Part I Writing (30 minutes)
Part II Reading Comprehension (Skimming and Scanning) (15 minutes) Beauty and Body Image in the Media
Images of female bodies are everywhere. Women—and their body parts—sell everything from food to cars. Popular film and television actresses are becoming younger, taller and thinner. Some have even been known to faint on the set from lack of food. Women’s magazines are full of articles urging that if they can just lose those last twenty pounds, they’ll have it all—the perfect marriage, loving children, great sex, and a rewarding career.
Why are standards of beauty being imposed on women, the majority of whom are naturally larger and more mature than any of the models? The roots, some analysts say, are economic. By presenting an ideal difficult to achieve and maintain, the cosmetic and diet product industries are assured of growth and profits. And it’s no accident that youth is increasingly promoted, along with thinness, as an essential criterion of beauty. If not all women need to lose weight, for sure they’re all aging, says the Quebec Action Network for Women’s Health in its 2001 report. And, according to the industry, age is a disaster that needs to be dealt with.
The stakes are huge. On the one hand, women who are insecure about their bodies are more likely to buy beauty products, new clothes, and diet aids. It is estimated that the diet industry alone is worth anywhere between 40 to 100 billion (U.S.) a year selling temporary weight loss (90 to 95% of dieters regain the lost weight).On the other hand, research indicates that exposure to images of thin, young, air-brushed female bodies is linked to depression, loss of self-esteem and the development of unhealthy eating habits in women and girls.
The American research group Anorexia Nervosa & Related Eating Disorders, Inc. says that one out of every four college-aged women uses unhealthy methods of weight control—including fasting, skipping meals, excessive exercise, laxative (泻药) abuse, and self-induced vomiting. The pressure to be thin is also affecting young girls: the Canadian Women’s Health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls as young as 5 and 6. American statistics are similar.Several studies, such as one conducted by Marika Tiggemann and Levina Clark in 2006 titled “Appearance Culture in Nine- to 12-Year-Old Girls: Media and Peer Influences on Body Dissatisfaction,” indicate that nearly half of all preadolescent girls wish to be thinner, and as a result have engaged in a diet or are aware of the concept of dieting. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that 35 per cent of girls 6 to 12 years old have been on at least one diet, and that 50 to 70 per cent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight. Overall research indicates that 90% of women are dissatisfied with their appearance in some way.
Media activist Jean Kilbourne concludes that, “Women are sold to the diet industry by the magazines we read and the television programs we watch, almost all of which make us feel anxious about our weight.” Unattainable Beauty
Perhaps most disturbing is the fact that media images of female beauty are unattainable for all but
a very small number of women. Researchers generating a computer model of a woman with Barbie-doll proportions, for example, found that her back would be too weak to support the weight of her upper body, and her body would be too narrow to contain more than half a liver and a few centimeters of bowel. A real woman built that way would suffer from chronic diarrhea ( 慢性腹泻) and eventually die from malnutrition. Jill Barad, President of Mattel (which manufactures Barbie), estimated that 99% of girls aged 3 to 10 years old own at least one Barbie doll.
Still, the number of real life women and girls who seek a similarly underweight body is epidemic,
and they can suffer equally devastating health consequences. In 2006 it was estimated that up to 450, 000 Canadian women were affected by an eating disorder. The Culture of Thinness
Researchers report that women’s magazines have ten and one-half times more ads and articles
promoting weight loss than men’s magazines do, and over three-quarters of the covers of women’s magazines include at least one message about how to change a woman’s bodily appearance—by diet, exercise or cosmetic surgery.
Television and movies reinforce the importance of a thin body as a measure of a woman’s worth.
Canadian researcher Gregory Fouts reports that over three-quarters of the female characters in TV situation comedies are underweight, and only one in twenty are above average in size. Heavier actresses tend to receive negative comments from male characters about their bodies (“How about wearing a sack?”), and 80 per cent of these negative comments are followed by canned audience laughter.
There have been efforts in the magazine industry to buck ( 抵制，反抗) the trend. For several
years the Quebec magazine Coup de Pouce has consistently included full-sized women in their fashion pages and Châtelaine has pledged not to touch up photos and not to include models less than 25 years of age. In Madrid, one of the world’s biggest fashion capitals, ultra-thin models were banned from the runway in 2006. Furthermore Spain has recently undergone a project with the aim to standardize clothing sizes through using a unique process in which a laser beam is used to measure real life women’s bodies in order to find the most true to life measurement. Ethics
Another issue is the representation of ethnically diverse women in the media. A 2008 study
conducted by Juanita Covert and Travis Dixon titled “A Changing View: Representation and Effects of the Portrayal of Women of Color in Mainstream Women’s Magazines” found that although there was an increase in the representation of women of colour, overall white women were overrepresented in mainstream women’s magazines from 1999 to 2004. Self-Improvement or Self-Destruction?
The barrage of messages about thinness, dieting and beauty tells “ordinary” women that they are always in need of adjustment—and that the female body is an object to be perfected.
Jean Kilbourne argues that the overwhelming presence of media images of painfully thin women means that real women’s bodies have become invisible in the mass media. The real tragedy, Kilbourne concludes, is that many women internalize these stereotypes, and judge themselves by the beauty industry’s standards. Women learn to compare themselves to other women, and to compete with them for male attention. This focus on beauty and desirability “effectively destroys any awareness and action that might help to change that climate.”
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1 上作答。
1. Women’s magazines are full of articles to urge women to ___________. A) eat less sweet food C) marry a rich husband B) lose weight D) have at least two kids
2. The cosmetic and diet product industries gain profits by ____________. A) exaggerating the goodness about their products B) targeting at children and females
C) presenting an ideal image difficult to achieve D) distributing free samples from home to home
3. Canadian Women’s health Network warns that weight control measures are now being taken by girls _____________.
A) at age 5 or 6 C) at age 13 or 14 B) at age 9 or 10 D) at age 16 or 17
4. In 2003, Teen magazine reported that ____________ percent of normal weight girls believe they are overweight.
A) 35 to 50 C) 50 to 70 B) 50 D) 90
5. Researchers found that a real woman with Barbie-doll proportions would _____________. A) suffer from heart disease C) live a more rewarding life B) be very popular with males D) die from malnutrition
6. Television and movies emphasize that a woman’s worth can be judged by _____________. A) the cosmetics she uses C) the thinness of her body B) the jewelry she wears D) the wealth of her husband
7. Spain has recently undergone a project to _____________. A) include full-sized women in its fashion magazines B) standardize clothing sizes
C) ban ultra-thin models from the runway D) promote weight loss among men
8. In mainstream women’s magazines from 1999 to 2004, ______________ were overrepresented. 9. Jean Kilbourne concludes that many women judge themselves by _______________________.
10. The focus on ___________________________ destroys any awareness and action that might help to change the trend.
Part IV Reading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Section A
The economic costs of noise are several. Airports are currently operating at less than 47 because of noise regulations which restrict their hours of operation. For instance, at Washington’s National Airport no jet traffic is allowed from 11 pm to 7 am. Other airports restrict the use of certain runway. One estimate is that noise 48 reduce possible airport use by 20 percent.
The 49 cargo trade is especially affected by night restrictions.
In the case of airports, jet engines may be 50 to reduce their noise level, or insulation from air traffic noise may be provided by the purchase of land around airports or the insulation of buildings.One estimate is that $5.7 billion would be required to 51 all existing jet engines with noise control devices. However, 52 the current state of the art, even taking this step will not reduce noise levels at all points to 53 values. Some combination of methods is probably necessary.
If all aircraft were made quieter by existing methods, there would be a number of economic benefits. An increase in airport capacity would 54 . Property values near airports might rise. Transportation costs to and from airports could be reduced since the airports now could be located closer to population center.
Much research still needs to be done on the economic 55 of noise reduction and noise effects.Although some of the effects of nose pollution are known, more must be discovered about its effects on health, productivity, property values and the quality of life. 56 , the cost of noise pollution control to the economy as a whole needs to be investigated.
A) identification B) equip C) profitable D) capacity E) pollution F) restrictions
G) transformed H) significant I) furthermore J) acceptable K) modified L) accordingly M) considering N) occur O) aspects
Section B Passage One
Questions 57 to 61 are based on the following passage.
Most people can remember a phone number for up to thirty seconds. When this short amount of time elapses, however, the numbers are erased from the memory. How did the information get there in the first place? Information that makes its way to the short term memory (STM) does so via the sensory storage area. The brain has a filter which only allows stimuli that is of immediate interest to pass on to the STM, also known as the working memory.
There is much debate about the capacity and duration of the short term memory. The most accepted theory comes from George A. Miller, a cognitive psychologist who suggested that humans can remember approximately seven chunks of information. A chunk is defined as a meaningful unit of information, such as a word or name rather than just a letter or number. Modern theorists suggest that one can increase the capacity of the short term memory by chunking, or classifying similar information together. By organizing information, one can optimize the STM, and improve the chances of a memory being passed on to long term storage.
When making a conscious effort to memorize something, such as information for an exam, many people engage in “rote rehearsal”. By repeating something over and over again, we are able to keep a memory alive. Unfortunately, this type of memory maintenance only succeeds if there are no interruptions. As soon as a person stops rehearsing the information, it has the tendency to disappear.When a pen and paper are not handy, you might attempt to remember a phone number by repeating it aloud. If the doorbell rings or the dog barks to come in before you get the opportunity to make your phone call, you will forget the number instantly. Therefore, rote rehearsal is not an efficient way to pass information from the short term to long term memory. A better way is to practice “elaborate rehearsal”. This involves assigning semantic meaning to a piece of information so that it can be filed along with other pre-existing long term memories.
Encoding information semantically also makes it more retrievable. Retrieving information can be done by recognition or recall. Humans can recall memories that are stored in the long term memory and used often. However, if a memory seems to be forgotten, it may eventually be retrieved by prompting. The more cues a person is given (such as pictures), the more likely a memory can be retrieved. This is why multiple choice tests are often used for subjects that require a lot of memorization. 57. According to the passage, how do memories get transferred to the STM? A) They revert from the long term memory.
B) They are filtered from the sensory storage area. C) They get chunked when they enter the brain. D) They enter via the nervous system.
58. How do theorists believe a person can remember more information in a short time? A) By organizing it. B) By repeating it. C) By giving it a name.
D) By writing it down on paper.
59. Why does the author mention a dog’s bark? A) To exemplify poor memory.
B) To analyze a type of interruption.
C) To compare human memory with dogs’ memory. D) To illustrate the lack of efficiency of rote rehearsal.
60. Which of the following is true about retrieving information? A) Elaborate rehearsal contributes to information retrieval.
B) The most efficient way of retrieving information is to assign semantic meaning to the information. C) It’s impossible to retrieve forgotten information without picture prompts. D) Encoding information is more efficient than chunking it. 61. Which of the following is true according to the passage? A) One’s memory capacity can be enhanced by rote rehearsal. B) Putting information to writing is suggested to improve memory. C) Providing sufficient prompts helps information retrieval. D) Multiple choice exams are the most difficult. Passage Two
Questions 62 to 66 are based on the following passage.
Before, whenever we had wealth, we started discussing poverty. Why not now? Why is the current politics of wealth and poverty seemingly about wealth alone? Eight years ago, when Bill Clinton first ran for president, the Dow Jones average was under 3,500, yearly federal budget deficits were projected at hundreds of billions of dollars forever and beyond, and no one talked about the “permanent boom” or the “new economy.” Yet in that more straitened time, Clinton made much of the importance of “not leaving a single person behind.” It is possible that similar “compassionate” rhetoric might yet play a role in the general election.
But it is striking how much less talk there is about the poor than there was eight years ago, when the country was economically uncertain, or in previous eras, when the country felt flush. Even last summer, when Clinton spent several days on a remarkable tour through impoverished areas from Indian reservations in South Dakota to ghetto neighborhoods in East St. Louis, the administration decided to refer to the effort not as a poverty tour but as a “new markets initiative.”
What is happening is partly a logical, policy-driven reaction. Poverty really is lower than it has been in decades, especially for minority groups. The most attractive solution to it—a growing economy—is being applied. The people who have been totally left out of this boom often have medical, mental or other problems for which no one has an immediate solution. “The economy has sucked in anyone who has any preparation, any ability to cope with modern life,” says Franklin D. Raines, the former director of the Office of Management and Budget who is now head of Fannie Mae. When he and other people who specialize in the issue talk about solutions, they talk analytically and longterm: education, development of work skills, shifts in the labor market, adjustments in welfare reform.
But I think there is another force that has made this a rich era with barely visible poor people. It is the unusual social and imaginative separation between prosperous America and those still left out. It’s simple invisibility, because of increasing geographic, occupational, and social barriers that block one group from the other’s view.
62. In the 1st paragraph, the word “straitened” means _____________. A) difficult B) wealthy C) distant D) straightforward
63. The author states that one important reason that we do not talk much about poverty is that ______________.
A) no one knows what to do about it B) poverty really is lower than in the past
C) no one has been left out of the current boom D) the president is not concerned about the poor
64. After reading this passage, we can conclude that ____________. A) the relationship between the rich and the poor has changed B) the good economy will soon end
C) poverty will be obliterated as a result of increased wealth D) all people benefit from good economic conditions 65. What is the author’s purpose in writing this passage?
A) To entertain. B) To tell a story. C) To describe. D) To persuade. 66. The main idea of the passage is that ______________. A) The country is enjoying economic growth
B) The poor are benefiting from today’s good economy
C) In the past we were more aware of the poor than we are today
D) In the past there were many more poor people than there are today Part V Cloze (15 minutes)
The human race is using up the Earth’s resources faster than ever before, according to a new report by the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). “Environmental devastation is not simply a waste of 67 , it is a threat to the complex structures that 68 human development,” says the report. 69 attention must be paid to find a(n) 70 between human and environmental needs, it says.
The report, State of the World Population 2001, says that water supplies and agricultural lands are coming 71 such increasing pressure that, if left 72 , our planet will not be able to support us in future years. Over the past 70 years, the world’s population has tripled to 6.1 billion people, 73 water-use increasing sixfold, says the report. Already 508 million people live in 31 countries that lack water. And the problem is likely to 74 as the global population is 75 to rise to eight billion by 2025.
By 2050, predicts the report, 4.2 billion people will be living in countries that cannot meet people’s
daily 76 needs. Unclean water and poor sanitation already kills over 12 million people every year. Food production is also 77 by environmental problems, says the report.
“To 78 the futur e popul a t ion and improve their diets, the world will have to double food production,” it says. “But since available cropland is 79 , most production will have to come from higher 80 rather than new 81 .”
According to the report, global poverty cannot be 82 with out 83 the environmental damage caused
by these increases in consumption and population 84 .To reduce the burden on the planet, the report suggests, all efforts should be 85 to improve education and healthcare, as this would 86 reduce population growth.
67. A) facilities C) reserves B) resources D) sources 68. A) support C) retain B) found D) advocate
69. A) Intensive C) Emergent B) Intense D Urgent.
70. A) equation C) balance B) tradeoff D) core 71. A) under C) below B) into D) beyond
72. A) unnoticed C) alone B) behind D) unchecked
73. A) in C) by B) with D) above
74. A) enhance C) decline B) heighten D) worsen
75. A) projected C) intended B) speculated D) assessed 76. A) luxurious C) intrinsic B) utmost D) basic
77. A) affected C) reflected B) effected D) generated 78. A) contain C) furnish B) lodge D) accommodate 79. A) shrinking C) contracting B) diminishing D) waning 80. A) outputs C) yields B) turnovers D) harvests 81. A) cultivation C) farming B) production D) plowing 82. A) lightened C) elevated B) released D) eased
83. A) reversing C) upsetting B) inverting D) disregarding 84. A) standards C) norms B) indexes D) levels 85. A) tried C) done B) taken D) made
86. A) in effect C) in part B) in turn D) by turns
Part VI Translation （5 minutes）
Directions: Complete the sentences by translating into English the Chinese given in the brackets. Please write your translation on Answer Sheet 2.
注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答，只需写出译文部分。
87. When asked about the key to her success, Rowling told the journalist that her parents had played an important role by _________________________( 使她在很小的年纪就接触文学). 88. While many people know that money is not the important thing in the world, I suspect _________________( 并不是每个人都能抵制住追求金钱的诱惑).
89. _________________________________________（只是最近我才意识到）that language is closely related to culture.
89. It’s time that _________（对市中心的交通问题采取措施).
91. She kept her parents in suspense for several days ____________________________________ （才告诉父母她得到了奖学金).
开头 Recently, the problem of … has aroused people’s concern. 最近,…问题已引起人们的关注.
Internet has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life. It has brought a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
互联网已在我们的生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色.它给我们带来了许多好处,但也产生了一些严重的问题.
Nowadays, (overpopulation) has become a problem we have to face. 如今,(人口过剩)已成为我们不得不面对的问题了.
It is commonly believed that… / It is a common belief that… 人们一般认为…
Many people insist that… 很多人坚持认为…
With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that… 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为… A lot of people seem to think that… 很多人似乎认为… 引出不同观点:
People’s views on… vary from person to person. Some hold that… . However, others believe that…. 人们对…的观点因人而异.有些人认为….. 然而其他人却认为．．． People may have different opinions on… 人们对…可能会有不同的见解.
Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异. There are different opinions among people as to… 关于…. 人们的观点大不相同.
Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同. 结尾
Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that… 把所有这些因素加以考虑,我们自然会得出结论…
Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that… 考虑所有这些因素,我们可能会得出合理的结论…
Hence/Therefore, we’d better come to the conclusion that… 因此,我们最好得出这样的结论…
There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问,跳槽有优点也有缺点.
All in all, we cannot live without… But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.
总之,我们没有…是无法生活的.但同时,我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题.
提出建议:
It is high time that we put an end to the (trend). 该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了. It is time to take the advice of … and to put special emphasis on the improvement of … 该是采纳…的建议,并对…的进展给予特殊重视的时候了.
There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of … 毫无疑问,对…问题应予以足够的重视.
Obviously,…. If we want to do something… , it is essential that… 显然,如果我们想做某事,很重要的是…
Only in this way can we… 只有这样,我们才能… It must be realized that… 我们必须意识到… 预示后果:
Obviously, if we don’t control the problem, the chances are that… will lead us in danger. 很明显,如果我们不能控制这一问题,很有可能我们会陷入危险. No doubt, unless we take effective measures, it is very likely that… 毫无疑问,除非我们采取有效措施,很可能会…
It is urgent that immediate measures should be taken to stop the situation. 很紧迫的是,应立即采取措施阻止这一事态的发展. 论证
From my point of view, it is more reasonable to support the first opinion rather than the second. 在我看来,支持第一种观点比支持第二种观点更有道理.
I cannot entirely agree with the idea that… 我无法完全同意这一观点…. Personally, I am standing on the side of … 就个人而言,我站在…的一边. I sincerely believe that… 我真诚地相信…
In my opinion, it is more advisable to do … than to do…. 在我个人看来,做…比做…更明智.
Finally, to speak frankly, there is also a more practical reason why… 给出原因:
This phenomenon exists for a number of reasons. First, … Second, … Third, … 这一现象的存在是有许多原因的.首先, … 第二, … 第三, …
Why did… ? For one thing… For another…. Perhaps the primary reason is… 为什么会…? 一个原因是… 令一个原因是… 或许其主要原因是…. I quite agree with the statement that… the reasons are chiefly as follows. 我十分赞同这一论述,即…,其主要原因如下: 列出解决办法:
Here are some suggestions for handling… 这是如何处理某事的一些建议. The best way to solve the troubles is… 解决这些麻烦的最好办法是…
People have figured out many ways to solve this problem. 人们已找出许多办法来解决这个问题.
批判错误观点和做法:
As far as something is concerned, …. 就某事而言,… It was obvious that… 很显然,….
It may be true that…, but it doesn’t mean that… 可能…是对的,但这并不意味着… It is natural to believe that… , but we shouldn’t ignore that… 认为….是很自然的,但我们不应忽视….
There is no evidence to suggest that… 没有证据表明… 如何连接 强调
still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, above all, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially. Obviously, clearly. 比较
like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally.
对比
by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas, unlike, yet, in contrast. 列举
for example, for instance, such as, take …for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间
later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序
first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能
presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释
in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进
What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步
although, after all, in spite of…, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折
however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately. whereas 原因
for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果
as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结
on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize, in short. 其他
Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case, 图表作文常用句型
As is shown in the graph… 如图所示… The graph shows that… 图表显示…
As can be seen from the table,… 从表格中可以看出… From the chart, we know that… 从这张表中,我们可知…
All these data clearly prove the fact that… 所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即… The increase of …. In the city has reached to 20%. ….在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况
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