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太阳能光伏发电机电一体化设计中光伏转换系统的建模、仿真与控制研究(IJISA-V7-N1-2)

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I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2015, 01, 9-30

Published Online December 2014 in MECS (http://www.mecs-press.org/) DOI: 10.5815/ijisa.2015.01.02

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics

Design of Solar Electric Application

Mechanical Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, Taif University, 888, Taif, Saudi Arabia

Alpha center for Engineering Studies and Technology Researches, Amman, Jordan

E-mail: salem_farh@yahoo.com

Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt

Abstract— This paper presents some considerations regarding Converter (PVPC) system control issues for design, modeling and control solutions for Photovoltaic Panel-Mechatronics solar electric application design, analysis

Converter (PVPC) system. Different control approaches and and verification. Different control approaches and corresponding models are derived, developed and tested, to corresponding models are to be derived, implemented, control output characteristics and performance of both overall

and tested to control the output characteristics and PVPC system and each subsystem to meet desired output

performance of PVPC system's and load's, both or either , characteristics, performance and both and/or either voltages and

voltages and currents to meet desired values. The currents requirements. The proposed approaches and models

proposed approaches and models allow designer have the allow designer have the maximum output numerical visual and

maximum output data to select, design, control, test and graphical data to select, evaluate and control the PVPC system

output characteristics for a given PVPC system parameters, analyze the PVPC system output characteristics for under given working conditions of PV panel. The proposed desired outputs under given PV panel parameters, models and approaches were implemented and tested in working conditions and variable input from PV module, MATLAB/Simulink to meet particular solar electric application requirements.

The proposed circuit and control block diagrams models Index Terms— Mechatronics, Photovoltaic (PV) Cells, DC/DC

of proposed PVPC system control approaches are shown Converter, Modeling, Simulation

in Fig.1, the PV panel and converter parameters used in

simulations are listed in Table 1.

I. INTRODUCTION Modeling, simulation, analysis and evaluation processes in Mechatronics design consists of two levels; sub-systems models and whole system model with various sub-system models interacting similar to real situation, the subsystems models and the whole system model, are tested and analyzed, for desired system requirements and performance [1].For Mechatronics design of solar electric applications, this paper extends writer's previous works, [2-3]and proposes Photovoltaic-

DC Load1

Farhan A. Salem 1,2, B. Saleh1,3

ConverterDC/DCIPVIVPVControl systemBatteryDC Load

Fig.1(a) buck converter with variable input from PV module and fixed

output

BatteryControl system

Fig.1(b) Circuit diagram of proposed PVPC system's subsystems

PV CellDC/DC ConverterIBBatteryI,VControl systemDVBDC LoadControl system+-Vref

Fig.1(c) Generalized circuit diagram of proposed PVPC system's subsystems and control

Fig.1(a)(b)(c) Block and circuit diagrams of proposed control approaches of Photovoltaic panel-Converter systems

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

Table 1. Nomenclature and electric characteristic

Solar cell parameters

Isc=8.13 A , 2.55 A , 3.8 I A Iph A Eg : =1.1

VtKT/q

The short-circuit current, at reference temp 25◦C The output net current of PV cell (the PV module current)

The light-generated photocurrent at the nominal condition (25◦C and 1000 W/m2), The band gap energy of the semiconductor

The thermo voltage of cell . For array :(VtNsKT/q)

The reverse saturation current of the diode or leakage current of the diode The series resistors of the PV cell, it they may be neglected to simplify the analysis. The shunt resistors of the PV cell The voltage across the diode, output The electron charge The Sun irradiation

The irradiation on the device surface

The cell's short circuit current temperature coefficient Open circuit voltage

Series connections of cells in the given photovoltaic module Parallel connections of cells in the given photovoltaic module The Boltzmann's constant

The diode ideality factor, takes the value between 1 and 2 Working temperature of the p-n junction The nominal reference temperature

Buck converter parameters

Capacitance Inductance

Inductor series DC resistance

Capacitor equivalent series resistance, ESR of C , Input voltage Resistance

Transistor ON resistance Duty cycle

Low pass Prefilter time constant Voltage across inductor Current across Capacitor

Is ,A

Rs=0.001 Ohm Rsh=1000 Ohm V

q=1.6e-19 C Bo=1000 W/m2 β =B=200 W/m2 Ki=0.0017 A/◦C Vo= 30.6/50 V Ns= 48 , 36 Nm= 1 , 30 K=1.38e-23 J/oK; N=1.2 T= 50 Kelvin Tref=273 Kelvin C=300e-6; 40e-6 F L=225e-6 ; .64e-6 H Rl=RL=7e-3 rc= RC=100e-3 Vin= 24 V R=8.33; 5 Ohm; Ron=1e-3; KD=D= 0.5, 0.2, Tt=0.1 , 0.005 VL IC

II. PVPC SYSTEM MODELING

Approaches are shown in Fig.1, the PV panel and converter parameters used in simulations are listed in Table 1.

The proposed system consists of three subsystems shown in Fig.1, including; PV panel, DC/DC converter with battery and control subsystems. A detailed description, fundamentals, mathematical and Simulink models of PV cell-panel and converters can be found in many recourses including [2-25] The PVPC system mathematical and Simulink models considered in this paper, are in reference to [2-3]. A. PV panel system modeling

The simplest equivalent circuit of a PV solar cell consists of a diode, a photo current, a parallel resistor expressing a leakage current, and a series resistor

describing an internal resistance to the current flow all is shown in Fig.2(a), the output voltage, current and power of PV array vary as functions of solar irradiation level β, the temperature of the module T, (output decreases as temperature rises) and load current or the voltage at which the load is drawing power from the module. The output net current of PV cell I, referring to [2] and (a), is given by Eqs.(1)(wqw),

IIphIRS)q(VNKTVRSI (1) Ise1RshThe cell photocurrent ISC, is given by Eq.(2):

IphIscKiTTref1000 (2)

The cell saturation current IS, varies with the cell

temperature, which is described as by Eq.(3)

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

311IT)ITTTqEgNKTrefS(S (3)

TerefThe reverse saturation current IS at reference temperature can be approximately obtained by Eq.(4): Isc(T1) (4)

s(T1)IqVOCNSKAT1e1In the basic equation to represent the actual I-V

characteristics of a practical PV module and to pick up real operation losses, a third current based on Rs and Rsh, called shunt current IRsh and given by Eq.(5), is added:

IRSIRSHVR (5) shBased on derived equations, the net current of the cell given by Eq.(1) and depends on the PV cell voltage V, solar irradiance β on PV module, and ambient temperature T. The power produced by a single PV cell is not enough for general use, where, each solar cell generates approximately 0.5V; therefore the PV cells are connected in series-parallel configuration [2] . The current output of given PV module considering the number of parallel and series connections of cells (NS , NP) is given by Eq.(6)

q(VIRS)PVNNRSIINISNPNS (6) PphNPIseNKT1RshThe PV cell efficiency is insensitive to variation in shunt resistance RSH , the effect of parallel resistance RSH can be neglected in Eq. (1), to have the form, given by Eq.(7)

IIqVphIseNKT1 (7)

The maximum PV voltage can be represented by Eq.

(8),

VNKTqlnIphIsII (8) IRssBased on these equations, and referring to [ 2], Simulink model shown in Fig.2 is developed, with corresponding two mask-blocks shown in Fig.2(c)(d), also, based on derived equations, PV module can be represented in MATLAB/Simulink using user defined function block as shown in Fig.2(b), where the PV system is given as a function of (V,I) = f(V,G,T) with three inputs V, β, and T and two outputs; PV voltage and current. In this model, a low pass filter is added to convert static model into a dynamic model (and to overcome algebraic loop problem). The transfer function of low-pass filter is given by Eq.(9) , with prefilter the current output of

Eq.(10), where the current now is prefilter current.

G(s)IfilterIk1 (9)

PVTs1q(VIfilterRS)NPVNRSINISNPIfilter (10) PphNPIseNKT1NSRshFor Mechatronics design of solar electric applications,

model shown in Fig.2(d), is modified to result in a generalized PV module and shown in Fig.2(e) [2], this generalized model returns the maximum required numerical, visual and graphical data for design, analysis and verification of a given PV panel for given parameters, manufacturing tolerance and working conditions.

Running this model for PV subsystem parameters given in Table 1, including Ns=36, Np=30, cell surface area A=0.005 m2, at β=200 , T=50, will return P-I and V-I characteristics shown in Fig.2(e) and visual data results shown in Fig.2(e), including; PV panel output voltage 24 V, panel output current 43.13 A, cell volt V=0.5 , cell current=1.43 A, cell input and output powers, efficiency and fill factor. P-I and V-I characteristics shown in Fig.2 (e)(f) show that, this is 0.755 Watt PV cell, ISC = 1.7 A , Vo= 0.587V , Imax =1.51 A , Vmax =0.5 V, (MPP = Imax * Vmax =0.755).The P-V and I-V curves, show that with increase in temperature at constant irradiation, the power output reduces, also, by increasing operating temperature, the current output increases and the voltage output reduces.

Fig. 2 (a) Single diode (exponential) model of the PV model

Fig .2 (b) Typical characteristic I-V and P-V curve of a practical

photovoltaic device and the three remarkable points [2]

I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2015, 01, 9-30

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

Isc Vo .''6.1eu, Ns24 series cellsPV module output voltage11.3Is Iph .4B0.8PV.mat.Module VV.matTo File0.5PV cell voltage3PCell P-VVCell Vout4 Cell I outPId''3IPanel VoutNTref 1TKi 3VV1''4.5Rs Rsh .6''1''2.7q .2B'K.'''2B V1000eu,1P.mat5 123I,.To File1Cell powerVI IshNmCell I-V I.matTo File2cell/model12 Panel I out1.438 cell currentFig. 2(c) PV cell (panel) MATLAB/Simulink subsystem model [2].

Panel Vout

T BTIBTT Panel output volatge1Tt.s+1Low passfilter Current Panel I out sun Irrad V IouVout Panel output currentB fcnB Cell VoutCell P-I Cell output volatgeV1 Cell I out VV Cell output currentCell P-VCell PowerPV Panel Subsystem Embed PV FunctionVolt Cell powerFig.2(d) PV cell (panel) MATLAB/Simulink subsystem model as used

defined function [2]

24TTPanel V outFig.2(e) PV cell MATLAB/Simulink model [2]

43.13 Panel I outPanel voltageB sun Irrad B Cell Vout0.5Panel current1.438Cell voltageV V.ACell surface areaPower outPower in AVCell I outPCell P-V''30.5Cell currentCell I-V 0.7188Cell power in1.438Ns Series cellsNsCell Efficiency Cell power outCell efficiencyNmParallel cellsPV Panel SubsystemNpFill Factor0.1445

Fig.2 (f) Generalized PV Cell-Panel models

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

B. DC/DC Converter system modeling.

Converters can be classified intro three main types; step-up, step-down and step up and down. Most used and simple to model and simulate DC/DC power converter include Boost, Buck and buck-boost converters. [2-3]. In this paper step-down DC/DC Buck converters is used. In [2], different models of Buck converter are derived, developed in Simulink and tested, including Buck converter circuit diagram shown in Fig.3(a) and Simulink sub-models and masks shown in Fig.3(b)(c).

Fig.2 (g)V-I Characteristics for β=200, and T=50

Fig.3(a) Buck converter circuit diagram[2]

Fig.2 (h)P-V Characteristics for β=200, and T=50

Vc11.99 Vc 17.25 KDPWM gainDuty cycle, D IL1.439Vpv PWMVin converter output current Iout .VoVin2411.99converter Vout 11.9924Vin Converter output power'1'SubsystemVoutFig.3 (b) Buck converter Simulink model, based on refined math model[2]

12.022Vin1Duty cycle, D Product 1/L 1s

2IL((RL+Ron)+((R*Rc)/(R+Rc)))/LDuty cycle, D switchin signal (0,1) PWM (R*Rc)/(R+Rc)R/(C*(R+Rc))3Vo PWM Generator Subsystem1s 1/(C*(R+Rc)) R/(R+Rc) 1VcR/(L*(R+Rc)) Fig.3 (c) buck converter subsystems model [2] Copyright © 2015 MECS I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2015, 01, 9-30

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

C. Generalized PVPC system model

In [2] generalized Photovoltaic panel-Converter ( PVPC) system Simulink model, shown in Fig.4(a), is developed by integration both PV panel and converters subsystems sub-models shown in Fig.3 and Fig.2 (e) with corresponding sub-models of subsystems shown in Fig.4(b). Another similar PVPC system Simulink model, is proposed and shown in Fig.4(c) will also be used to save space in present paper

Generalized PVPC system model shown in Fig.4(a), will be used in this paper to select, apply, test and analyze different control approaches to control output characteristics to meet desired values, the inputs to this model are solar irradiation β, T, V, cell surface area A, NS, NP and duty cycle D, by which the converter will operate to control outputs. The outputs of this generalized model are the maximum data required to test and analyze PVPC system characteristics including; P-I and P-V characteristics, the overall system, as well as each subsystem output current and voltage, voltage ,currents, power and efficiency ( this is shown in Fig.4(a)). Running this model for defined parameters in Table 1 will return the same visual numerical values shown in Fig.4(a) and P-I and P-V characteristics shown in Fig.2 (e)(f)

1.439PV_con.mat Duty cycle, DDDuty cycleConverter current out Converter current Iout Converter voltage out 11.99PV_con1.mat Converter Volt Iout Step DVolatges comparision11.99 Vout Vin System Vin-Vout comparision 2417.25PV_con2.matTTConverter Power out 24PV panel Volt outIrradiation, B Converter Power outPV_con3.mat[panel_Vout]B sun Irrad PV cell output current PV panel current out43.13PV_con4.mat[C0.5 PV panel output currentPV_con5.matVPV cell Volt out [C1.438[Cell_Vout]V. PV cell current out PV cell output voltPV_con6.mat0.5ACell surface area APV cell Power in PV cell output currentPV_con7.mat0.7188PV_con8.matPV panel power in PV cell Power out0.6956NsNsPV cell efficiency PV cell output powerPV_con9.mat0.1445PV_con10.matPV cell efficiencyFill FactorNmNpPV panel Power out1035 PV Fill factorPV_con12.matPV-Converter Subsystem PV panel Power outFig.4(a) Generalized PVPC system model

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

Vc1Duty cycleDuty cycle, D switchin signal (0,1) PWMDuty cycle, D TerminatorPWM Generator SubsystemIL1Converter current out 2TTPanel V outPout5PV panel Volt out6PV panel current outBuck converter SubsystemVinVo4ProductConverter Power out Panel I out3Irradiation, B2Converter voltage out 3Volatges comparision13PV panel Power out''1B Cell Vout Vout Vin7PV cell Volt out 4VVCell I out8 PV cell current out Cell Power in A5Cell surface area A9PV cell Power in[Cell_Iout]Cell Power out10PV cell Power out[Cell_Vout] Cell powerCell P-V,.6NsNsCell Efficiency 11PV cell efficiency7NpNpFill Factor12Fill FactorCell I-V PV Panel Subsystem1

Fig.4(b) Generalized PVPC system sub-models consisting of three subsystems

11.99 DDuty cycle, DDuty cycle, D switchin signal (0,1) PWMDuty cycle, D Vc Vc1.439 PWM Generator SubsystemStep D IL converter output current Iout TTPanel VoutVinVo Panel output current11.99 B sun Irrad V V.''4VCell VoutB Buck converter Subsystem converter output voltage11.9924VoutVin43.13PV Panel Subsystem 0.5

Fig.4(c) Photovoltaic panel-Converter PVPC system Simulink model consisting of three subsystems

III. PVPC SYSTEM PROPOSED CONTROL APPROACHES A. Maximum Power Point, MPP and tracking MPPT The power delivered by a PV system is dependent on the irradiance β, temperature T, and the current drawn

from the cells V. To maximize a PV system's output power, it is necessary continuously tracking the maximum power point (MPP) in the I-V characteristic of the PV system, therefore, in a direct-coupled to the PV array systems, the PV array must usually be oversized to ensure that the load’s power requirements can be

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

supplied, this lead to an overly expensive system. To overcome this problem, a switch-mode power converter, can be used to maintain the PV’s operating point at the Maximum Power Point MPP. The Maximum Power Point tracker MPPT, does this by controlling the PV array’s voltage or current independently of those of the load [20]. Maximum Power Point, MPP, is the operating point at which the power is maximum across the load and given by Eq.(11):

PmaxVmax*Imax (11)

Efficiency of solar cell is the ratio between the

maximum power Pmax and the incident light power, and given by Eq.(12), where Pin is taken as the product of the solar irradiation of the incident light (G=β/1000), measured in W/m2, with the surface area (A) of the solar cell in m2 [22], and given by Eq.(13)

PoutPmaxP (12)

inPinPA*in1000 (13) To make best use of PV system, the output is

maximized in two ways. The first is mechanically tracking the sun and always orienting the panel in such a direction as to receive maximum solar radiation under changing positions of the sun. The second is electrically tracking the operating point by manipulating the load to maximize the power output under changing conditions of insolation and temperature [23-26].

A maximum power point tracker (MPPT) is a technique used to get the maximum possible power from PV system, it is a high efficiency DC/ DC converter which functions as an optimal electrical load for a PV cell, most commonly for a solar panel or array, and converts the power to a voltage or current level which is more suitable to whatever load the system is designed to drive [23]. The goal of the MPPT is to match the impedance of load to the optimal impedance of PV array, the block Diagram of MPPT tracker is similar to one shown in Fig.1(a). In order to operate a PV system within its MPP, a maximum power point tracking algorithm is needed to search and maintain the peak power [4], the MPP in the I-V characteristic is not known a priori. It must be located, either through model calculation or by search algorithm, different MPPT algorithms are proposed in different sources [16-21]. Most of the MPPT algorithms search the MPP by comparing the output power of the PV module before, and after the duty cycle of the converter is changed [18], this algorithm can be explained as follows: Referring to Fig.2 (f), the property that is utilized to track the MPP , is based on that, from the shown shape of P-V characteristic, is that the slope (dP/dV) of P-V curve becomes zero at the MPP, where the slope (dP/dV) is the derivative of the PV module’s power with respect to its voltage, and has the following relationships with the MPP.

dPdV0 ,at the left of MMP dPdV0 ,at the right of MMPThis equation can be written in terms of voltage and current as follows:

dPd(V*I)I*dVVdVdVdV*dIdVIVdIdV

Based on this , for the operating point is at the MPP: slopedPMPP dVIVdIdV0 IVdIdIdV0IdVVFor the operating point at the left side of the MPP:

slopedPdIleft_MPP dVIVdV0 IVdIdIdV0IdVVFor the operating point at the right side of the MPP:

slopedPlright_MPP dVIVdIdV0 IVdIdIIdV0dVVPractically, as shown in Fig.5(a),(d), Voltage is

adjusted and power output is sensed; Voltage is increased as long as dP/dV is positive. If dP/dV is sensed negative, the operating voltage is decreased, if dP/dV is near zero, the voltage is held adjusted

Based on this, for any temperature and solar irradiation level, the proposed controller circuit is shown in Fig.5(b), where the output power is obtained by multiplying IPV by VPV, the power signal is derived (dP/dt), also the VPV is derived and then inverted to obtain signal 1/( VPV/dt), then to obtain signal (dP/dVPV ) is obtained by multiplying 1/(dV/dt) by dP/dt, finally the signal (dP/dVPV ) is compared to zero and result is fed to PI controller.

Similarly, can be accomplished as follows; the power output of a PV system is given by:

PV*I

With incremental change in current ΔI ,and voltage ΔV, the modified power is given by Eq.(14), by solving and then ignoring small terms, Eq.( 14) simplifies to Eq.( 15), since no changes power at peak point, that is ΔP=0,by manipulating and in the limits , will result in Eq.(mbn)

PPVV*II (14)

PV*VI*IV*VI*I ( 15) I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2015, 01, 9-30

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

From this equation, two expressions may be used to calculate the error in power to be zero (∆P=0)

VdVV,IdIIdVV (16) dIISimilaryIdII,VdVVdII dVVVoutIPVVPVConverterDC/DCVoutDC LoadPDControlsystemVoutP

Fig.5(b)

Fig.5(a)(b) block diagram installation of MPPT control system

0 Ground, 0 Fig.5(d)

ConverterDC/DCIPVVPVIoutDC LoadDivisionMaximum power point is obtained when dI/dP =0. The present value and the previous value of the solar module voltage and current are used to calculate the values of dI and dP.

Perturb and observe algorithm; A detailed Simulink model of perturb and observe algorithm is shown in Fig.5(e). The VPV and IPV are taken as the inputs to MPPT unit, duty cycle D is obtained as output. In this perturb and observe algorithm a slight perturbation is introduced to the system. Due to this perturbation the power of the module changes. If the power increases due to the perturbation then the perturbation is continued in that direction, after the peak power is reached the power at the next instant decreases and hence after that the perturbation reverses. When the steady state is reached the algorithm oscillates around the peak point [20]

PI controller-+Ground, 0 X1uddtddtVoutP

Fig.5(c)

DivisionddtIPVVPVPI controller-+∑ddt

VoutFig.5(c)(d) controller Two different circuits

DControlsystemFig.5(a)

Fig.5(e) Perturb and Observe Algorithm simulation [20]

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

B. Matching converter's output (load's) current

The Generalized Photovoltaic panel-Converter (PVPC) system shown Fig.4(a) can be used to match the load's output current, this is accomplished by introducing the output load as both load resistance RLoad and load current Iload to be matched, the proposed approach is shown in converter subsystem model in Fig.6(a), and Fig.6(b)(c), Duty cycle, Dusing feedback, the comparison between load's and converter's currents is used to match the currents, where the output load is introduced as load resistance RLoad, multiplied by converter output voltage resulting in load Step Dcurrent Iload (see Fig.6(b)), which is fedback to converter and compared with the converter output current Iconv, the difference is used to match the load's current.

Running this model for defined parameters in Table 1 and load resistance of Rload =5 Ohm, will result in matching the output load current of 2.396 A, converter's output voltage of 11.99 V, efficiency 0.4999. Using the moderate accuracy Simulink model of buck converter shown in Fig.6(d), and applying the same approach, Converter current Iout similar results are obtained. Vout Converter Volt I Vin System Vin-Vout comparision Converter Powe sun Irrad PV cell output current PV panel ou.PV cell output volt PV cell outpPV panel power in Fig.6(a) comparing load and converters currents to match load current PVNm52.401R_LoadLoad current[Conv_Vout]Load current to converterPV panel Power outFill FactorNpPV cell efficiency PV cell outpPV cell efficiency PV Fill facPV

Fig.6(b) Part of generalized model showing; the load resistance RLoad, multiplied by converter output voltage resulting in load current (2.401 A) , which

is fedback to converter and compared with the converter output current

2.401PV_con.mat Duty cycle, DDDuty cycleConverter voltage out Converter current out PV-Converter Subsystem PV panel Power out Converter current Iout 12PV_con1.matStep DTTVolatges comparision Converter Volt Iout 12 Vout Vin System Vin-Vout comparision Converter Power out[Conv_Vout]28.82PV_con2.mat24 Converter Power outFig.6(c) Part of generalized model showing, the converter output current = 2.401 A 24

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

1switchin signal (0,1)PWM2VinIL1/C3Iout(Load current)rc1/C ProductV1/L1/LV rl1sIntegratorI1IL(Inductor current)1sIntegrator1V2Vout(output voltage)-0.003141difference between converter current and load currentFig.6(d) Matching output converter current using moderate accuracy model

C. Controlling the converter's output voltage to meet desired output (load) voltage

The block diagram of proposed system is shown in Fig.7(a), the generalized PVPC system model is used, and modified as shown to include control system and approach. The corresponding Simulink model is shown in Fig.7 (b). Generally, the duty cycle D is given by Eq.(17): VoutIDin VoutD*VinVinIout (17)

DTonTonTonToffT DVConv__out_desiredVPanel_out Converter current Iout (19)

sun Irrad VinVoutTonVout(TTon)

Correspondingly, the buck converter voltages equation is given by Eq.(18): .VoutDVin (18)

By varying the duty cycle D, of the converter switch, the converter output voltage Vout can be controlled, in the proposed model, the duty cycle D cycle is calculated automatically ,as the ratio of converter's voltage to desired output voltage, and given by Eq.(19). The desired converter output voltage and the converter actual output voltage are compared to calculate the error signal, used by PI controller to drive the converter switch according to the calculated duty cycle. The PV panel is given as a function of V = f(V,G,T), the load current Rload is not

PV-Converter Subsystemconsidered.

24PV panel V outTesting the proposed model for desired converters

Converter Volt Iout output voltage ,Vout_desired= 12 V, at irradiation B= 200 Voutand temperature T=75, and PVPC system parameters

Vinvalues defined in Table 1, will result in all data required

System Vin-Vout comparision to analyze the PVPC system performance and outputs, including converter output volts of 12 V, PV panel output

Converter Power outvoltage of 24 V, and duty cycle of D=0.5 , these values and other are numerically shown in Fig.7 (b), the plots of

PV panel output volt PV panel output voltage, converter output voltage and converter output current are shown in Fig.7(c), the control signal is shown in Fig.7(d). Since the converter PV panel output currentdesired output voltage and converter actual output voltage are compared and used by PI-controller, the D block can

PV cell output voltbe removed and the controller will generate the D signal to control Converter to meet desired output voltage.

PV cell output current

PV panel power in ,.ConverterDC/DCIPVIBatteryDC Load PV cell output powerVPVVoutPV cell efficiencyControlsystem PV Fill factorV_out_desired

Fig.7 (a) Block diagram installation of proposed control system

PV panel Power out12[Con_Vout] [panel_Vout] Converter V out-1.066e-013Error1.001Control signal[control]0.5D calculated[D]PI(s)PI ControllerPV_con11.mat 4V_out_desired0.5Vout desiredD desired12Vout desired

Fig.7 (b) the simulation of control system

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

1.441PV_con.mat[D]Converter current out [Con_Vout] Converter current Iout 12PV_con1.matDuty cycle[control]Converter voltage out Converter Volt Iout Volatges comparision12 Vout24 Vin17.29PV_con2.matTTConverter Power out System Vin-Vout comparision 24PV panel Volt out Converter Power outPV_con3.mat[panel_Vout]B sun Irrad Irradiation, BPV panel output volt PV panel current out43.13PV_con4.mat[C0.5 PV panel output currentPV_con5.matVPV cell Volt out [C1.438[Cell_Vout]V. PV cell current out PV cell output voltPV_con6.mat0.5ACell surface area APV cell Power in PV cell output currentPV_con7.mat0.7188PV_con8.matPV panel power in PV cell Power out0.6956NsNsPV cell efficiency PV cell output powerPV_con9.mat0.1445PV_con10.matPV cell efficiencyFill FactorNmNpPV panel Power out1035 PV Fill factorPV_con12.matPV-Converter Subsystem24 PV panel Power outFig.7 (b) Proposed model for converter output V control to meet desired output load voltage

PV panel V out Model readings PV_Vout , Conv_Vout, Conv_Iout25

Control signal12Converter V outInput Voltage to Converter; PV_Vout20-1.066e-01311.001Control signalError 0.5D calculated15 Magnitude 0.8 Magnitude ; I , V 0.6 Converter output Voltage; VoutX: 0.324Y: 12PI Controller0.4100.5Vout desiredD desired 40.20500.010.020.030.0412Converter output current; IoutVout desired0.050.06Time (s) 0.070.080.090.1Fig.7 (d) Control signal

0.250.30.350.4

000.050.10.150.2Time (s)

Fig.7 (c) PVPC system output readings ;voltage, converter output

voltage and current

D. Controlling the converter's output voltage to meet desired output voltage according to the measured load current.

The block diagram of proposed system is shown in Fig.8(a), The corresponding Simulink model is shown in

Vin System Vin-Vout comparision

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

sun Irrad Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

PV panel output volt Converter Power out21

PV panel output currentFig.8 (b)(c).In the proposed model, the duty cycle D, is output current of 0.7203 A, duty cycle of D=0.25 , these

.calculated by model automatically, by dividing the PV values and other are visually shown in Fig.8 (b)(c) , the

PV cell output voltpanel output voltage over desired converter output plots of PV panel output voltage, converter output voltage voltage. and converter output current are shown in Fig.8 (d), the PV cell output currentConverter's output voltage and current are measured, control signal is shown in Fig.8 (e) the Converter's current is compared with PV panel output PV panel power in current and the difference is fedback to PV panel to IPVIcalculate the PV panel output voltage , where PV panel is

PV cell output powergiven as a function of V = f(I,G,T) , with two outputs VoutVPVincluding PV panel current, the generated PV panel

PV cell efficiency-voltage is fed to converter. The PI controller measures the +Derror between desired output voltage and converter actual PV Fill factor- output voltage and used it to drive the converter to meet Control+V_out_desiredsystemdesired output voltage.

PV-Converter Subsystem Testing the proposed model for values of PV panel Power outFig.8(a)block diagram installation of proposed control system

V_out_desired= 6 V, at irradiation B=200 and input temperature T=75., will result in output volts of 6 V,

,.ConverterDC/DC

6Converter V out Error-0.001.001[Con_Vout]0.25[panel_Vout]D calculated [D]V_out_desired0.25Vout desired1D desired6Desired V outPI(s)PI Controller1PV_con13.mat 7[control] Control signalFig.8(b) control system model 0.7203PV_con.mat[D]Duty cycleConverter current out

[Conv_Iout][Con_Vout] Converter current Iout 6PV_con1.mat[control]Converter voltage out Converter Volt Iout T6TVolatges comparision Vout Vin4.322PV_con2.mat24 Converter Power out System Vin-Vout comparision 24B sun Irrad Irradiation, BPV panel Volt out Converter Power outPV_con3.mat[PV_Iout][panel_Vout]PV panel output volt PV panel current outV49.51PV_con4.matDC Load[C0.5V.ACell surface area A PV cell current out PV cell Volt out PV panel output currentPV_con5.mat1.65[Cell_Vout]PV cell output voltPV_con6.mat[C,.0.5PV cell Power in PV cell output currentPV_con7.mat0.8251PV_con8.matNsNsPV cell Power outPV panel power in 0.606NmNpPV cell efficiency PV cell output powerPV_con9.mat0.1658PV_con10.matPV cell efficiency[Conv_Iout] [PV_Iout] IPV panel Power outFill Factor1188 PV Fill factorPV_con12.mat

Fig.8(c) model for Controlling the converter's output voltage to meet desired output (load) voltage according to the measured load current

6Converter V out Error-0.001.00122

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

Model readings PV_Vout , Conv_Vout, Conv_Iout25Input Voltage to Converter; PV_Vout20 V , I 15; udetiagnM10 X: 0.2668Converter output Voltage; VoutY: 65Converter output current; Iout000.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.4Time (s)

Fig.8(d) PVPC system output readings ;voltage, converter output

voltage and current

Control signal10.8 edutin0.6gaM 0.40.2000.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.4Time (s)

Fig.8(e) The control signal

E. Controlling both PV panel's and converter's output voltages based on the converter's output current. The block diagram of proposed system is shown in Fig.9(a), the corresponding Simulink model is shown in Fig.9 (b).In proposed model, the converter's output voltage and current values are measured, the PV panel output voltage is controlled and calculated according to the measured converter's output current , where the converter's output current is fed to PV panel, which is given as a function of V = f(I,B,T,V)). Both, the PV panel output voltage and the converter's output voltage are fed to PI controller, to calculate the error between them, and generate an appropriate both control signal and duty cycle D, by which the converter will be controlled.

Testing the proposed model for load current values, at irradiation β=200 and temperature T=75., will result in output volts of 24 V of both PV panel and converter and converter output current of 2.881 A and control signal of 2.01 , these values and other are visually shown in Fig.9 (b) , the plots of PV panel output voltage, converter output voltage and converter output current are shown in Fig.9 (c), the control signal is shown in Fig.9 (d). Since the output desired voltage and converter output voltage are compared and used by PI-controller, the D block can be removed and the controller will generate the appropriate duty cycle D signal to control Converter to meet desired output voltage. Running the model with the D block removed will result in same results but with

IPVretCIr eDv/CdaVoPVnCoDDLCVoutIVDControlsystem+-

Fig.9(a) The block diagram of proposed system

Model readings PV_Vout , Conv_Vout, Conv_Iout25Input Voltage to Converter; PV_VoutConverter output Voltage; Vout20 V , I ; e15dutingaM 105X: 0.1906Converter output current; IoutY: 2.881000.020.040.060.080.10.120.140.160.180.2Time (s)

Fig.9 (c) model output readings; voltage, converter output voltage and

current

Control signal21.5ude tiagnM 10.5000.050.10.150.20.250.3Time (s)

Fig.9 (d) Control signal with D block inserted

Control signal10.8 edutin0.6gaM 0.40.2000.050.10.150.20.250.30.350.4Time (s) Fig.9 (e) Control signal without duty cycle D block

I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2015, 01, 9-30

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

2.881[control][Conv_Io]PV_con.mat[Conv_Vo]DDConverter current out Duty cycleConverter voltage out D Converter current Iout Converter current Iout 24PV_con1.matTTVolatges comparision Converter Volt Iout Converter Volt Iout 24 Vout Vout2469.15PV_con2.mat Converter Power out Vin Vin System Vin-Vout comparision System Vin-Vout comparision 24B sun Irrad sun Irrad Irradiation, BPV panel Volt out Converter Power out Converter Power outPV_con3.mat[panel_Vout]PV cell output current PV cell output current PV panel current outV40.53PV_con4.mat[C0.5V PV panel output currentPV_con5.mat PV panel output currentPV cell Volt out [C1.351[Cell_Vout]..ACell surface area APV cell output voltPV cell output volt PV cell current out PV_con6.mat0.5PV cell Power in PV cell output current PV cell output currentPV_con7.mat0.6754PV_con8.matNsNsPV cell Power outPV panel power in PV panel power in 0.7403NmNpPV cell efficiency PV cell output power PV cell output powerPV_con9.mat0.1357PV_con10.matPV cell efficiencyPV cell efficiencyFill Factor972.6[Conv_Io]IPV panel Power out PV Fill factor PV Fill factorPV_con12.matFig.9 (b1) model for controlling the PV panel and converter output voltages based on the converter's output current.

2424PV-Converter SubsystemPV-Converter Subsystem PV panel Power out PV panel Power out

[Conv_Vo] [panel_Vout] [control]PI(s)Voltage PIcontroller Voltage PIcontroller 2424PV_con11.mat 4 42.0022.002As shown in Fig.10, The load is introduced as resistance RLoad =5 ohm, the duty cycle D cycle is calculated in two ways and the switch 4 is to select between them, first model automatically, calculate D by Eq.(20), or by Eq.(21) as the ratio of converter's output voltage and defined desired output voltage

Fig.9 (b2) control system model

DVConv__outVPanel_out (20)

F. Sub-block to test and analyze the effect of feeding PVPC system output currents to PV panel to control or match converters outputs.

To study and analyze the effect of feeding any or combination of converter and PV panel currents to PV panel, the model shown in Fig.10 is used, where switches are used to select the desired current to be fed to PV panel, which is given as a function of V = f(I,B,T,V)), to generate the panel volt.

DVConv__out_desiredVPanel_out (21)

Testing the model for Matching converter's output voltage by feeding to PV panel the current difference between the converter's and PV panel output currents, shows by switching switches 2 and 3 to pass the current difference to PV panel, will result in converter's output voltage of 24 V and current of 2.881 A(Fig.10)

Converter Power out sun Irrad 24 Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application PV panel output currentPV panel output volt

.Testing the model for Matching converter's output value of 2.881 A and voltage of 24 V, Similarly, these current, shows; By feeding converter's output current to PV cell output voltswitches can be used to study the effect of feeding PV panel by switching switches 1,2 and 3 to pass only it, different values to PVPC system the converter' output current can be matched to have the PV cell output current

1.001D 1[control]Duty cycleConverter voltage out 2.881[Conv_Iout]PV_con.mat[Con_Vout]PV panel power in Converter current out Converter current Iout 24PV_con1.mat PV cell output power

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PV cell efficiency24 Converter Volt Iout PV_con10.mat VoutFill Factor Vin69.14762.3 PV Fill factor System Vin-Vout comparision 24[PV_input_I] IPV panel Power outPV_con12.mat24 Converter Power out sun Irrad PV-Converter Subsystem PV panel Power outIPV panel output volt 42.73[PV_input_I]Current to PV panel0.5 PV panel output current[PV_Iout][Conv_Iout]. 51231.424PV cell output volt2.881 Converter I out0.5R_load4.8 Load I out24Converter V outPV panel power in PV cell output current0.712224 PV panel V out0.702 PV cell output power Error0.00[Con_Vout][D]1D calculated[D1]PV cell efficiency0.143110.01 Control signal[panel_Vout]1026 PV Fill factorPI(s)4PI Controller [control]V_out_desiredPV-Converter Subsystem0.25 PV panel Power outPV_con13.matD calculated IFig.10

G. Controlling the converter's both output voltage and

current to meet desired output voltage under given irradiation B and temperature T.

The block diagram of proposed system 2.881is shown in

Converter I outFig.11(a), to save space in this paper, another similar

2.4Simulink model is proposed and shown in Fig.11 (c). In Load I outproposed model, the desired output voltage value is 24Converter V outselected, the duty cycle D, is calculated as ratio of converter's output voltage and desired output voltage as given by Eq.( 21). The duty cycle can also be calculated as the ratio of input current to desired output current in

0.9999case of output current control, and correspondingly, the

desired output current value is to be selected. The D calculatedconverter's output voltage and current values are measured. Next, both, the converter's and PV panel output currents are fed to PI-current controller to

calculate the error between them, and generate control signal to control PV input current, the PV panel is given as a function of V = f(I,B,T) to result in corresponding panel output voltage. On the other hand, as shown in Fig.11(b) the converter's and desired output voltages are fed to PI voltage controller to calculate the error between them, and generate control signal to control converter Error0.00according to calculated duty cycle D.

4.003VoutIinID Control signalVoutD*VinIoutin VinIoutDTesting the proposed model for desired output converter's voltage 18V,at irradiation β=200 and PI Controller1temperature T=75, will result in converter's output voltage of 18V and converter-load current of 2.161 A , 7PV-panel output current of 2.161 A, these values are held

To File

V sun Irrad Buck converter Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on converter output voltageSubsystemPhotovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

VinConverterDC/DC25

PV Panel Subsystemconstant, other values are visually shown in Fig.12(a) ,

the plots of PV panel output voltage, converter output voltage and converter output current are shown in Fig.12

Current PI(b), the control signals are shown in Fig.12 (c) 6controller

. VPVIPVIVout-+D PV output Current ControlControl+V_out_desiredSystem(2)Error between load and cellsystem(1)-DC LoadFig.11(a) The block diagram of proposed system Converter output current

[Conv_Vo]0.75 [PV_Vo] V_out_desired0.75Vout desiredD desiredD calculated[D]PI(s)Voltage PIcontroller [control]0.00PV_con3.mat 4 Currents

Error Error between desired and actualoutput voltsFig.11(b) Simulink model of proposed system

[D]18[control] [Conv_Iout]Vc

Vc2.161PV_con.mat -T-DDuty cycle, DDuty cycle, D switchin signal (0,1) PWMDuty cycle, D PWM Generator Subsystem-T-IL converter output current Iout Step DTTPanel VoutVinVo Panel I out18 PV_con1.matTo File BB sun Irrad VCell VoutBuck converter Subsystem converter output voltage18VoutVinPV_con2.mat V V.[Conv_Iout]PI(s) Current PIcontroller I Cell I out2.182PV Panel SubsystemPV_con4.mat 6 0.5 0.07273 PV output Current 2.161Converter output current24 -0.02Error between load and cell Currents[Conv_Vo]0.75 [PV_Vo] V_out_desired0.75Vout desiredD desiredD calculated[D]PI(s)Voltage PIcontroller [control]0.00PV_con3.mat 4Error Error between desired and actualoutput voltsFig.11(c) Simulink model of proposed system

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

Model readings PV_Vout , Conv_Vout, Conv_IoutInput Voltage to Converter; PV_VoutConverter output Voltage; Vout20X: 0.1836Y: 242515105Converter output current; Iout000.020.040.060.080.10.12Time (s) 0.140.160.180.2

Fig.12 (b) PVPC system output readings;

PI current and volt Control signals60 Magnitude

PI voltage Control signals40200 Magnitude 1with PV panel output voltage and the difference is fed to PI voltage controller to generate signal to control converter to result in desired converter's output voltage. Similarly the converter's output current is compared with PV panel output current, the difference is fed to second PI current controller to generate signal to control converter to result in desired current.

Testing the proposed model for meeting both output converter's voltage and current at irradiation β=200 and temperature T=75, and defined in Table 1 parameters, will result in panel's and converter's output voltage of 24V and current of 2.881 A, other values are visually shown in Fig.13 (a) , the plots of PV panel output voltage, converter output voltage and converter output current are shown in Fig.13 (c), the control signals are shown in Fig.13 (d), tuning PI current control will reduce time to steady state error and result in control signals shown in Fig.13 (e).

ConverterDC/DC Magnitude ; I , V IPV0.5IVPV00.5Time (s) 1x 10-30Vout00.10.2Time (s) 0.3-Fig.12 (c) PI control signals (current and voltage control)

ControlSystem(2)+Controlsystem(1)

H. Controlling the converter's both output voltage and current to meet both voltage and current.

The proposed Simulink model shown in Fig.11 (a), can be modified to have the form shown in Fig.13 (a)(b) , and be used to control both converter's both output voltage and current, the converter's output voltage is compared

PV_con3.mat 4[conv_Vo] [PV_Vo] PI(s)Voltage PIcontroller Duty cycle, D switchin signal (0,1) PWMDuty cycle, D -+DC Load

Fig.13 (a)

24 [Conv_Iout]Vc Vc2.881PV_con.mat [conv_Vo] PWM Generator Subsystem-T- IL converter output current Iout TTPanel VoutVinVo Panel I out24 PV_con1.matTo File BB sun Irrad V.[Conv_Iout] PI(s)VCell VoutBuck converter Subsystem converter output voltage24Conv VoutPV VoutPV_con2.mat I Cell I out2.874PV Panel Subsystem 0.5 2.874 PV panel I out 2.881Converter I out24 Current PIcontroller PV_con4.mat 6-0.01Error between converter and panel currentsFig.13 (b) Simulink model of proposed system

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

Model readings PV_Vout , Conv_Vout, Conv_Iout25Input Voltage to Converter; PV_VoutConverter output Voltage; Vout20 V , I ; e15dutingaM 105Converter output current; Iout000.020.040.060.080.10.120.140.160.180.2Time (s)

Fig.13 (c) PVPC system output readings

PI current Control signals PI voltage Control signals60 e40e1ududttiiagnagnM20M0.5 002468000.050.1Time (s) Time (s)

Fig.13 (d) The control signals

PI current Control signals PI voltage Control signals60 e40e1ududttiiagnagnM20M0.5 000.51000.050.1Time (s) x 10-3Time (s)

Fig.13 (d) The control signals

I. Controlling PVPC system outputs applying PV panel as defined as user defined function

As shown in Fig.2(b) PV cell (panel) can be represented in MATLAB/Simulink as user defined function[2], with three inputs V, β, and T and two outputs current and voltage , a low pass filter is added to convert static model into a dynamic model (and to overcome algebraic loop problem). The transfer function of low-pass filter is given by Eq.(19) , where the current now is prefilter current. This PV panel model is integrated with control system and buck converter model (refined or simplified) to result in general model shown in Fig.14, the prefilter current is fed to PI-controller and the control signal is used according to is duty cycle to control converter switch, this proposed model can be used to apply different approaches to control outputs pf PVPC system including PV panel output current. Also PV panel model shown in Fig.2(a) can be modified to return both PV panel current and volt at given β,T,V, and used to built similar model

a. Controlling converter's output current to match PV panel output current, the approach is shown in Fig.14, using two different representations of buck converters (simplified and refined buck converters models taken from reference [2]), in this approach, the panel output filter current is fed , simultaneously, to PV panel which is given as a function of two inputs and two outputs, and the PV current is compared with converter current, and the difference is fedback to PI controller to drive the converter switches with duty cycle D, to result in desired output current. Testing this model for defined parameters in Table 1 , will result in output current of 8.748 A, of both converter and PV panel, these values are shown in visual data readings in Fig.14.

b. Controlling output current of all three subsystems to match load output current

The proposed Simulink model is shown in Fig.15, this accomplished by in introducing output load as load resistance RLoad and load current Iload to be matched, the output load resistance RLoad, is multiplied by converter output voltage resulting in load current Iload , which is compared with the converter output current Iconv, the difference is fedback to converter and used to match the load current . On the other hand the PV panel output current is compared with converter output current and the difference is used by PI control to math both currents Testing this model for defined parameters in Table 1 , and load resistance of RLoad =1.6 Ohm, will and current of 8.747 A, will result in matching and subsystems current to be 8.747 A and converters output voltage of 13.99 V at duty cycle of D= 0.5, these all are shown in visual data readings in Fig.15.

IV. CONCLUSION

Different control approaches and corresponding models are derived, developed and tested, to control both outputs of overall Photovoltaic-converter system and each subsystem outputs, for a given system parameters, under given working conditions and variable input from PV panel, to meet overall PVPC system desired output characteristics, performance and desired values of voltage and current. The proposed models and control approaches were implemented and tested using MATLAB/Simulink. As a future work, Photovoltaic-Converter system to developed, the proposed scenarios to be tested.

I.J. Intelligent Systems and Applications, 2015, 01, 9-30

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

8.75 .43.53 -0.16391/CVinPI(s)PID ControllerKDGain, D cycle PWM21/L1/L1sI1/C1sIntegrator2 1/(R*C)Vout (Inductor current)IL43.69 Integrator382.3T B sun Irrad VoutVIfilTI1BI1.8.74 P-0.009084 E.,Error in PV currentTt.s+1fcnLow passfilterEmbed PV Function

Fig.14(a) PV panel as user defined function, with simplified converter model for controlling output current of 8.784 A

0.6872 DDuty cycle, D1Duty cycle, D switchin signal (0,1) PWMDuty cycle, D Vc Vc8.748 PWM Generator SubsystemStep131.02PI(s)PID ControllerKD VinIL converter output current Iout 1.531VoGain, D cycle PWMVin.,'1'Converter Subsystem converter Vout1.53131.02VoutVinTTI11Tt.s+1Low passfilter1 BB sun Irrad Vout8.748Panel I out fcnVIfil-0.007127Panel V outEmbed PV Function

Fig.14(b) controlling currents 8.748 A using refined converter model

Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on

Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application

27.98 Vin to PV244.7 D8.747 Duty cycle, D.,1PWM Generator SubsystemStep1VinDuty cycle, D switchin signal (0,1) PWMswitchin signal (0,1) PWMIL (Inductor current)Input Power0.5002 I 1Inductor, output current13.99 3Divide1Efficiency8.747PI(s)PID ControllerKDRLD ,PWMLoad Resistor''Buck ConverterVoutIloadConv. I outI1Load IVout (output voltage)Iout (Load current)Output voltage122.4 .1Output PowerTB Irrad T1Tt.s+1Low passfilter1B8.747Filter currentfloor. |u|AbsError in PV current-0.0009261 EfcnVoutVIfilEmbed PV Function1Fig.15. Controlling output current of all three subsystems to match load output current

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Authors’ Profile

Farhan Atallah Salem :Now with Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics engineering Pro., College of Engineering, Taif University, Saudi Arabia.

Bahaa Saleh :Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Assiut University, 71516, Assiut, Egypt .

Currently: Mechanical Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, Taif University, 888, Taif, Saudi Arabia.

How to cite this paper: Farhan A. Salem, B. Saleh,\"Modeling, Simulation and Control Studies on Photovoltaic-Converter System for Mechatronics Design of Solar Electric Application\International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications (IJISA), vol.7, no.1, pp.9-30, 2015. DOI: 10.5815/ijisa.2015.01.02

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