SENSE

a lexical item which has a range of different meanings an essential feature of language’s economy and efficiency

Sense (relations)

Polysemy two approaches diachronic approach, the growth or change in the structure

Synchronic approach: comparative value between central meaning and secondary meaning two processes polysemy radiation: P111 concatenation: P113 Homo: same; onoma: name

perfect homonyms: words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning Types homophones: words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning Homonyms homographs: words identical in spelling, different in sound and meaning phonetic divergence（分叉） Sources of semantic divergence

homonyms foreign influence shortening

degree of a given quality or in shade of meaning Words having similar meaning, differing in affective meaning, stylistic meaning collocation and distribution Synonyms Synonymous pattern double scale pattern: Native —— Latin

triple scale pattern: Native —— French —— Latin Absolute synonyms Contraries display a type of semantic contrast Semantic there is/are intermediate items

Types of antonyms Complementaries: the assertion of one of the items is the denial of the other Conversives: interdependent of meaning, presuppose each other Morphological Root antonyms: antonyms having different roots

Antonyms （形态学） Derivational antonyms: antonyms with the same root, with negative/antonymous affix （反义词） Marked and unmarked marked: more specific, implication of distinctiveness

unmarked: more widely used, no implication of distinctiveness

Lexical antonoyms VS sytactic regation: laxical antonyms are stronger than syntactic（句法的） negation（反面）

Hyponymy the relationship which obtains between specific and general lexical item, include and included （上下义关系） hyponyms(subordinate)， cohponyms, superordinate

Semantic fields: fields within which words interrelate and define each other in various ways