例。

例如，我父亲的最不同寻常之处在于，从我童年时代起，他就让我深深意识到要热爱书籍、热爱阅读。事实上，这一爱好渐渐变成一种家庭习惯，晚饭后大家围在餐桌旁互相考查近日所读的书以及新学的单词。我对书籍的热爱从未减弱，日后还引导我自己撰文著书。多少次，当我看到如今的孩子们如此沉迷于电子媒体时，我不由深感悲哀，他们很少，或者根本不了解书中所能发现的神奇世界。

我跟纳尔逊牧师提及他如何每天清晨和集合在一起的学生做祷告，以此开始小镇初中的一天。我告诉他，我后来所做的任何有意义的事，都至少部分地是受了他那些学校晨祷的影响。

在给外祖母的信中，我谈到了她用了种种方式教我讲真话，教我与人分享，教我宽恕、

体谅他人。我感谢她多年来让我吃她烧的美味菜肴，离开她后我从来没吃过那么可口的菜肴。最后，我感谢她，因为她在我的生命中撒下美妙的遐想。

睡觉前，我这三封信都送进了船上的邮袋。我们抵达图拉吉岛后都寄了出去。

我们卸了货，又装了其它物品，随后我们按熟悉的常规，再次出海。一天又一天，一星期又一星期，我个人的经历渐渐淡忘。我们在海上航行时，有时会与邮船会合，邮船会带给我们家信，当然，这是我们视为最紧要的事情。

每当船上的喇叭响起广大伙听好!邮件点名!”200名左右的水手就会冲上甲板，围聚在那两个站在宝贵的鼓鼓囊囊的灰色邮袋旁的水手周围。两人轮流取出一把把信件，大声念出收信水手的名字；叫到的人一边从人群中挤出来，一边应道广来了，来了!”

一次“邮件点名”带给了我外祖母、爸爸以及纳尔逊牧师的回信——我读了信，既震惊又深感卑微。

他们没有说他们原谅我以前不曾感谢他们，相反，他们却向我致谢，天哪；就因为我记得他们做的事，并认为他们做了不同寻常的事。

身为大学教授的爸爸向来特别留意不使用任何过于感情化的文字，因此，当他信中写道，在教了许许多多的年轻人之后，他现在认为自己最优秀的学生当中也包括自己的儿子时，我知道他是多么地感动。

纳尔逊牧师写道，他那平凡的老派校长的岁月随着学校里发生的如此迅猛的变化而告结束，他也怀着自我怀疑的心态退了休。“说我做得不对的远远多于说我做得对的，”他写道，接着又说我的信给他带来了令人振奋的信心：自己的校长生涯还是有其价值的。

一看到外祖母那熟悉的笔迹，我顿时回想起往日站在她的白色摇椅旁看她给亲戚写信的情景。外祖母一个字母一个字母地慢慢拼出一个词，接着再写下一个词，因此写满一页要花上几个小时。外祖母最近花费不少工夫对我表达了充满慈爱的谢意，读着老人家的信我禁不住流泪——从前是她给我换尿布的呀!

许多年后，我从海岸警卫队退役，试着靠写作为生，我一直不曾忘记那三封“感谢”信是如何使我认识到，大凡人都暗自期望着有更多的人对自己的努力表达谢意。

现在，感恩节又将来临，我自问，对此文的读者，对我们的祖国，事实上也是对全世界，我有什么祝愿，因为，用一位善良而且又有智慧的朋友的话来说，“我们究其实都是十分相像的凡人，有着相似的需求。”当然，我首先祝愿大家记住这一简单的常识：实现世界和平，这对我们自身的存亡至关重要。

此外我还有别的祝愿——这一祝愿是如此强烈，我将这句话印在我所有的信笺底部现并褒扬各种美好的事物。”

Text A

Content Questions （P.99）

13. He worked as a “Technical Expert, Third Class”. He needed the job to support his

young family.

14. He published five of the most important papers in the history of science. This is

because they proved that atoms and molecules existed, laid the foundation for quantum mechanics, describe the theory of special relativity, and advanced the famous equation: E=mc2

15. He developed the Theory of Universal Gravitation then. 16. Because his ideas were far ahead of other scientists of his time.

17. He meant that like other scientists Einstein was a man of his time. If he hadn’t

been born, his 1905 papers would eventually have been written in some form by others.

18. What was remarkable about 1905 is that year a single person authored five of the

most improtant papers in science. Einstein proposed in 1905 that light is particulate and for this he won the Nobel Prize in 1921.

19. Because if you did so you would find yourself disagreeing with phisicist James

Clerk Maxwell, an Authority Figure who had proved that light was an electomagnetic wave.

20. He was not at all concerned about authority. He hated being told what was true. 21. Science was dinner-table conversation in the Einstein household when he was

young. His interest in science came naturally.

22. He credited his discoveries to imagination and endless questioning more so that

otthodox intelligence.

23. He struggled to produce a unified field theory, combinging gravity with other

forces of nature, but he failed.

24. He found Einstein’s brain looked much like any other.

Text Organization （P.100） 1. (P.100) Parts Part One Part Two Paragraphs Paras. 1-3 Paras. 4-12 Main Ideas A young husband and father, Albert Einstein had to work hard to support his family. Einstein made astonishing achievements in physics and thus revolutionized the field. Part Three Paras. 13-21 Einstein’s discoveries were attributable to his imagination, questioning, disregard for authority, powers of concentration, and interest in science. Part Four 2. (P.100) 1). He felt all the pressure and responsibility of any young husband and father. 2). Galison: If Einstein hadn’t been born, his 1905 papers would have been written in some form by others.

3). Other physicists like Max Planck, more senior and experienced than Einstein, were closing in on the answer, but he got there first.

4). Einstein himself credited his discoveries to imagination and questioning more so than orthodox intelligence.

5). He failed in producing a unified field theory. 6). His brain looked much like any other.

Paras. 22-23 Einstein was not space alien. Language Sense Enhancement (P.101)

I. 1) concentration 2) lie down

3) balance 4) engross himself in

5) stimulated 6) more so 7) curious 8) assessment 9) credited 10) intelligence

Language Focus (P.103)

Vocabulary 1. (P. 104)

1) accordingly 2) loose

3) concentration 4) stimulating 5) fabric 6) if anything 7) reality 8) intuition

9) trifle 10) at the turn of the century 11) mess 12) undermine

2. (P. 105)

1) approve of

2) slow down

3) take in 4) sucked into 5) set … apart 6) dozed off 7) call forth 8) stretch into 9) keep up with 10) believe

3. (P. 105—106)

1) The beautiful Malvern Hills have provided inspiration for many artistis and musicians over the decades. 2) Much of his success is credited to his power of imagination. 3) The industrial revolution was firmly built on the foundations of an agricultural revolution. 4) Alexander was determined not to make any complaints in the presence of the nurse. 5) September 1939 saw the outbreak of the Second World War.

4. (P. 106)

1) At school Einstein thought about questions which his teachers did not ask. They considered his constant doubting and questioning as a character flaw, so much so that they came to the conclusion that he would get nowhere in life. 2) For the third night in a row, I was awakened by the shrieking of car alarms at midnight. Without a decent night’s sleep, I dozed off while I was at work in the daytime. Consequently I made a mess of my job. 3) Economists are examing two reports capturing the bleak economic picture. One shows that the outbreak of the world financial crisis has undermined consumer confidence, which is now down in its lowest levels since 1992. The other shows that unemployment rate has risen by 10%, which has strained many families’ finances.

■

II. Collocation (P. 106-105)

1. With Christmas only a week away

2. With his physical condition improving day by day 3. With our GDP growing steadily 4. With all the shops closed 5. with her eyes closed

6. With the fog lifting during the night ■ III. Usage (P. 107-108) 1. like/as 2. as 3. like 4. like/as 5. as/ like 6. as 7. like 8. as Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze (P. 108-109)

(A) 1. caution 3. never get anywhere 5. not give/care a fig 7. beyond any doubt 9. remarkable/ impressive (B) 1. extent 3. bet 5. vision 7. achievement 9. utilized II. Translation (P. 109-110) 2. came to the conclusion 4. undermining 6. flaw 8. foundation 10. imagination 2. inventions 4. manages 6. eventually 8. poverty 10. Breakthrough 1. (P. 109)

1. The volunteers sent by the Red Cross disinfected , with great caution, the drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague

2. Einstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed.

3. Professor Wang received / won the Presidential Award fro his excellence in stimulating students’ creative imagination.

4. As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn’t approve of the economic stimulus package.

5. Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and meet the challenge by himself. 2. (P. 110)

What was remarkable about 2005 was perhaps that the United Nations declared it “The World Year of Physics”. It was the 100th anniversary of Einstein’s theory of relativity and the 50th anniversary of his death. In 1905 Einstein published five highly important essays in the history of science, thus revolutionizing physics. His great achievement can be credited to his impressive powers of imagination, constant questioning, and not giving a fig for authority. It is beyond doubt that Einstein was the greatest scientist in the 20th century.

Unit 5 Giving Thanks 如何欢庆节日

课文A

亚历克斯·黑利二战时在海岸警卫队服役。出海在外，时逢一个倍感孤寂的日子——感

恩节——他开始认真思考这一节日的意义，对许多美国人而言，这个节日已成为大吃大喝、没完没了地看橄榄球比赛的日子。黑利决定写三封不同寻常的信，以此来纪念感恩节的真正意义。

写三封感谢信

亚历山大·黑利

我是军市一号上的一个厨师，跟岸上的人‘样，那个感恩节的上午，我们忙着在准备一道以烤火鸡为主的传统菜肴。

当厨师的都知道，要烹制一顿大餐，摆上桌，再刷洗、收拾干净，是件辛苦的事。不过，等到太阳快下山时，我们总算全都收拾停当了。

我想先去后甲板透透气。我信步走去，一边深深呼吸着空气，一边慢慢地踱着步，头上仍戴着那顶白色的厨师帽。

我开始思索起感恩节这个节日来，想着清教徒前辈移民、印第安人、·野火鸡、南瓜、玉米棒等等。

表达谢意——就如在祈祷时感谢上帝那样，我暗想。对啊，是这样，当然是这样。

可我脑子里仍一直盘桓着这事。

我坐在摊着信纸的桌旁，回想着佃门各自为我所做的一切，试图用真挚的文字表达我对他们的由衷的感激之情：父亲西蒙·A·黑利，阿肯色州派恩布拉大那所古老韵农业机械师范学院的教授；住在田纳西州小镇亨宁老家的外祖母辛西娅·帕尔默；以及我的初中校长，退

休后住在亨宁以北6英里处的里普利的洛纽尔·纳尔逊牧师；

在给外祖母的信中，我谈到了她用了种种方式教我讲真话，教我与人分享，教我宽恕、体谅他人。我感谢她多年来让我吃她烧的美味菜肴，离开她后我从来没吃过那么可口的菜肴。最后，我感谢她，因为她在我的生命中撒下美妙的遐想。

睡觉前，我这三封信都送进了船上的邮袋。我们抵达图拉吉岛后都寄了出去。

一次“邮件点名”带给了我外祖母、爸爸以及纳尔逊牧师的回信——我读了信，既震惊又深感卑微。

他们没有说他们原谅我以前不曾感谢他们，相反，他们却向我致谢，天哪；就因为我记得他们做的事，并认为他们做了不同寻常的事。

此外我还有别的祝愿——这一祝愿是如此强烈，我将这句话印在我所有的信笺底部现并褒扬各种美好的事物。”

Text A

Content Questions

25. He wrote them on a ship on the way to the island of Tulagi in the South Pacific on

Thanksgiving Day, 1943.

26. Preparing a traditional Thanksgiving dinner featuring roast turkey made the writer extremely

busy.

27. The writer was thinking about Thanksgiving.

28. He decided to write letters to show gratitude to those who had helped him in his life.

29. He had always accepted what they had done for him, but never expressed to any of them a

simple “Thank you.”

30. He decided to write to his father, his grandmother, and the Rev. Lonual Nelson, his grammar

school principal.

31. His father had impressed upon him from boyhood a love of books and reading.

32. He remembered that each morning Nelson would open the school with a prayer over his

assembled students.

33. He recalled how his grandmother had taught him to tell the truth, to share, and to be forgiving

and considerate of others. And he thanked her for her delicious food and for all the wonderful things she had done for him.

34. His reading of their letters left him not only astonished but also more humbled than before,

because they all thanked him rather than saying they would forgive him for not having previously thanked them.

35. The writer learned that one should learn to express appreciation for others’ efforts.

36. The writer wished for all people the common sense to achieve world peace, and find the good

and praise it.

Text Organization

1. Parts Part One Paragraphs Paras. 1-9 Main Ideas On Thanksgiving Day 1943, as a young coastguardsman at sea, the writer came up with the idea of expressing his gratitude to people who had helped him before. The writer wrote three thank-you letters to his father, the Rev. Nelson and his grandmother. The writer got three letters in reply. The writer wishes everyone to find the good and praise it. Part Two Part Three Part Four 2-

Paras. 10-16 Paras.17-23 Paras. 24-26 Correspondents Father Letters Sent Letters Received Thanks him for teaching the Tells the writer how he, as a teacher writer from boyhood to love and a father as well, felt content with his own son. books and reading. Thanks him for his morning school prayers. Tells the writer about his retirement coupled with self-doubt, and the re-assurance brought to him by the writer's letter. The Rev. Nelson Grandmother Thanks her for teaching the Expresses her loving gratefulness writer how to tell the truth, to to her grandson. share and to be forgiving, and for her good cooking and her sprinkling the writer's life with stardust.

Language Sense Enhancement

I. 1) decades 2) undergoing

3) had done wrong 4) welcome reassurance

5) appreciated 6) brought back 7) relatives 8) accomplish 9) consume 10) representing

Language Focus

Vocabulary 1. 1) sprinkled

3) reversed 5) at sea 7) statement 9) in secret 11) weep

2) in turn 4) repay 6) traditional 8) longed for 10) unloaded 12) under way

2. 1) stretch out 2) make out

3) hope for 4) turns (it) over 5) put away 6) brings back 7) got to 8) go about

3. 1) As supplies of traditional fuels diminish, people are working to increase the use of solar

energy. 2) We accord high priority to meeting the challenges of economic and environmental development in the region.

3) While it is true that children of today are exposed to more information than were children of the past, it does not follow that they automatically become more sophisticated.

4) Since she borrowed those books from the library she has been immersed in British history and culture.

5) Everything changed in a flash on June 1, 2000 when he lost both legs in a serious traffic accident.

4. 1) I'd like to express my sincere thanks to everyone who has been so considerate of my well-

being. My heart is filled with gratitude that words cannot express.

2) After everyone assembled on the playground amid the noise and excitement of the spectators, our coach again impressed on us the need to do our best in quest of excellence.

3) Everything I saw in my hometown was marvelous. I could hardly believe that it had undergone such swift changes through cultivating fruits, vegetables, flowers and the rest in the past few years. II. Collocation

1, fond of

3. thoughtful of 5. conscious of 7. guilty of

2. sick of

4. confident of 6. critical of 8.ashamed of

III. Usage 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Comprehensive Exercises I. Cloze

To know what people really think, pay regard to what they do, rather than what they say. It is cooperation, rather than conflict, that will enable you to achieve your success. Ann made students think for themselves rather than telling them what to think. I think I'll stay at home this evening rather than go / going out.

Most people are content to let perfect days happen at random rather than plan / planning for them.

(A)

1) at sea 2) Turning over 3) reverse 4) got to 5) repay 6) gratitude 7) assembled 8) immersed in

9) unloading 10) swift (B)

1) Instead 2) possessions 3) richer 4) breath 5) cherish 6) special 7) specific 8) shining 9) miracles 10) gift

II. Translation

6). Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice. 7). I can quote you several instances of her dedication to science.

8). The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China. 9). Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair.

10). Peter has worked in a law firm for many years. You can consider having him as your lawyer to

act on your behalf when you need legal help.

2. Amid the atmosphere of Thanksgiving George was immersed in the diary left to him by his father, who died at sea after he completed two successive trips around the world. The diary brought back every moment George had spent with his father and many of the specific things his father did on his behalf. George's father used to impress on him the need to undergo all kinds of hardship in quest of excellence. He also taught him that nothing in the world could be taken for granted. Even today, George still remembers how his father would quote Aesop's famous saying \"Gratitude is the sign of noble souls\" and tell him to accord the greatest importance to it. Unit 6 The Human Touch

课文A

约翰西病情严重，她似乎失去了活下去的意志。医生对她不抱什：么希望。朋友们看来也爱莫能助。难道真的就无可奈何了吗？

最后一片叶子欧·亨利

在一幢三层砖楼的顶层，苏和约翰西辟了个画室。“约翰西”是乔安娜的昵称。她们一位来自缅因州+一位来自加利福尼亚。两人相遇在第街的一个咖啡馆，发现各自在艺术品味、菊苣色拉，以及灯笼袖等方面趣味相投，于是就有了这个两入画室。

那是5月里的事。到了11月，一个医生称之为肺炎的阴森的客闯入了这—它冰冷的手指东碰西触。约翰西也为其所害。她病倒了，躺在床上几乎一动不动，小窗望着隔壁砖房那单调沉闷的侧墙。

一天上午，忙碌的医生扬了扬灰白的浓眉，示意苏到过道上来。

“她只有一成希望，”他说。“那还得看她自己是不是想活下去。你这位女朋友已经下决心不想好了。她有什么心事吗?”

“她——她想有一天能去画那不勒斯湾，”苏说。

“画画?——得了。她有没有别的事值得她留恋的——比如说，一个男人?”

“男人?”苏说。“难道一个男人就值得——可是，她没有啊，大夫，没有这码子事。”

“好吧，”大夫说。“我会尽一切努力，只要是科学能做到的。可是，但凡病人开始计算她出殡的行列里有几辆马车的时候，我就要把医药的疗效减去一半。”大夫走后，苏去工作

室哭了一场。随后她携着画板大步走进约翰西的房间，口里吹着轻快的口哨。

约翰西躺在被子下几乎一动不动，脸朝着窗。她望着窗外，数着数——倒数着数!

“12，”她数道，过了一会儿“11”，接着数“10'’和“9”；再数“8”和“7”，几乎同时数下来。

苏朝窗外望去。外面有什么好数的呢?外面只看到一个空荡荡的沉闷的院子，还有20英尺开外那砖房的侧墙，上面什么也没有。一棵古老的常青藤爬到半墙高。萧瑟秋风吹落了枝叶，藤上几乎光秃秃的。

“6，”约翰西数着，声音几乎听不出来。“现在叶子掉落得快多了。三天前差不多还有100片。数得我头都疼。可现在容易了。又掉了一片。这下子只剩5片了。”

“5片什么，亲爱的?”

“叶子。常青藤上的叶子。等最后一片叶子掉了，我也就得走了。三天前我就知道会这样。大夫没跟你说吗?”

“噢，我从没听说过这种胡说八道。常青藤叶子跟你病好不好有什么关系?别这么傻。对了，大夫上午跟我说，你的病十有就快好了。快喝些汤，让苏迪给她生病的孩子去买些波尔图葡萄酒来。”

“你不用再去买酒了，”约翰西说道，两眼一直盯着窗外。“又掉了一片。不，我不想喝汤。这一下只剩下4片了。我要在天黑前看到最后一片叶子掉落。那时我也就跟着走了。我都等腻了。也想腻了。我只想撇开一切，飘然而去，；就像那边千片可怜的疲倦的叶子

“快睡吧，”苏说。“我得叫贝尔曼上楼来给我当老矿工模特儿。我去去就来。”

老贝尔曼是住在两人楼下底层的一个画家。他已年过六旬，银白色蜷曲的长髯披挂胸前。贝尔曼看上去挺像艺术家，但在艺术上却没有什么成就。40年来他一直想创作一幅传世之作，却始终没能动手。他给那些请不起职业模特的青年画家当模特挣点小钱。他没节制地喝酒，谈论着他那即将问世的不朽之作。要说其他方面，他是个好斗的小老头，要是谁表现出一点软弱，他便大肆嘲笑，并把自己看成是楼上画室里两位年轻艺术家的看护人。

苏在楼下光线暗淡的画室里找到了贝尔曼，他满身酒味刺鼻。屋子一角的画架上支着一张从未落过笔的画布，在那儿搁了25年，等着一幅杰作的起笔。苏把约翰西的怪念头跟他说了，并说约翰西本身就像一片叶子又瘦又弱，她害怕要是她那本已脆弱的生存意志再软下去的话，真的会凋零飘落。

老贝尔曼双眼通红，显然是泪涟涟的，他大声叫嚷着说他蔑视这种傻念头。

“什么!”他嚷道。“世界上竟然有这么愚蠢的人，因为树叶从藤上掉落就要去死?我听都没听说过这等事：。你怎么让这种傻念头钻到她那个怪脑袋里?天哪!这不是一个像约翰西小姐这样的好姑娘躺倒生病的地方。有朝一日我要画一幅巨作，那时候我们就离开这里。真的。”

两人上了楼，约翰西已经睡着了。苏放下窗帘，示意贝尔曼去另一个房间。在那儿两人惶惶不安地凝视着窗外的常青藤。接着两人面面相觑，哑然无语。外面冷雨夹雪，淅淅沥沥。贝尔曼穿着破旧的蓝色衬衣，坐在充当矿石的倒置的水壶上，摆出矿工的架势。

第二天早上，只睡了一个小时的苏醒来看到约翰西睁大着无神的双眼，凝望着拉下的绿色窗帘。

“把窗帘拉起来；我要看，”她低声命令道。

苏带着疲倦，遵命拉起窗帘。

可是，瞧!经过一整夜的急风骤雨，竟然还存留一片常青藤叶，背靠砖墙，格外显目。这是常青藤上的最后一片叶子。近梗部位仍呈暗绿色，但边缘已经泛黄了，它无所畏惧地挂在离地20多英尺高的枝干上。

“这是最后一片叶子，”约翰西说。“我以为夜里它肯定会掉落的。我晚上听到大风呼啸。今天它会掉落的，叶子掉的时候，也是我死的时候。”

白天慢慢过去了，即便在暮色黄昏之中，他们仍能看到那片孤零零的常青藤叶子，背靠砖墙，紧紧抱住梗茎。尔后，随着夜幕的降临，又是北风大作。

等天色亮起，冷酷无情的约翰西命令将窗帘拉起。

常青藤叶依然挺在。

约翰西躺在那儿，望着它许久许久。接着她大声呼唤正在煤气灶上搅拌鸡汤的苏。

“我一直像个不乖的孩子，苏迪，”约翰西说。“有一种力量让那最后一片叶子不掉落，好让我看到自己有多坏。·想死是一种罪过。你给我喝点汤吧，再来点牛奶，稍放一点波尔图葡萄酒——不，先给我拿面小镜子宋，弄几个枕头垫在我身边，我要坐起来看你做菜。

一个小时之后，·她说：

下午大夫来了，他走时苏找了个借口跟进了过道。

“现在是势均力敌，”大夫说着，握了握苏纤细颤抖的手。

“只要精心照料，你就赢了。现在我得去楼下看另外一个病人了。贝尔曼，是他的名字——记得是个什么画家。也是肺炎。他年老体弱，病来势又猛。他是没救了。不过今天他去了医院，照料得会好一点。” ．

第二天，大夫对苏说：“她脱离危险了。你赢了。注意饮食，好好照顾，就行了。”

当日下午，苏来到约翰西的床头，用一只手臂搂住她。

“我跟你说件事，小白鼠，”她说。“贝尔曼先生今天在医院里得肺炎去世了。他得病才两天。发病那天上午人家在楼下他的房间里发现他疼得厉害。他的鞋子衣服都湿透了，冰冷冰冷的。他们想不出那么糟糕的天气他夜里会去哪儿。后来他们发现了一个灯笼，还亮着，还有一个梯子被拖了出来，另外还有些散落的画笔，一个调色板，和着黄绿两种颜色，——看看窗外，宝贝儿，看看墙上那最后一片常青藤叶子。它在刮风的时候一动也不动，你没有觉得奇怪吗?啊；亲爱的，那是贝尔曼的杰作——最后一片叶子掉落的那天夜里他画上了这片叶子。”

Text A

Content Questions（P.172）

37. They found their tastes in art, chicory salad and bishop sleeves so much in tune

that they set up a joint studio.

38. Johnsy would be able to recover from pneumonia if she wanted to live. 39. She wanted to paint the Bay of Naples some day.

40. She could see a bare yard, and an old ivy vine climbing half way up the brick

wall.

41. Because she thought that she would die when the last leaf fell.

42. No. Because in the text the author mentions that Behrman was a failure in art. For

forty years he had been always about to paint a masterpiece, without ever actually starting one.

43. He was upset that Johnsy should have such a silly idea.

44. Because they were afraid that Johnsy would die if the leaves on it were all gone. 45. She saw the last leaf on the vine.

46. It rekindled her will to live. And she realized that it was a sin to want to die.

47. He caught pneumonia because he painted the last leaf on a rainy and cold night in

the yard and was wet through.

48. Yes, he finished his masterpiece eventually. It was his fine painting of the last leaf,

the painting that saved Johnsy.

Text Organization (P.173)

1. (P.173)

1). She made up her mind to die when the last leaf fell. 2). She decided not to give up her life.

3). Behrman, a kind neighbor, who was aware of Johnsy's state of mind, risked death to

paint the last leaf and save her.

4). Because it was so perfect the girls both mistook it for the real thing. 2. (P.173) Scenes Paragraphs Characters Events 1 2 3 4 5 Paras 1-2 Paras 3-8 Paras 9-17 Paras 18-2.1 Paras 22-33 Sue, Johnsy the doctor, Sue Johnsy, Sue Behrman, Sue Sue, Johnsy Sue's roommate Johnsy caught pneumonia. The doctor told Sue that Johnsy needed a strong will to live on. Johnsy decided that she would die when the 1 last ivy leaf fell. Sue told Behrman about Johnsy's fancy. As Johnsy was encouraged by the last leaf that wouldn't give in to the weather, her will to live returned. The doctor told Sue that Johnsy would re-cover, but Behrman caught pneumonia him-self and his case was hopeless. Sue told Johnsy that Behrman had performed a kind deed without any thought of self. 6 Paras 34-37 the doctor, Sue ■ Sue, Johnsy 7 Paras 38-39 Language Sense Enhancement (P.174)

I. 1) curling 2) looking the part

3) masterpiece 4) to excess

5) For the rest 6) smelling strongly of 7) fancy 8) light and fragile 9) slight hold upon the world 10) streaming

Language Focus (P.176)

Vocabulary(P.176)

1. 1) masterpieces 2) fragile

3) fancy 4) nonsense 5) cling to 6)endure 7) acute 8) whistle 9) mock 10) subtracted

11) Sin 12) flutter/fluttering

3. (P.177)

1) gave in/gave up 2) figure out

3) sized up 4) wiped out 5) pulling up 6) wear away 7) sit up 8) hear of / about 4. (P. 178)

1) Illnesses usually stand out in childhood memories. 6) According to the bulletin, Albright College now offers a joint bachelor's degree program in environmental studies together with Duke University. 7) The new government is less oppressive, but violence still stalks the country. 8) There is scarcely any surface water in the desert. 9) The demand for change in the election law is so persistent that both houses have promised to consider it. 4. (P. 178—179)

1) It was dreary lying in the tent with nothing to read, so we built a camp fire. Soon the smell

of steaks, bread and coffee mingled with that of fresh grass and earth. Other campers seemed to be doing the same. Here and there people were eating, drinking or dancing to their hearts' content, if not to excess. What a merry night! 4) Miss Florence, our music teacher, called to us to stop singing. I didn't realize why until Sally told me in a whisper: \" You are not in tune with the group!\" 5) The angry wife poured a bucket of water over her drunken husband, who was immediately wet through and stumbled backward: \" You can't do without drinks? I won't hear of any excuses. You certainly don't need it to turn loose your tongue!\"

II. Words with Multiple Meanings (P. 179—180) 1. He went to Paris on business last month. 2. The train to Brussels goes at 2:25p.m.

3. As soon as they arrived at the meadow, the shepherd let the sheep go.

4. We went exploring together in the mountains. / We will go exploring together in the mountains.

5. Let's go and have a drink in the bar. 6. The store is going to close up soon.

7. South Koreans went crazy when their soccer players beat the Spanish team in the quarterfinals.

8. When Mother came out of the house, she found her children gone.

III. Usage (P. 180)

1. a little white wooden house 2. long, curly red hair 2. a large old round table 3. a cheap Indian restaurant

4. a huge cool chocolate ice-cream 5. rapid technological advance

6. a handsome young Chinese American

Comprehensive Exercises

I. Cloze (P. 181)

(A) 1. in tune 3. in a whisper 2. Scarcely 4. cling to 5. merry 7. nonsense 9. sin (B) 1. mission 3. jail 5. collect 7. beautiful 9. need 6. sat up 8. fancy 10. masterpiece 2. involve 4. not 6. deliver 8. vocation 10. small II. Translation (P. 182) 1. (P. 182)

11). The red house stands out against the old trees that reach high up to the sky. 12). The salary in/for my new job is great, but for the rest, I’m not satisfied. 13). The waters of the two streams mingle near our village. 14). We should not mock at other people’s religious beliefs.

15). The curtains of the room are not quite in tune with the style of the furniture. 2. (P. 182)

Here and there we see young artists who stand out from other people. They may be in worn out jeans all the year round, or walk barefoot / in bare feet even in winter, or drink to excess, or cling to the fancy of creating a masterpiece without actually doing any creative work. In fact, many of them act like this just to look the part, or to be \"in tune with\" other artists. They have forgotten that only through persistent effort can one achieve success.

Book III Unit 8 cloning

克隆技术

课文A

克隆技术使我们有可能分毫不差地复制自己。这一技术是否应该获准应用?克隆技术会带来什么裨益与危险？

克隆生命诞生了

吉纳·科拉泰

1996年7月5日下午5点，有史以来最出名的小羊羔问世了。它出生在苏格兰罗斯林镇的罗斯林研究院所在的那条路上的一个小棚里，这只羊羔是在该研究院创造出来的。而它的创造者伊恩·威尔穆特，一位正在谢顶的文质彬彬的52岁的胚胎学家，却不记得自己是在什么地方听到这头名叫多利的羊问世的消息的。他甚至不记得曾接到约翰·布雷肯的电话，这位对产下多利的那头羊的整个妊娠过程进行监测的科学家在电话上说多利健康存活，体重6．6千克。

没有人打开香槟酒庆贺。没有人拍照留影。只有研究院的几位员工，以及接生的一位当地兽医在场。然而，多利，这头与苏格兰起伏的山丘上散布着的千百头其他的羊毫无异样的小羊羔，很快就改变了世界。

当后人编写我们这一时代的历史的时候，这一平静的降生，这头小羊羔的问世，将会引人注目。世界因它降生而从此改变。

多利是头克隆羊。它不是精卵结合的产物，而是由取自一头六龄羊的乳腺细胞的基因材料生成的。威尔穆特先将取自另一头羊的卵子中的所有基因材料取出，再将该卵子与这一乳腺细胞融合。乳腺细胞的基因在该卵子中安营扎寨，令其生长发育。其结果就是多利羊，即与提供乳腺细胞的那头羊一模一样的孪生羊，只是这头孪生羊晚出生了6年。

在多利羊问世之前，克隆技术不过是科学幻想的故事。几十年前有人提出这种可能性，后来遭到摒弃，严肃的科学家那时认为克隆在近期根本不可能实现。现在这已不再是幻想，几十年之后，或许有朝一日你可以克隆自己，造出数十个，数百个，上千个基因完全相同的孪生的兄弟。事先改进你的细胞，运用基因工程注入某些基因，剔除某些基因，这样的事也不再是科学幻想。

没错，克隆的是头羊，而不是人。但羊并没有任何独特之处。甚至明确表示反对克隆人的威尔莫特也称，理论上，没有理由说人类不能使用与克隆多利羊同样的手段来克隆人类本身。“原则上没有不可能这么做的理由。”但他补充说，“我们都会认为这样做令人厌恶。”

我们生活在这样一个时代，人们为了追求道德的完善对实用主义和妥协折中的问题争论不休。而克隆技术迫使我们回到有史以来一直困扰人类的那些最基本的问题：何者为善，何者为恶?为了获得可能有益的东西，我们对的隐患能容忍到何种程度?克隆技术以其创造与我们自身完全一样的孪生兄弟的可能性，将我们带回到种种古老的罪孽：虚荣傲慢；那喀索斯式的自恋罪，以及普罗米修斯的罪孽，他以盗火来谋求上帝的神力。因此，我们在扪心自问为什么对克隆技术如此着迷之前，不得不首先审视自己的心灵，问一问：究竟是什么东西使得我们中的许多人对于尝试复制与自身基因完全等同的孪生兄弟那么不安?或者，如果我们并没有感到不安，其原因又是什么?

我们希望子女像我们自己。即使是采用捐赠卵子或捐赠精子的夫妇也要查找精子捐献人名录，以发现与自己相像的人。若干年前，林达·帕斯坦写的一首题为《致离家的女儿》的诗曾出现在纽约地铁的墙上，诗中写道：

难道是我自己的形象

映在你的脸上

使我如此爱恋?

我俯视着安睡的你

就像那喀索斯俯视着

他那一潭清水，

随时准备跳下去——

如有必要

为你沉溺

然而，如果我们如此爱恋在子女身上映现出来的自我，那为什么我们当中有这么多人，一想到将目睹与我们完全一样的基因复制品、比自己年轻许多的双胞胎降生的时候，就会感到如此惊恐?难道大自然通过基因的任意组合将我们造就是一回事，而由我们自己实施全面控制，摒弃一切随意的念头，通过基因组合造就一个与我们相似但更为完美的孩子则又是另外一回事?当男女一起生育孩子时，孩子往往是两个人基因的不可预料的组合。显然，一个老笑话表明我们已经认识到了这一点，这个笑话说的是一位漂亮但蠢笨的女人向一个丑陋但才华横溢的男人建议两人一起生一个孩子。想一想吧，那女人说，孩子拥有我的容貌，你的大脑那将会多么出色。啊，那男人说，可要是孩子继承了我的容貌你的大脑呢? ‘

克隆技术使我们直接面对做人的意义这个问题，使我们直接面对生命本身的特权与。克隆技术也迫使我们对科学的力量提出质疑。是不是确实有些知识我们真的不想要?有一些路我们宁愿不去探寻?

我们奢谈科学的纯洁性、将科学与其后果分离的时代早已过去。如果有谁还需要提醒，科学家的纯真早已丧失，他们只要回想一下J·罗伯特·奥本海默的话。奥本海默是一位天才，他是原子弹的发明创造者之一。他在追求科学的过程中，从一个极其自信，随时准备跟着科学好奇心走的人，逐渐变成了一个谦恭困惑、想知道科学释放出了什么妖魔的人。

在原子弹造出之前，奥本海默说：“当你看到某个技术上美妙的东西时，你就毫不犹豫地去实现它。”原子弹投在长崎、广岛之后，他在1947年发表的一则令人毛骨悚然的演说中指出：“物理学家们已经尝到过罪孽的滋味，这种滋味他们无法忘记。”

如同原子弹一样，克隆技术带来的威胁与希望是复杂的、多层面的。它提供了改善生活、拯救生命的真正科学进步的可能性。在医学上，科学家梦想着运用克隆技术改编细胞的编码指令程序，这样我们就可以制造出我们自己身体的某些部分进行移植。比如说，假定你需要进行骨髓移植。如果医生摧毁你自身的骨髓，用他人的健康骨髓来取代，某些致命的白血病

就能得到彻底的医治。但骨髓的基因类型必须与你自己的相匹配。不然的话，：移植的骨髓就会向你发起进攻，置你于死地。骨髓是免疫系统的白细胞的来源。如果你获得-SU人的骨髓，你就会造出别人的白细胞。如果这些白细胞认定你与它们不同，它们就会发起进攻。

不过，可以有别的办法。假定科学家能够用你自身的某个细胞——任何‘个细胞——将它与人的卵细胞融合。卵细胞开始，生长，但你可以控制它，只让它若干次。’·技术人员将它置于蛋白质当中，指令原始细胞，即胚胎细胞，长成骨髓细胞。开始时本可以克隆你的东西却可以长成你的一组骨髓——与你完美相配的骨髓。

更为困难，但并非不可思议的，是以同样的方法长成完整的器官，如肾脏或肝脏。

另一种可能性是生成器官与人类基因完全吻合的动物。如果你需要肝脏，肾脏，甚至心脏，你或许能从一头特别设计的克隆猪身上获得。

科学家称克隆技术蕴藏着无穷的可能性，因此，有人争辩说，我们不应该喋喋不休地谈论种种假设的恐惧，而去想一想克隆技术能够带来的裨益。

Content questions

1. at his mother’s funeral, the writer swore that one day he’d do something about conditions

like hers

2. one night,the writer went out for dreinks with another gentleman whose father had died

of ALS. They talked about their parents then and wanted to do something as a legacy for them. The stem cell research company Stemagen thus came into existence

3. they are concerned about the reproductive possibilities of cloning when Dolly was born 4. human reproductive cloning is ethically wrong because the majority of reproductive

clones in other species are actually abnormal,with very high miscarriage rates, very high stillbirth rates, fetal anomalies, death soon after birth,etc.

5. the writer shows a positive attitude towards therapeutic cloning. He holds that

therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of rist to human life and actually provides tremendous potential for the relief of suffering in human beings who are undergoing some awful things.

6. the writer honestly thinks that someone will attempt human reproductive cloning and

there is no way to stop it

7. because by doing so, they could make cloning very real so that people around the world

know that cloning is coming along

8. their purpose in creating disease-specific stem cell lines is to study the causes of specific

diseases,and then research a variety of treatments for these diseases. If the stem cell lines are created for any given individual and are later transplated back into the individual, they will not be rejected by the individual.

9. the writer holds that in reality it is transcendent because when you look through the

microscope, you see what you may have looked like a long ago, at least in part

10. it brought teras to his eyes because the research was done for his mother,and he realized

that if she had only been able to live a few years longer, maybe they could have used this technology to help her

11. in the process of analysis, the embroys were destroyed by necessity. In other words, to

get the genetic material from inside the cells to analyze it, they had to destroy the cell\\ 12. because the writer thinks that logically, an embryo is not life, although it is a potential

life. The vast majority of embroys never become life—they just generate , don't implant and die

Language sense enhancement

1) in some ways 2)make the most of 3)individual 4)replicated 5)roadmap 6)in place 7) resulst from 8)dissuade 9)Quite honestly 10)legislate

Vocabulary

1.1) complications 2)tremendous 3)brillian 4)analysis \\

5)transplant , transplant 6)In a sense 7)consented 8)In some ways 9)eyesight 10)in reality 11)implanted 12) procedures

2. 1)focus 2)come forward 3)result from 4)go through

5)carry out 6)work on 7)feed on 8)settled over

3. 1)resulted from a childhood illness

2)was condemmed by the trade unions as endangering jobs

3)in place,even those with presistent, long-term mental illness can usually learn to manage their symptoms and live productive lives

4)but apparently showed disapproval of his behaviour

5)you should make the most of any advice which you can get from the interviewer

4. 1)misconceptions, potential, make the most of ,

2)donated, cntentious issue, and opponents 3)a fraud , in some ways, condemn him

II Collocation

1)permission to adopt her 2)a willingness to restart peace talks 3）failure to find meaning in life 4)his determination to realize his ideals 5)attempt to blow up the bridge

6)an opportunity to pursue a college degree

III. Usage

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) do you consider it any good continuing your investigations? It is reported that two people were killed in the explosion I owe it to you that I have been able to get back to my studies It is no good bothering about such a trifle

It wont do you any good to hide your sickness for fear of treatment We all think it a pity to give up the experiment half way

Comprehensive exercises I.Cloze

1.text-related

1) issue 2)contenious 3)clones 4)potential 5)condemn 6)misconceptions 7)opponents 8)results from 9)come forward 10)donated

2.theme-related

1) prospect 2)intention 3)despite 4)developing 5)publish 6)condemned 7)among 8)standpoint 9)standard 10)rejection

II.

1.1)

Translation

Medical experts debated whether the cloning of human beings should be permitted and what its potential effects on society might be

2）eighty-five percent of the people in the local area in full-time employment ;only 3% describe themselves as unemployed

3). The departments concerned in China will speed up legislation to protect rights of migrant workers

4). In recent years, some psychologists have tried to explain intelligence from a biological standpoint

5). The global finanical crisis has had a huge impact on that country’s export industry. In no more than six months,many factories have closed down by necessity.

2. Dolly the sheep resulted from a cloning experiment by a group of Scottish scientists in 1997. A fierce debate on human cloning has ever since been going on. This contentious issue has focused on ethical and social implications of the technology:what the technology might do to the very meaning of human reproduction,child rearing, individuality, etc.

The majority of scientists are adamantly opposed to reproductive cloning and support therapeutic cloning for treating diseases. The reason is that therapeutic cloning does not involve any type of relief of suffering in human beings. Scientists believe that with politics and monitoring in place to ensure that therapeutic cloning is used safely, we can all benefit from this procedure.

Text B

Comprehension check:

1. d 2, c 3,b 4, d 5, b 6, c

Translation :

1.时至今日，眼看着新一轮要求对克隆人全面禁止而非简单规范的呼声即将再起，我倒想说: “慢一点来。”

2就像禁止人工流产和婚外性行为一样，禁止克隆人肯定难以实施。 3.由于是人工生育而被认为缺乏道德，这样的苦境不是会糟糕得多吗？ 4.因此，如果要禁止克隆人，其理由应比任何已经提出的更为有力才行。

Language practice

1. 1)c 2)h 3)g 4)e 5)a 6)b 7)d 8)f

2. 1)artificial 2)labeled 3)objections 4)appealed to 5)reinforce 6)by virtue of 7)come to terms with 8)in essence 9)prohibited 10)origin 11)debate 12)arise

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