很多句型

一、in case引导的状语从句

根据语境的不同，in case既可表示“如果”“万一”，引导条件状语从句;也可表示“以防(万一)”，引导目的状语从句。下面两道真题均选in case：

1. Leave your key with a neighbor ______ you lock yourself out one day. (北京卷) A. ever since B. even if C. soon after D. in case

2. My parents live in a small village. They always keep candles in the house ______ there is a power cut. (重庆卷)

A. if B. unless C. in case D. so that

【解析】两道题都选in case，均表示“以防万一”。 二、before引导的状语从句

尤其要注意“it+be+一段时间+before…”这一句型。如：

1. The field research will take Joan and Paul about five months; it will be a long time ______ we meet them again. (安徽卷) A. after B. before C. since D. when

2. He was told that it would be at least three more months ______ he could recover and return to work. (江西卷)

A. when B. before C. since D. that

【解析】两道题均before。第1题涉及的句式为：It will be a long time before…，意思是“要过很久才会……”;第2题涉及的句式为：it was some time before…，意思是“在……之前过了一段时间”，通常可转译为“要过一段时间才会……”。 三、while引导的状语从句

尤其要注意while表示“尽管”“虽然”时的用法(此时它引导的不是时间状语从句，而是让步状语从句——此用法许多同学并不熟悉，值得特别注意!)。如： ______ I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive. (山东卷)

A. As B. Since C. If D. While

【解析】答案选D。while在此表示“尽管”“虽然”，又如：While the work was difficult, it was interesting. 尽管工作有难度，但很有趣。/ While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you. 虽然我理解你的意思，但我还是不同意。

另外，while表示对比的用法也值得注意(此时它表示“而”)。如：

The cost of living in Glasgow is among the lowest in Britain, ______ the quality of life is probably one of the highest. (天津卷) A. since B. when C. as D. while 四、when引导的状语从句

对于when的用法，同学们最熟悉的是表示“当……的时候”。如： —Where’s that report?

—I brought it to you ______ you were in Mr. Black’s office yesterday. (北京卷) A. if B. when C. because D. before

【解析】答案选B。将四个选项逐一填入空格处，只有填when时，意思最通顺。句意为：当你昨天在布莱克先生办公室时我就带给你了。 但是when还有一个用法，就是表示“既然”。如：

Why do you want a new job ___D___ you’ve got such a good one already? A. that B. where C. which D. when

还有一点也需注意，就是when表示“这时(突然)”的用法。如：

1. I had just stepped out of the bathroom and was busily drying myself with a towel ___B___ I heard the steps. (湖南卷)

A. while B. when C. since D. after

2. He was about halfway through his meal ___C___ a familiar voice came to his ears. (辽宁卷)

A. why B. where C. when D. while

五、unless引导的状语从句

unless的意思是“如果不……”“除非”，对于涉及unless的考题，一般只要能读懂句意，弄清语境，一般不会有问题。如：

1. Most birds find it safe to sleep in the trees, but ______ they have eggs or young chicks, they don’t use a nest. (湖南卷) A. why B. how C. unless D. where

2. I won’t call you, ______ something unexpected happens. (全国I) A. unless B. whether C. because D. while 【解析】两道题都选unless，均表示“除非”。 六、until引导的状语从句

until的意思是“直到……时”“在……之前”，对于涉及until的考题，一般只要能读懂句意，弄清语境，一般不会有问题。如：

It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life ___A___ we’ve actually had that lesson. (天津卷) A. until B. after C. since D. when

另外，还要注意not…until…这一句式(直到……才)。如：

“You can’t have this football back ___D___ you promise not to kick it at my cat again,” the old man said firmly. (广东卷)

A. because B. since C. when D. until 七、once引导的状语从句

once的意思是“一旦”，对于涉及once的考题，一般只要能读懂句意，弄清语境，一般不会有问题。如：

1. You will be successful in the interview ______ you have confidence. (福建卷) A. before B. once C. until D. though

2. ______ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem (生态系统) to recover. (江苏卷)

A. Even if B. If only C. While D. Once 【解析】两道题都选once，均表示“一旦”。 八、where引导的状语从句

where可以用于引导地点状语从句，其意为“在……的地方”，此用法许多同学都不是熟悉，但高考经常考查，应引起特别注意。如：

1. If you are traveling ______ the customs are really foreign to your own, please do as the Romans do. (天津卷)

A. in which B. what C. when D. where 2. —Mom, what did your doctor say?

—He advised me to live ______ the air is fresher. (四川卷) A. in where B. in which C. the place where D. where 【解析】两道题都选where，均表示“在……的地方”。

主谓一致

不定式短语、动词-ing形式或名词性从句作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。如： Remember /To remember English words is not easy. 记英语单词不容易。 Who will do the job hasn’t been decided yet. 谁来做这项工作还没决定。

注：what引导主语从句时，如果其表语是复数形式，谓语动词要用复数形式。如： What he took with him were two books. 他带去的是两本书。

不定代词one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, nobody, anything, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被each, every修饰的名词做主语，尽管有些表达复数意义，但是，它们的谓语应该用单数形式。如： Is everybody here today? 大家都到齐了吗？ Neither (book) is good. 两本书都不好。

None knows the weight of another’s burden. 见人挑担不吃力。

注：neither, none做主语时，口语中或非正式文字中，谓语动词通常用复数，正式的书面语中用单数。如：

Are/Is neither of the teams playing this week? 这个星期两个队中有哪一个队要进行比赛？ None of them has/have been to the Great Wall. 他们中没有一个人去过长城。 不过，none作主语，其表语是单数，谓语用单数；表语是复数，谓语则用复数。

在定语从句中，当关系代词 who, which或 that做主语时，从句中的谓语动词应该与先行词保持一致。如：

The teacher who teaches us English is from England. 教我们英语的教师是英国人。 Are these the books that were bought yesterday? 这些就是昨天买的书吗？

I, who am a new teacher, will teach you English. 我，一个新教师，将教你们英语。

one of+名词复数”后面的定语从句，谓语动词应该用复数；而“the (only) one of + 名词复数”后面的定语从句的谓语应该用单数形式。如：

He is one of the students that have passed the exam 他是通过了考试的学生之一。 He is the (only) one of the students that has passed the exam. 他就是通过考试的那个学生。 某些集体名词，如family, audience, class, club, company, crew, enemy, government, group, party, public, team等作主语时，如果作为一个整体看待，谓语动词用单数形式，如果就其中一个个成员而言，谓语动词用复单数形式。如：

My family are all fond of going to the cinema. 我全家都爱看电影。

The family is rather big, with twelve people in all. 这个家庭很大，总共有12个人。

当表示时间、距离、金额等度量的复数名词作主语，把它看作一个整体时，谓语动词一般用单数。如：

Surely 15 minutes is enough time for you to have a coffee. 你喝杯咖啡15分钟当然足够了。 但若与pass, go by, spend, waste等连用时，谓语动词用复数。如：

Six months have passed, and we still have no news of them. 六个月过去了，我们依然没有他们的消息

名词或代词+由with, together with, along with, as well as, besides, but ,except, including, in addition to, like, no less than, rather than等引起的短语”作主语时，谓语动词与前面的名词或代词的数一致。如：

Mr Li together with his two sons has gone to the cinema. 李先生和他的两个儿子看电影去了。 No one except the two boys was late for class. 除了两个男孩外，没有一个人迟到。

Li Ming, rather than his classmates, has let out the secret. 是李明透露了那个消息而不是他的同学透露的。

more than one/many a + 单数名词”作主语时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： More than one person has known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。

Many a worker was killed in the accident. 在这个事故中死了许多工人。 注：“More+复数名词 than one”作主语，谓语则用复数形式。如： More persons than one have known it. 不止一个人知道这件事。

一两个……”，用“one or two+名词复数”表达时，谓语用复数；用“a(an) +名词单数or two”表达时，谓语动词用单数形式。如： One or two days are enough for them.

=A day or two is enough for them. 给他们一两天时间足够了。 and连接两个名词一起作主语时，谓语动词一般用复数形式。如： Lily and Kite are kind to me. 莉莉和凯特都对我很好。

但是，当两个名词表示同一人、同一事物、同一概念或一个完整的东西时(其特征是and后的名词前无任何冠词) ，谓语动词用单数形式。如： The teacher and writer has come. 那个教师兼作家已经来了。

(The teacher and the writer have come. 那个教师和那个作家都到来了。) Bread and butter is a daily food in the West. 奶油面包是西方的日常食物。 A knife and fork is on the table. 有一副刀叉在桌上。

注：当and连接的并列单数主语前分别有no，each, every, many a, more than one 等修饰时，谓语动词用单数形式。如：

Many a teacher and many a student has seen the film. 许多教师和学生都看过这部电影。不定代词one, no one, the other, another, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, nobody, anything, something, everything, nothing, each, either 以及被each, every修饰的名词做主语，尽管有些表达复数意义，但是，它们的谓语应该用单数形式。如：

Is everybody here today? 大家都到齐了吗？ Neither (book) is good. 两本书都不好。

None knows the weight of another’s burden. 见人挑担不吃力。

注：neither, none做主语时，口语中或非正式文字中，谓语动词通常用复数，正式的书面语中用单数。如：

Are/Is neither of the teams playing this week? 这个星期两个队中有哪一个队要进行比赛？

None of them has/have been to the Great Wall. 他们中没有一个人去过长城。 不过，none作主语，其表语是单数，谓语用单数；表语是复数，谓语则用复数。 1. 形式上虽为单数，但意义为复数名词，如the police, people, cattle等作主语时，谓语动词用复数。如：

Cattle eat grass. 牛吃草。

注：people 作“民族”解时，其单数形式为people，复数形式为peoples，作主语时，应用语法一致原则。如：

The Chinese people is a great people. 中华民族是一个伟大的民族。 56 peoples make up the big family of China. 56个民族构成中国这个大家庭。

2. 主语是指一类人的“the+形容词（或过去分词）”时，谓语动词通常用复数，这类词有：the brave, the poor, the rich, the blind, the young, the old, the sick, the dead, the deaf and dumb, the oppressed, the injured, the wounded, the unemployed等。另外，像the Chinese, the British, the Irish等表示一个国家或民族的人的总称，作主语时，谓语动词也用复数。如： The injured were taken to hospital. 受伤的人都送进了医院。 The English do not drink much wine. 英国人不喝很多酒。

3. 形式上为复数，而意义上却是单数的名词，如news, mathematics, physics，politics, economics及以s结尾的书名、国名等作主语时，谓语动词用单数。如： Mathematics is the language of science. 数学是科学语言。

His “Selected Poems” was first published in 1965. 他的诗歌选集最早是1965年出版的。

1.一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等…… 1、请看一些例句：

Five minutes is enough to do this exercise．

Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future．

More than one student has seen the film. Many a ship has been damaged in the storm. More members than one are against your plan.

2、一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式：glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。

但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。 A pair of shoes was on the desk．

并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面有冠词。例如: Truth and honesty is the best policy． The girl's teacher and friend is a young doctor．

To love and to be loved is the great happiness. Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit. A knife and fork is on the table.

3、当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如: The teacher as well as the students was excited． The room with its furniture was rented．

A (great) number of修饰可数复数名词, 谓语动词用复数.

4、a great deal of, a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如: Those who want to go please sign your names here． Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun．

5、季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称，球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。

1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter 6、形容词的顺序：

系动词be，grow，get，become，feel，appear，prove，seem，look，keep，smell，taste，sound，turn，remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前，基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料

Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table

7、某些以a-开首的形容词例如：afraid，alike，alone，asleep，awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。

8、某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词：friendly，lively，lovely，lonely，likely，deadly，silly，orderly, timely等。

1)close接近地---losely仔细地，密切地 2)free 免费地--- freely自由地,无拘束地 3)hard努力地--- hardly几乎不 4)late 晚，迟--- lately 近来 5)most 极,非常--- mostly主要地

6)wide广阔地，充分地--- widely广泛地7)high高--- highly高度地，非常地

8)deep深，迟---deeply抽象意义的“深” 9)loud大声地--- loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思) 10)near邻近--- nearly几乎

bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least

9、表示一方不及另一方时，用“less＋原级＋than”的结构表示：This room is less beautiful than that one．

表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时，可在比较级前加表示程度的状语，如：even，a lot，a bit，a little，still，much，far, yet, by far等修饰：He works even harder than before． 注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。

He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers. 某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时，用to代替than。superior，junior，senior等。 He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics．

10、在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，one既可指人，也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如：

The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk． A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．

11、表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型: A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B. The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one. 这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。[高三倍]

A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B. Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。

A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B. 例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。 表示两倍可以用twice 或double。

表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent，extreme，perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。

如果复数名词前有many、few，不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时，该用so而不用such。如：

I've had so many falls that I'm black and blue all over。

White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together. 但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如: They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.

强调句

1.强调结构的陈述式

强调结构的陈述式为“It is (was) + 被强调部分 + that (who)…”。该结构可用于强调主语、宾语、状语等，但不能强调谓语动词。该句式中用that或who的区别是：当被强调的指人时，用that或who均可；当被强调的不是指人时，则只能用that（注意不用which）。如： It was in the office that he was killed. 他是办公室被杀害的。(强调in the office) It is the children who broke the window. 是孩子们打破窗户的。(强调the children)

It was to you and not anyone else that I lent the money. 我只借钱给你，不借给其他人。(强调to you and not anyone)

It is only when you have your own children that you realize the troubles of parenthood. 当你有了自己的孩子，才能真切地了解到双亲的辛苦。(强调only when you have your own children) 2. 一般疑问句的强调结构

一般疑问句的强调结构就是将be提到句首，即使用“Is / Was it+ 被强调部分 + that / who…”。如：

Is it Tommy who answered the telephone? 是汤米接的电话吗?

Is it from advertising that a newspaper earns a lot of its profits? 报纸获利最多的部分是在于广告收入吗？

3. 特殊疑问句的强调结构

特殊疑问句的强调结构句型为“疑问词(Who / What / When / Where / Why / How)+is / was it that…”这样的形式。如：

When was it that he got married? 他是什么时候结婚的?

How long ago is it that you last saw her? 你上一次看见她是多久以前的事? Who was it that won the World Cup in 1982? 谁赢得了1982年的世界杯?

Why is it that I always land up cleaning the bath? 为什么总是该我来洗刷浴缸?

In which play of Shakespeare’s is it that Viola appears? 维欧拉是在莎士比亚那个剧里出现的吗?

主格结构

现将with引导的主格结构总结如下。 一、句法结构

【结构一】 with ＋名词（代词）＋介词短语 例1 He sat there thinking, with his chin on his hand． 他手托下巴，坐在那儿沉思。

【结构二】 with ＋名词（代词）＋形容词 例2 He stared at his friend with his mouth wide open． 他张大嘴巴凝视着他的朋友。

【结构三】with ＋名词（代词）＋副词

例3 With production up by 60％, the company has had another excellent year． 产量上升了60％, 公司又是一个好年景。 【结构四】 with ＋名词（代词）＋名词

例4 She used to sit reading in the evening with her pet dog her only companion． 她从前总爱在晚上坐着看书，她的宠物狗便是她唯一的伙伴。 【结构五】with ＋名词（代词）＋现在分词

例5 She stood there chatting with her friend, with her child playing beside her． 她站在那儿跟朋友闲聊，孩子在旁边玩。 【结构六】with ＋名词（代词）＋过去分词

例6“I think we can leave with our heads held high,” Eriksson said． “我认为我们可以高昂着头离开，”艾里克松说。 【结构七】with ＋名词（代词）＋不定式 例7 With 10 minutes to go, you’d better hurry． 还有十分钟，你最好快一点。 二、句法功能

【作状语】 with主格结构主要用作状语，可以表示伴随、方式、原因、时间等。 例8 With Mary to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有玛丽的帮助，他一定能成功。 【作定语】主要是用作后置定语。

例9 The girl reached a river bank with so many flowers on both banks. 这个女孩来到了两岸开满鲜花的河边。 三、句法关系

【主表关系】主表关系这种关系主要是由with主格结构中的名词和其后的形容词、副词以及介词短语构成。

例10 Mother looked at me with tears in her eyes. 妈妈眼含泪水看着我。

【主谓关系】这种关系主要是由with主格结构中的名词和其后的现在分词构成。 例11 With night coming on, we started for home. 夜幕降临，我们动身回家。

例12 The boy lay on the grass, with his eyes looking at the sky. 小男孩躺在草地上，两眼望着天空。

【动宾关系】这种关系主要是由with主格结构中的名词和其后的过去分词及动词不定式构成的，前者表示“被动、完成”，后者表示“未做、待做”。 例13 With so much work to do, we had to sit up through the night. 有这么多工作要做，我们不得不彻夜不眠。 四、句法省略

【省略特征】 with主格结构中的省略主要是指在“with + n + 介词短语”结构中的省略，其特点是省去with及介词短语中的名词修饰词，也就是：“n + 介词 + n”。 例14 She ran to the hero, flowers in hand. 她手里拿着鲜花跑向这位英雄。 With的复合结构作主格

表伴随时，既可用分词的结构，也可用with的复合结构。 with +名词(代词)+现在分词/过去分词/形容词/副词/不定式/介词短语 举例: He stood there, his hand raised. = He stood there, with his hand raise. 典型例题

The murder was brought in, with his hands ___ behind his back。 A. being tied B. having tied C. to be tied D. tied

答案D. with +名词（代词）+分词+介词短语结构。当分词表示伴随状况时，其主语常常用with来引导。由于本句中名词\"手\"与分词\"绑\"是被动关系，因此用过去分词，选D. 注意:

1) 主格结构使用介词的问题：

当介词是in时，其前后的两个名词均不加任何成分（如物主代词或冠词），也不用复数。但 with 的复合结构不受此

A robber burst into the room, knife in hand. ( hand前不能加his)。

2) 当表人体部位的词做逻辑主语时，及物动词用现在分词，不及物动词用过去分词。 He lay there, his teeth set, his hand clenched, his eyes looking straight up.

典型例题：

Weather___, we'll go out for a walk.

A permitted B permitting C permits D for permitting

答案B. 本题中没有连词，它不是复合句，也不是并列句。句中使用了逗号，且we 小写，可知其不是两个简单句。能够这样使用的只有主格或with的复合结构。据此判断，本句中使用的是结构，其结构为：名词+分词。由于permit在这里翻译为'天气允许'，表主动，应用现在分词，故选B。

如果不会判断结构作状语的形式，不妨将句子改为条件句，例如本句改为If weather permits, we'll go out for a walk. 然后将if 去掉，再将谓语动词改为非谓语动词即可

高考常见的十种时态

1. 一般现在时

主要用来表示人、事物的现在状况和特点；表示经常或习惯性的动作，句子中常有often, always, from time to time 等时间状语；表示客观规律和永恒真理等。 He usually goes to work at 7 o’clock every morning.

She has a brother who lives in New York. The earth goes around the sun. Guangzhou is situated in the south of China.

考点一：表示永恒的真理，即使出现在过去的语境中，仍用一般现在时。如： I learned that the earth goes around the sun when I was in primary school. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替一般将来时，常用的引导词有： 时间：when, until, after, before, as soon as, once, the moment / minute / day / year 条件：if, unless, provided If he accepts the job, he will get more money soon.

考点三：在make sure (certain), see to it, mind, care, matter ＋宾语从句中，从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时。

So long as he works hard, I don’t mind when he finishes the experiment. 只要他努力工作，我不介意他什么时候做完试验。

考点四：在the more… the more … (越…越…) 句型中, 若主句是一般将来时, 从句通常用一般现在时。

The harder you study, the better results you will get. 2. 现在进行时

表说话时或目前一段时间内正在进行的活动；与频率副词，如always，constantly，continually，again等连用，表示说话人的某种感情色彩(赞叹、厌烦、埋怨等)。 We are having English class. The house is being built these days. The little boy is always making trouble.

考点一：在时间状语或条件状语从句中表示将来正在进行的动作。 Look out when you are crossing the street.

Don't wake him up if he is still sleeping at 7 tomorrow morning.

考点二：表示在最近按计划或安排要进行的动作(这时多有表示将来的时间状语)。 Marry is leaving on Friday. 3. 现在完成时

表示动作发生在过去，完成在过去，但强调与现在情况仍有联系，其结果或影响仍存在。现在完成时有一些标志性的时间状语。 考点一：for + 时间段；since + 时间点 They have lived in Beijing for five years.

They have lived in Beijing since 1995. I have learned English for ten years.

考点二：常见的不确定的时间状语：lately, recently, just, already, yet, up to now; till now; so far, these days

Has it stopped raining yet?

考点三：在表示“最近几世纪/年/月以来……”时间状语中，谓语动词用现在完成时。 in the past few years/months/weeks/days, over the past few years, during the last three months, for the last few centuries, through centuries, throughout history 等

In the past 30 years China has made great advances in socialist construction.

考点四：表示“第几次做某事，”或在 “It is the best (worst, most interesting ) +名词＋that” 后面用现在完成时。

This is my first time that I have visited China. That is the only book that he has written. This is the most interesting film I have ever seen. 4.一般过去时

表在过去某个特定时间发生且完成的动作，或过去习惯性动作，不强调对现在的影响，只说明过去。常与明确的过去时间状语连用，如：yesterday, last week, in 1945, at that time, once, during the war, before, a few days ago, when。

考点一：used to + do 表示过去经常但现在已不再维持的习惯动作。to为不定式符号，后接动词原形。

比较：be / become / get used to + doing 表示习惯于 He used to smoke a lot. He has got used to getting up early. 考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，代替过去将来时。 He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise 5. 过去进行时

表示过去某个时间点或某段时间内正在发生的动作。

The boy was doing his homework when his father came back from work.

He was taking a walk leisurely by the lake when he heard someone shouted for help. What were you doing at nine last night?

The radio was being repaired when you called me. 6. 过去完成时

表示过去某个时间之前已经完成的动作，即过去完成时的动作发生在“过去的过去”，句中有明显的参照动作或时间状语，这种时态从来不孤立使用。 There had been 25 parks in our city up till 2000.

By the end of last term we had finished the book. They finished earlier than we had expected.

考点一：用于hardly/scarcely...when; no sooner ...than句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。

I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me. I had no sooner got into the room than it began to snow.

No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang. (注意倒装) 考点二：表示“第几次做某事”，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时。 That was the second time that she had seen her grandfather.

考点三：动词hope, expect, think, intend, mean, want, suppose, plan 用过去完成时，表示未实现的愿望、打算和意图。

I had hoped that I could do the job. I had intended to see you but I was too busy. 7. 一般将来时

表示在将来某个时间发生的动作或情况。常和tomorrow, next year, in 2008等表示将来的时间状语连用，其表现形式多达5种。

考点一：一般将来时总是用在一些时间状语从句或条件状语从句的主句中。 We will begin our class as soon as the teacher comes.

(主句用一般将来时，从句中一定要用一般现在时替代一般将来时。)

考点二：某些表示短暂性动作的动词如arrive, come, go, leave, start等，用现在进行时形式表示将来。

I am leaving for Beijing tomorrow.

考点三：“祈使句 + and / or + 句子”，这种结构中and后面的句子谓语用一般将来时。 Use your head and you will find a way.

考点四：“be going to + 动词原形”，表示打算要做的事或可能要发生的事。

“be about to + 动词原形”表示按照预定计划或打算准备着手进行的动作。 “be to + 动词原形”表示必须、必然或计划将要做的事。 They are to be married in May. 8. 将来进行时

表示将来某个时间正在发生的动作，或按计划一定会发生的事情。 I’ll be doing my homework this time tomorrow. 明天这会我正在写作业。 The President will be meeting the foreign delegation at the airport. 9. 将来完成时

表示在将来某时刻之前业已完成的事情，时间状语非常明显。

考点一：常用的时间状语一般用by + 将来时间，如：by the end of this year, by 8 o’clock this evening, by March next year以及由by the time…, before或when等引导的从句。 By the end of next month, he will have traveled 1000 miles on foot. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left. By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.

考点二：在时间和条件状语从句中，将来完成时则由现在完成时表示。 The children will do their homework the moment they have arrived back from school. 10. 动词的语态

一般用于强调受者，做题时谓语动词后通常不再有名词或宾语。动词的语态一般不单独考，而是和时态、语气和非谓语动词一起考，需要注意以下考点。 考点一：不能用于被动语态的动词和词组

come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, appear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeed It took place before liberation.

考点二：下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用：lock, wash, sell, read, wear, blame, ride , write

Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。 The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。 The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。 The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。 考点三：一些常用经典被动句型

It is said…, It is reported…, It is widely believed…，It is expected…, It is estimated…, 这些句子一般翻译为“据说…”，“人们认为…”，而“以前人们认为…”则应该说：It was believed…, It was thought…。 常用的九种被动语态的形式:

这里用S 表示主语,pp表示动词的过去式 1.S+am/is/are+p....(一般现在时态) 2.S+was/were+p...(一般过去时) 3.S+will/shall+be+p...(一般将来时) 4.S+would+be+p...(过去将来时) 5.S+am/is/are+being+p...(现在进行时) 6.S+was/were+being+p...(过去进行时) 7.S+has/have+been+p...(现在完成时) 8.S+had been+p...(过去完成时)

9.S+情态动词+be +p...(情态动词的被动形式)

复合谓语动词

所谓复合谓语是指谓语成分不是单纯的一个动词,而是动词词组构成整个句子的谓语成分,我们知道对于一个完整的句子而言,谓语就是心脏,因此谓语的正确与否关系到整个句子的表达意思,这里针对复合谓语结构进行详细的讲解: I.情态动词＋不定式

1.情态动词can,could,may,might,will,would,shall,should都可与不定式的一般式连用，意思是\"可能\" 、\"许可\"、\"必须\"等。如果要表示对现在或将来的推测时，情态动词的过去式与一般式在含义上并无多大区别，只是语气更为婉转。例如：

(1)--Could I borrow your dictionary?我可以借用你的辞典吗？ --Yes,of course you can.(NMET94-23)可以，当然可以。

(2)If there were no examination,we should have a much happier time at school.(NMET94-30)要是不考试，我们在学校就会玩得更开心些。

2.can,may,must和不定式的完成式连用，表示对过去发生的行为或存在的状态进行想象和推测，含义是“ 可能已经\"，\"或许已经\"，\"一定\"等。例如：

(3)Where is my pen?I must have lost it.(NMET92-35,SAM)我的钢笔在哪里？我准是弄丢了。 (4)--Li Hua must have gone to Beijing.李华一定是去北京了。

－－No,he can't have gone there.I saw him a minute ago.（'92江西省高考适应性试题）不，他不可能去北京，我刚才还看见过他呢。

3.could,might,would,should,ought to,needn't和不定式的完成式连用，不仅可以表示对过去发生的行为或存在的状态进行想象和推测，而且还可以表示\"本来可能\"，\"本来应该\"完成而实际上并未完成的动作或状态与过去事实相反的假设，而needn't则表示本来不必实现而又完成了这样一种情况。例如：

(5)I told Sally how to get here,but I perhaps should havewritten it out for her.(NMET94-16)我告诉塞丽怎样去那儿，或许我本来应该给她写清楚。

(6)Tom ought not to have told me your secret,but he meantnoherm.(MET93-15)汤姆本来不该把你的秘密告诉我，但是他没有恶意。 II.had better,would rather和不定式连用，表示劝告或主观上做出选择，例如：

(7)--Mum,I think I'm well enough to get back to school.妈，我想我已经恢复健康了，可以返回去上学了。

--Not really,my dear.You'd better stay home for another day or two.(NMET93-38)你还没有真正康复呢，亲爱的，你最好是再在家里呆上一两天。

(8)--I'm sorry.But what happened?对不起，发生了什么事啦？ --Well,I would rather not tell you.(SBII,p60)唔，我情愿不告诉你的好。

III.be going to,be to,be about,be able to,be likely to,have to,happen to,seem to,appear to,u sed to,get to等结构和不定式连用的情况极为普遍，例如：

(9)Is this the problem to be discussed at the meeting nextFriday? （'92江西省高考预选及师范专科统招试题）这就是要在下周星期五的会上讨论的问题吗？

(10)If city noises are not kept from infreasing,people will have to shout to be heard even a t the table 20 years from now.(MET92-31)如果不能制止市内噪音的增长，人们只好从现在起用二十年时间在会议桌边大声疾呼，以使人们听见他们的呼声。

Ⅳ.表示说话及心理状态的动词如 say,report,believe,suppose,think,know,consider等的被动结构后面常接不定式，例如：

(11)I don't know the restaurant,but it's said to be quitea good one.(NMET94-36)我不知道那家餐馆，但是据说它是满不错的一家餐馆。

(12)Charles Babbage is generally considered to have invented the first conputer.(NMET93-15)人们普遍认为是查尔斯·贝贝治发明了第一台计算机。

(13)The new secretary is supposed to report to the manageras soon as she arrives.(MET90-16)新来的秘书一到就应该向经理报到。

Ⅴ.许多主动语态带复合宾语的动词构成被动语态后，补足语为带to的不定式、分词或形容词等，这也是一种复合谓语形式。例如：

(14)John was made to wash the truck for a week as a punishment.(NMET91-28)约翰被迫洗一周卡车作为惩罚。

(15)The missing boys were last seen playing near the river.(NMET94-25) 上一次有人看见那些遗失孩子在河边玩。

Ⅵ.\"不及物动词＋表语\"结构其中主语常是事物名词，谓语用主动形式表示被动意义。表语用形容词，常见错误是用成副词。例如：

1.谓语是某些表示知觉或感觉的动词如 feel,sound,taste,smell,look,seem,appear等。 (17)--Do you like the

material?你喜欢那材料吗？ --Yes.it feels very soft.(NMET94-27)（不用softly）喜欢，它摸起来很柔软。

(18)These oranges taste good.(MET91-21)（不用well）这些橘柑味道鲜美。

2.表示从一种状态变为另一种状态的动词如 become,grow,get,turn,fall,go,come,run等。 (19)--Can I join your club,Dad?爸爸，我可以参加你们的俱乐部吗？ --You can when get a bit older.(NMET94-15)你长大了就可以参加。

(20)It worried her a bit that her hair was turning grey.(NMET92-35) 使她有点忧虑的是她的头发正在变白。

3.表示保持某种状态的动词如

Continueremain,keep,prove,turnout,stand,sit,lie,stay等。

(21)Tom kept quiet about the accident so as not to lose his job.(MET90-27)汤姆对那一事件守口如瓶，以不致于丢掉饭碗。

(22)The Swede stood quite still.(SBI,p252)瑞典人一动不动地站着。 (23)The temperature stayed high this week.气温一直居高不下。

4.上述1-3项中只有appear,seem,prove,turn out等之后可以接\"to be ＋形容词\"结构，其它则不能。这又是易错题。例如：

(25)The weather turned out to be very good,which was morethan we could expect.(NMET94-39)天气结果很晴朗，这是我们始料不及的。

(26)She appears to be very tired and sad.(SBI,p215)她看起来既

高考的考点从句

根据多年研究高考真题的结果,结合自己对高考题的预测,这里为大家分享一些关于定语从句,名词性从句和状语从句可能涉及的考点: 一、定语从句考点

1．which引导的代表整个主句内容的非性定语从句which引导非性定语从句时可代表主句内容，前面有逗号与主句隔开。

The CCTV’s 2010 Entertainment Party was successfullyheld on the evening of February 13th， 2010， which wasanother great encouragement to all the Chinese．电视台2010年春节文娱晚会于2010年2月13日晚成功举行，这对全体中国人民来说又是一个巨大的鼓舞。 2．特定词汇+of whom ，which引导的非性定语从句介词(包括复杂介词)，数词(包括数量代词)及其它含局部与整体关系的特定词~E+of whom(指人)／which(指物)可以引导非性定语从句，此时前面不可加and，but等连词，该结构也可改为of whom ／which+特定词

汇引导定语从句。

Our English teacher has three daughters，all of whom ／ofwhom all are considerate．我们的英语老师有三个女儿，个个都很善解人意。

3．由when．where引导的先行词隐蔽度比较高的定语从句历年的高考考查实践表明，增加定语从句难度的手段之一是增加先行词的隐蔽度，如用point，case，situation等抽象的地点名词做先行词，当其在定语从句中做地点状语时用where引导定语从句的判断难度会增加，用occasion，period等表示抽象时间的名词做先行词，当其在定语从句中做时间状语时用when引导定语从句的判别难度也会增加。

I’m sorry that I can’t think out a situation where thiskind of description is used．对不起我想不出这种描绘被使用的场合。 二、名词性从句考点 1．what引导的名词性从句

what可引导名词性从句，表示“. ·-的内容(人、时间、地点、价格、速度、方式等)”。The Great Wall of China is what I most want to visit．长城是我最想参观的地方。 2_lhat引导的同位语从句

that可引导同位语从句，说明被修饰名词的内容。

Word hascome that the sports meeting will be put of．有消息说运动会将被推迟。

3．whatever．whoever引导的名词性从句whatever和whoever可引导名词性从句，前者表示“无论什么，后者表示“不管谁。

You can give the book to whoever you think needs it．你可以把这本书给任何你认为需要这本书的人。

4．whether,if引导的名词性从句

if只可引导宾语从句且不能和or not连用。whether可引导各种名词性从句且可和or not连用。

When shall we discuss the question whether we will havea picnic next week?我们什么时候讨论下周是否搞一次野餐的问题? 三、状语从句考点

1．where引导的地点状语从句

where可引导地点状语从句，表示“在..的地方。0ur school lies where there is a small river．我们学校位于有一条小河的地方。 2．before引导的时间状语从句

before引导时间状语从句时可表示“在..之前，尚未来得及，趁。

Thenaughty boy had run away before I could call him tostop．我还没有来得及叫住他，这个调皮男孩就跑开了。

3．unless．as／so long as引导的条件状语从句unless，as／so long as可弓I导条件状语从句，前者表示。除非，后者表示“只要。

As／So long as you treat them truly，you can win overtheir respect．只要你真诚地对待他们，你会赢得他们的尊敬。

4．in case引导的条件状语从句

in case可引导条件状语从句，表示“如果”。

In ease it suddenly gets cold，you e~1．n buy an over coat．如果天突然变冷，你可以买～件大衣。

5_s0 that．in case引导的目的状语从句

so that，in ease可引导目的状语从旬，前者表示“以便”，后者表示“以免。

Please close all the doors and windows in ease it willrain．请关上所有门窗，以防天会下雨。 6．while引导的让步状语从句

while可引导让步状语从句，表示“尽管”。

While this problem is very difficult，it is very important．尽管这道题很难，却很重要。

情态动词

情态动词一直都是高考中的重点,这里给大家分享一下关于情态动词的高频考点及其预测: 1．推测性情态动词用法

may(可许，可能)，might(可许，可能)，must(一定，必定)，can(或许，可能)均有推测性用法，其中might可能性最小，must可能性最大。may，might，must常用于肯定句，may，might用于否定句可表示“可能不，can常用于否定句和疑问句，用于否定句表示不可能。 — — Can the man standing there be OUY physics teacher? — — No．he can’t be our physics teacher．

— — 站在那边的那个人可能是我们的物理老师吗? — — 不，不可能。

— — W i11 she buy you a birthday present? — — 她会给你买生日礼物吗 2．shall的用法

shah可用于一、三人称来征求对方意见，也可用于二、三人称表示。命令、警告、威胁、强制、允诺”。

Shall I return your English—Chinese dictionary to youbefore six?需要我在六点钟之前把你的英汉字典还给你吗?

He shall water all the flowers before it gets dark．他必须在天暗之前给所有的花浇水。 3．should的用法

should常表示“应该”，但可置于句首用于条件状语从句(省去if)，表示。万一，还可表示竟然。

Should you see the thief try to catch him．如果你见到小偷，尽量捉住他。

I can’t imagine such a beautiful girl should be SO lazy．我无法想像这样一个漂亮的女孩竟如此懒惰。

4．may，must，can’t，should (shouldn’t)，ought to(oughtn’tto)．needn’t的完成式用法may have done表示“可能已经做了某事，must have done表示“一定已经做了某事”，can’t have done表示“不可能已经做了某事”，should／ought to have done表示“本来应该做某事但实际未做，

shouldn’t／oughtn’t to have done表示本来不应该做某事但实际已做”，It needn’t have done表示“本来没有必要做某事但实际已做”。

Our Chinese teacher isn’t in her office，so she may ／might／must have gone home．我们的语文老师不在办公室，所以她可能／一定回家了。

I saw his book just now，so he can’t have lost it．我刚才还见到了他的书，所以他不可能弄丢了这本书。

You failed the exam again．SO you should／ought to haveprepared for it．你考试又失败了，所以你本来是应该为此做好准备的。

Thereare many mistakes in your article，SO you shouldn’t／oughtn’t have been SO careless．你的文章中有许多错误，所以你本来是不应该这么粗心的。

The exam tum ed out to be SO easy,so you needn’t haveworried about it．这次考试结果证明这么容易，所以你本来是没有必要为此而担心的。 Have+现在分词

have+宾语+现在分词结构是个很常见的语法结构,关于have+v-ing的结构主要有一下用法: (1) 使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事。如： He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。

Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping. 没出几分钟他就让全体听众笑起来，鼓起掌来。

(2) 容忍或允许某人做某事(用于否定句，尤与 won’t, can’t连用)。如： He won’t have boys arriving late. 他不允许孩子们迟到。

I won’t have you smoking at your age. 我不能让你在这个年纪就抽烟。 (3) 说服或命令某人做某事。如：

He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。 Have+过去分词

have+宾语+现在分词结构是个很常见的语法结构,关于have+v-ing的结构主要有一下用法: (1) 使(让)某人(某事物)一直做在做某事。如： He had the light burning all night. 他让灯亮了一整夜。

Within minutes he had the whole audience laughing and clapping. 没出几分钟他就让全体听众笑起来，鼓起掌来。

(2) 容忍或允许某人做某事(用于否定句，尤与 won’t, can’t连用)。如： He won’t have boys arriving late. 他不允许孩子们迟到。

I won’t have you smoking at your age. 我不能让你在这个年纪就抽烟。 (3) 说服或命令某人做某事。如：

He had me doing all kinds of jobs for her. 他叫我为她做各种事情。

As的用法

1. 用作连词，表示让步 (意为：虽然，尽管)，要用于倒装句，且倒装后位于句首的名词通常不用冠词 (等于though, 但语气稍弱)。如：

Child as[though]he was, he did quite well. 他虽是个孩子，但已干得很不错。 2. 用作关系代词，主要用法有二。如：

(1) 用在such, same, as等之后，引导性定语从句。如： This is thesame watch as I lost. 这块表跟我丢失的那块一样。

Such men as (=Those men who) heard of him praised him. 听说过他的人都赞扬他。

(2) 单独用作关系代词，引导非性定语从句，可放在主句之前 (常译为：正如)或之后 (常译为：这一点)，且主从句之间一般要用逗号隔开。如： He was absent, as is often the case. 他缺席了，这是常有的事。 As was expected, he succeeded at last. 正如我们所料，他终于成功了。 3. 用来表示目的，下面两种句子结构都可以。如： 仔细写以便把每句话都写清楚。

正：Write carefully so as to make every sentence clear.

正：Write so carefully as to make every sentence clear.

4. 在正式文体 (尤其是文学体裁)中，as后可用倒装语序表示“…也一样”这类意思 (现代英语通常so表示这一用法)。如：

He travelled agreat deal, as did most of his friends. 他去过许多地方旅游，他的多数朋友也是一样。

He plays the piano, as does his mother. 他会弹钢琴，他母亲也会。 注：用作连词，表示原因 (参见because)，表示时间 (参见when)。 5. 用于 as if

as though, 意为“仿佛”、“似乎”。两者一般可通用 (但注意不能说 as although)。用法上注意几点：

(1) as if [though] 可引导状语从句和表语从句，从句谓语根据语义的要求，可用陈述语气 (若可能为事实)或虚拟语气 (若为假设或不太可能是事实)。如： It looks as if it is going to rain. 天似乎要下雨了。 It seems as if you’re right. 似乎你是对的。

He talks asthough he knew everything. 他夸夸其谈，好像无所不知。

When apencil is partly in a glass of water, it looks as if it werebroken. 当把一支铅笔的一部分放在一杯水里时，它看起来好像折断了似的。

当主句谓语是过去时态时，从句谓语常可用陈述语气。如：

He pausedas though he found a difficulty. 他停了下来，似乎遇到了一个难题。 She felt as if she lost something. 他觉得似乎丢了什么东西。

(2) 当从句主语与主句主语一致，且从句谓语中又包括有动词be时，从句主语及其谓语中的动词be通常可以省去。如：

From time to time heturned round as though (he was) searching for someone. 他不时地四下张望，好像在找人。

He opened his mouth as if (he was)to speak. 他张开口，好像要说话似的。

6. 关于 as…as, 用法注意：

(1) 中间只能用形容词或副词的原级，不能用比较级或最高级。如果在第二个as之后使用的人称代词，一般说来用主格 (较正式)或宾格 (非正式)均可。如： He’s as old as she her. 他年纪跟她一样大。 注意：

要是第二个as之后的人称代词跟有谓语动词，则该人称代词只能用主格。如： He is as old as she is.

但是有时用主格或宾格含义差别很大。如：

You love him as much as I (=as I love him). 你爱他像我爱他一样。 You love him as much as me (=as you love me). 你爱他像爱我一样。

(2) 在肯定句中用as…as, 在否定句中用not as…as或not so…as 均可。如： He doesn’t study as [so] hard as his brother. 他学习不如他弟弟努力。

(3) 要注意比较对象的一致性，即比较的双方必须是可以比较的的同类人或物，否则会出错。如：

正：The population of China is much larger than that of Japan. 中国人口比日本人口多得多。 误：The population of China is much larger than Japan.

(此句错在将 the population of China 与 Japan 来比较，比较对象不一致) (4) 如果涉及数量或程度，可用以下两个结构。如： ①as much＋ (不可数名词＋) as ②as many＋ (可数名词复数＋) as

You must speak English as much as possible. 你必须尽可能地多说英语。 You’ve made as many mistakes as I have. 你犯的错误和我犯的一样多。

(5) 请注意下列结构的词序。如： 她和她妈妈一样是位好厨师。 正：She is a cook as good as her mother. 正：She is as good a cook as her mother. 误：She is as a good cook as her mother.

(6) 修饰as…as结构的常见词语有nearly, almost, just, exactly, half, quite, twice, three times等，请注意这些修饰语都只能放在as…as 结构之前 (而不能置于其中或其后。如： This rope is twice aslong as that one. 这根绳子比那根长一倍。

(7) as…as结构的下列用法，属于“异质比较” (注：主、从句的主语和谓语一致时，从句的主语和谓语有时可以省略)。如：

The room is aslong as (it is) wide. 这房间的长宽尺寸一样。

The news was asunexpected as (it was) welcome. 这消息来得突然，但受人欢迎。 She is as clever as (she is) beautiful. 她既聪明又漂亮。 Oneis as light as the other is heavy. 一个轻，另一个重。

(8) as…as结构在一定的上下文中可以用其省略结构 (即省去其中的一个 as)。如： She’s clever, but her brother is just as clever. 她很聪明，但她兄弟也一样聪明。 The woman married a man pooras herself. 这个女人嫁给了一个与她一样穷的男人。