翻译
加 减 转 独 调
句子（英翻中）
理解正确（确定主干，切分成分，独立成句）
表达通顺（调整语序，赋予含义，增词减词）
目录
翻译...................................................................................................................................................................... 1
一 词义的选择............................................................................................................................................ 2 二 词组的积累............................................................................................................................................ 3 三 增词的译法 （2+1=2 加词不加义） ................................................................................................. 6
1加名词 .............................................................................................................................................. 6 2 adj 充当表语时加程度副词 ............................................................................................................ 7 3加动词 .............................................................................................................................................. 7 4 ........................................................................................................................................................... 7 5 ........................................................................................................................................................... 8 6 复数名词加量词 ............................................................................................................................. 9 7并列的增补 .................................................................................................................................... 10 四 减词的译法 （2-1=2 减词不加义） ................................................................................................ 10
1 系动词 ........................................................................................................................................... 10 2 定语从句和同位语从句的先行词 ............................................................................................... 10 3 连词 ............................................................................................................................................... 11 五 词的处理.............................................................................................................................................. 11
（一）介词处理................................................................................................................................ 11 （二）代词处理................................................................................................................................ 12 （三）人名处理................................................................................................................................ 13 （四）名词处理................................................................................................................................ 14 （五）副词处理................................................................................................................................ 14 （六）形容词性的词（adj v-ing v-ed）处理 .................................................................................. 15 六 成分的处理.......................................................................................................................................... 16
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（一）定语（从句）处理................................................................................................................ 16 （二）同位语（从句）处理............................................................................................................ 17 （三）状语最佳位置........................................................................................................................ 18 （四）插入语处理（任何成分都可充当插入语）........................................................................ 19 （五）形式主语处理........................................................................................................................ 19 （六）there be 处理 ........................................................................................................................ 19 （七）被动语态处理........................................................................................................................ 20 （八）比较结构处理........................................................................................................................ 24 （九）并列结构的处理（识别后补全）........................................................................................ 27
一 词义的选择
1. The intellectual equipment（储备，修养，结构） of an educated person
2. The special preserve（专业知识） of lawyers
3. His function（职业，责任，任务）is analogous to that of a judge
4. He has not been charged（负责，主管，主抓）with the task
5. He did not accept the charge（指责）made by some of his critics as well founded（是有根据的）
6. His primary task is not to think about the moral code（规范）which governs（支配）his activity
7. Developed（形成） the idea
8. A unique and distinctly（非常）social science
2
9. Children will play with dolls玩偶equipped with装有配有personality chip芯片
10. This ability is built into us（与生俱来）in the same way好像 that our body know how to heal a cut
二 词组的积累
at the outset 一开始
jump to the rescue 匆匆介入
be obliged to do sth 被迫
be obliged to sth 感谢
on a daily basis 日常/每天
take root 扎根、
sort out 解决
rests upon 取决于
author of note有影响力的人
3
piece together 汇编
in…terms 就…而言
to kill two birds with one stone 异化（一石二鸟），归化（一箭双雕）
to laugh off one’s head 归化（笑掉大牙）
an uncharted continent 未知的大陆 chart（航行）
bound for 驶向
virgin forest 原始森林
in anticipation of 预计到=because of
the competitive edge 竞争优势
rip out 废除，撕毁，拆除
joining the dots 了解
mark sb out 使谁出类拔萃/与众不同
fund-raising method 资金募集手段
4
bring A to a close =bring to a close A （结束A）
to the letter 严格地，不折不扣地
pang of sth 一阵…
flash of sth …闪现
a flash in the pan 归化（昙花一现）
die down 减弱；平息
next to 除开
trade-off （名词）权衡，考虑
may well 完全可能
fronted by 由…领导
liken A to B 把A比作B
stems from 源于
end up（有时加with）最终成为，最后处于（往往是你不愿意的结果）
5
no end=very much
it upset me no end to hear they’d split up 听说他们要离婚，我感到非常不安
keep your end up 不泄气，保持乐观
make end meet 保持收支平衡
at the end of the day 说到底
we ended up convinced …最后我们确信…
bear the brunt of 首当其冲（brunt冲击；主要冲力）
prepare A for B 让A做好应对B的准备
deserving people 需要救济的人士
三 增词的译法 （2+1=2 加词不加义）
1加名词
Studies serve for delight, for ornament and for ability
读书可以使人从中获得乐趣，可以给人添加文采，可以使人增长才干。
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读书可以怡情，博采，长智
alleged human-rights abuses
涉嫌的人权侵害行为
Improve life
提高生命质量/生活水平
2 adj 充当表语时加程度副词
the park is beautiful（好/太/真美）
3加动词
the task demands a strategic choice 要求做出
the new American Secretary of State has proposed a world conference of food supplies
美国新任国务卿建议召开世界食品资源问题会议
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suitable 比较适应
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warm 非常热情
courageous 非常勇敢
kind 十分善良
lovely 十分可爱
witty 实在高明
disgusting 实在讨厌
satisfied 相当满意
5
confusion 混乱局面
measurement 测量方法
management 管理方式
accommodation 食宿问题joint 连接部分
8
saturation 饱和状态
preparation 准备工作
remedies 补救措施
modification 修改方案
6 复数名词加量词
activities 各种活动
samples 各种样品
types 各种型号
problems 这些问题
contradictions 这些矛盾
contents 各项内容
targets 各项指标
circumstances 种种情况
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causes 种种原因
7并列的增补
You may apply in person or by letter. 你可以亲自去申请也可以寄信去申请
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors. 将会出现由机器人主持的电视聊天节目，也将会出现装有污染监视器的汽车
四 减词的译法 （2-1=2 减词不加义）
1 系动词
He was on the wrong track. 他走错路了
The milk goes bad
2 定语从句和同位语从句的先行词
His professions（表达） of judicial modesty during his own confirmation hearings in 2005 gave little inking of（万万没想到） the controversial decisions over which he has since presided.
【preside over 做出/主持】
..在2005年的自己的就职确认听证会上表达了中庸的法学思想，万万没想到从那以后，
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他做出了一系列具有争议的决定。
Behaviorists, in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of many educational advantages that whites enjoy.
相反，行为主义者认为，成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育方面所享有的许多有利条件。
3 连词
If winter comes，can spring be far behind？
冬天来了，春天还会远么
五 词的处理
（一）介词处理
1 按字面译
the debate over（关于）this issue
against the decline of whole economy 在整体经济下滑的背景下
【stress A over（而不是） B 】
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【over：在…之上 under1 在…领导下】
2翻译为动词
There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with（装有）pollution monitors.
3不译（连接作用）
He resolved this conflict by concluding that the aggressive procedure does not violate federal statues.
名词+off+v-ing； 常常不用翻译of
名词+介词+ v-ing 常常不用翻译介词
Smoking is prohibited in public places. in不翻译，被动变主动
Change of information, if any（若有任何）,concerning the contents of this section will be found（请见）in the appendix at the end of this book. 本节内容信息若有任何改变请见本书结尾附录。
（二）代词处理
1按字面翻
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His book
2找到具体指代对象再翻译（上一句，前文）
3不翻译
One must have studied hard before one could succeed in foreign language. 若要掌握一门外语必须刻苦学习
We live and learn
活到老，学到老
（三）人名处理
1名人按习惯翻译
Beethoven贝多芬 Einstein爱因斯坦 Edison爱迪生 Eason
2音译
Pearson 皮尔森
3不可音译直接抄英文
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（四）名词处理
1字面译
2转译为动词：动名词
①有动词含义的名词 ②由动词转化而来的名词
The emphasis（强调）on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought（采用）to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
强调收集一手数据及采用一种跨文化的视角去分析过去和现在的文化，这使这项研究成为了独特的而且非常重要的社会科学。
【combined with=and】
【make sth sth 使什么成为】
note：有时候动词或者句子也会转译为名词
How diverse languages（语言的多样性）could be.
How this product could be produced（生产方式）.
（五）副词处理
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1直译：程度（非常）
2.独立成句
understandably 这是可以理解的
presumptively 有理由相信
arguably 可能，大概/无疑/有理由认为
ecologically 从…来讲/而言
academically 从…来讲/而言
historically 从…来讲/而言
scientifically 从…来讲/而言
（六）形容词性的词（adj v-ing v-ed）处理
1正常含义
2转译为动词
v-ed：1正常的被动含义；2转译为主动动词
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v-ing：1正常的主动含义；2独立成句：介词+doing（介词不译）【08年46题】
六 成分的处理
（一）定语（从句）处理
1定语从句的解决办法
前置：如果定语结构简单，信息负载量不大，翻译前置（七前八后不一定对）
Rarely has the search for new knowledge, undertaken by a university of world renown, been so vocally condemned.（rarely句首倒装，先调整语序）
The search for new knowledge, undertaken by a university of world renown, has rarely been so vocally condemned.
由一所世界知名大学进行的对新知识的探究很少受到如此激烈的谴责。
后置：如果定语结构复杂，信息负载量比较大。（独立成句）
The law, which is set to come into effect from 1 March 2022 if it passes through parliament before the end of this year, would make vaccination against measles mandatory for all children attending nurseries and schools, as well as teachers, educators and medical staff at hospitals and surgeries.
这项法律如果在今年年底之前在议会通过，将会在2022年3月1日起生效。这项法
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律规定下面人必须接种麻疹疫苗：所有的在幼儿园和学校的孩子和老师还有教育者，以及在医院和诊所的医护人员。
2多个定语的处理（调序）
groundbased detectors at（安装在）the south pole
安装在南极的路基勘测器
（二）同位语（从句）处理
调，独立成句后放句首；顺译；加“：”，破折号；放句尾
The shark, a hugely successful fish in evolutionary terms, with a lineage dating back more than 400 million years, is under relentless attack from humans.
鲨鱼的血缘可追溯到四亿多年前，所以从进化的角度讲鲨鱼是一种非常成功的鱼类，但鲨鱼一种遭受到来自人类的不断/无情的攻击。
Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass（大规模的）migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.
因为人口爆炸和大规模人口迁徙（现在，现代化的交通方式使其变得相对容易）所引起的种种问题，新的社会压力也可能会产生。
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（三）状语最佳位置
应该是在主语后，动词前，时间在前，地点在后。除此以外句子也可以句子开头结尾。
The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people realized how diverse language could be.
希腊人认为语言的结构与思维的过程有着某种联系，这种观点早在意识到语言的多样性之前在欧洲就已经扎根了。
【long before早在…之前】
【before long = soon = in no time】
As the economy continues to grow past what many predicted was possible, some analysts and officials are wondering if the current state of the economy is too good to be true — and that experts must be missing warning signs（征兆）.
The first shiploads of immigrants bound for the territory which is now the United States crossed the Atlantic more than a hundred years after the 15th-and-16th-century explorations of North America.
15,16世纪北美探索后的一百多年，第一批满载移民的船只越过大西洋驶向现在被称之为美国的土地
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（四）插入语处理（任何成分都可充当插入语）
识别出具体成分后再做处理
比如：表观点的主谓结构做插入语则可以翻译到句子开头。
But that, Pearson point out, is only the start of man-machine integration.
指出，以上情况只不过是人机一体化的开始。
（五）形式主语处理
固定短语，置句首
It is no exaggeration to say that… 不夸张的说…
It is reported that… 据报道…
It is important that… 重要的是…
（六）there be 处理
1把英语中的状语翻译成汉语后作主语，简称状语变主语
There is a temple on the hill 山上有座庙
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2增加“人们、大家、我们”等汉语的泛指主语
There is no agreement. 人们没有达成共识
3翻译成汉语中无主句（有、出现、存在）
There will be a warm winter. 将会出现暖冬
But even as the number of English speakers expands further, there are signs that the global predominance of the language may fade within the foreseeable furture.
但是甚至当说英语的人数进一步增加，也有种种迹象表明英语的全球统治地位可能在可预见的将来会消失。
There is no doubt that gardens evidence（表明） that self-expression is a basic human urge.
There will be television chat show hosted by roots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.
…当汽车排放超标时，污染监视器就会使汽车不能行驶
（七）被动语态处理
1顺译为被动
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被、把、将、挨、给、叫、让、由、受、遭到、受到、予（以）、加（以）、引以、为…所、经…所、得到、得以
Metals are deliberately mixed to produce hundreds of new substances with desirable qualities（特性，特点，特征，特质，对人们有益的）not otherwise available.
金属被有意的混合，可以产生数百种新物质，这些物质特性合乎人们需要，其他物质不具备这些特质。
【not otherwise 其它…不…】
The funds can be only obtained through website not otherwise available.
经费只能通过网站才能获取，其它方式均不可以。
Other processes will be discussed briefly.
其他方法将被简要讨论。
The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated（阐释）only a little more than a hundred years ago.
进化中自然选择的作用仅在一百多年前才得以阐明。
This instinct should be encouraged rather than laughed at.
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这种本能应该得到鼓励而不是受到嘲笑
Algorithm: How well the predictions will be validated（证实）by later performance depends upon the amount, reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with（用）which it is interpreted.
预测在多大程度上能为后来的表现所证实，取决于我们所用信息的数量、可靠性和适当性，还取决于解释这些信息时所用的技巧和智慧。
Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. 在这些问题得到解决以前，研究行为的技术手段就会继续收到排斥，随之解决问题的唯一方法可能也随之继续受到排斥。
As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. (is cut off) 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区,他们多年的朋友,他们扩展的家庭关系,这样的非正式的信息流通,就被切断了，随之在需要时就能得到即可靠又可信的信息也被切断了。
2直接改译为主动
The quality of our products has been greatly improved.
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产品质量有了很大提高。
The car has been cleaned.
汽车擦干净了。
3加泛指主语或变为无主句（主动）
Although little is known about how hypnosis works, it has been made use of in medical treatment.
虽然人们对于催眠术知之甚少，但该技术已用于临床治疗。
The education programs should be enriched to include life skills for health, safety and environmental awareness.
应该丰富教育计划，将有利于健康的生活技能、安全问题和环境意识纳入其中。
Copies of Keynes are dusted off, the Fed lowers interest rates, and the president and Congress cut taxes and hike spending.
翻开尘封已久的凯恩斯著作，美联储降低银行利率（降息），总统（政府）和国会减少税收并增加财政支出。
No larger alterations to the economy are made.
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经济不用做大的改动。
4倒译为主动，将介词（by等）后的宾语倒译为汉语的主语
Heat is removed from the body during sweating. 出汗时身体散发热量
Abundant exercises and problems are provided in this reference book. 这本参考书提供了大量的问题和练习
（八）比较结构处理
1 more+肯定, than+否定；less+否定, than+肯定
Futurist poetry is more of a transient phenomenon than literature.
未来派的诗歌是短暂的现象而不具有文学的性质。
未来派的诗歌与其说是文学不如说是短暂的现象。
【be of 具备…】
2 more…than+句子（否定）
24
The unemployment rate has fallen far faster over the past year than the tepid recoveries in both countries seem to justify.
过去的一年中失业率下降的非常快，这两个国家疲软的经济复苏看起来已经解释不了这一现象了。
3 not so +原级+ as… = less +原级+ than… = not +比较级+ than…
Jack is less clever than Tom.
Jack is not so clever as Tom.
Jack is not cleverer than Tom.
While it is easy to ignore our contact with teenagers the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.
虽然在与年轻人的接触中我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们的性情所产生的影响，然而在与成年人打交道时这种情况就不那么容易发生。
4 not so much … as … 不是…而是…
not so much A as B 与其说A不然说B。没有比较意思，只是单纯的阐述观点。
The conveniences that Americans desire reflect not so much a leisurely lifestyle as a busy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.
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5 less…more… 与其说…不如说…
Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.
（interest arisen less through A more from B）
对于历史研究方法的兴趣并不源自于外部对于历史学科作为一门知识学科的有效性的质疑，而源自于历史学家本身内部的争吵。
6 no more…than… = not… any more than 双方否定
But his primary task is not to think about the moral code which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business.
他首要的任务并不是去思考支配他行为的道德规范，就如不指望一个商人会致力于探究商业行为规范一样。
Nobody with any sense expects to find the whole truth in job advertisement any more than he expects a man applying for a job to describe his shortcomings and more serious faults.
he sees the gradual disappearance of \"whom\ (to be) no more regrettable than the loss of the case-endings of Old English. 26
和…一样不…
7 more than 的不同搭配
① +数字：多于，超过
② +名词、动词：不仅仅，不只是
③ +形容词、副词：很，非常
④ +can：不能够
They may teach very well and more than earn they salaries.
Managers have been more than（非常）willing to adjust team uniforms to fit the growing number of bigger, longer frames. [willing(“adj”)]
Deliberate practice entails more than [simply repeating a task(“n”)].
刻意训练不只是涉及刻意的重复一项任务。
（九）并列结构的处理（识别后补全）
This fallacy（谬论）applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity with specific techniques.
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这一谬论同样适用于传统的历史学家，他们认为历史仅仅是内部和外部批评的源泉，而且还适用于社会科学历史学家，他们将他们的行为等同于特定的方法。
Allen's contribution was to take（研究，考察）an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we there control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature.
This movement, driven by powerful and diverse motivations, built a nation out of a wilderness and, by its nature, shaped the character and destiny of an uncharted continent.
But the force of geographic conditions peculiar to America, the interplay of the varied national groups upon one another, and the sheer difficulty of maintaining old-world ways（方式，次序）in a raw, new continent caused significant changes.
This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.
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